四级写作01[1].doc

一、 大纲解读：两大黄金原则（一） 印象原则：书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰（二） 语言第一位、结构第二位、内容第三位：1、 语言：1） 基本正确2） 丰富多变（词汇+句型）2、 结构：逻辑性1） 段落结构：总分总（1） 主题句：翻译提纲，1句（2） 论证：2句（3） 小结：1句2） 评分标准：（1） 关联词（2） 同义替换（词汇+句型）（3） 代词替换3、 内容：不跑题二、 学习方法： 一） 提高实力1 背诵10大必背范文2默写：发现写作弱点3中译英：提高写作实力4写作：模仿二） 掌握技巧：万能框架三、论说文四 应用文 1）个人简历2）书信3）口头作文4）告示写作中的词汇高手共性的三个原则1、 书面语pk口语Sotherefore, consequently same-identicalButhowever enoughsufficient, adequateAgreeapprove deepprofound give-offer Reduce-cut down on at last-eventually often-frequentlyAbilitycompetence, capability many-a significant number of Like-favor think of come up with method-approachBeautiful-handsome, charming, attractiveI am very glad to have a chance to write you a letter. (cheerful, delighted)Because of -thanks to, owing to, due to , be responsible for Eg. She is absent today due to oversleep. Her absence was due to oversleep. Her oversleep was responsible for absence.2、 具体词汇 pk 抽象词汇 Tulips-flowers Bad headache-sickGone with the wind-book17 degrees below zero-very cold The teacher I cant forget is my English teacher in junior school. She is very thin. (slim, slight, underweight, skinny)3、 意译 pk 直译 两套语系得差异决定了意译的必要性。4、 第一保证准确，不要乱译. Have a long eye-be farsighted Deceive his money-cheat him out of his moneyIf you meet some trouble ,you can look for the policeman.-turn to Arts of War The Hero of Heroes5、 第二让它成为加分两点 好好学习， 天天向上 The harder we will study, the more we will learn. 写作中的句式句式方面的评分总原则1、 简单句、复合句并重2、 写作上以简单句操作为主3、 简单句绝对不简单五个重要句式1 It is of +n. for sb to do sth,(importance, necessity, essence, benefit)2 强调结构 She met Kissenger in the street last night 3 被动语态要出现，避免出现I think, everyone believes, people know4 平行结构 非简单重复叠加 The rice is hard, very very hard, like a stone, a big big stone.5 定语从句6 状语从句如果上天再给我一次机会，我会对你说，我爱你If God offers me another opportunity, I will say to you ,you are my red, red rose./ You are the soul in my heart. /Not you are my white, white horse.I f 的替换词汇：as long as, provided/ providing that, on condition that, assuming that论说文1、宏观上分析结构，微观上分析语言（词汇，句式）2、划分任何一种题型的依据是所提供的提纲一、正反对比题型Positive and Negative Aspects of SportsCan Money Buy HappinessIs a Test of Spoken English NecessarilyDo “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good LuckReading Selectively or ExtensivelyHow should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively. But others may not agree. They emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge hell have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.Whos right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.第一段 引言段 引人入胜，避免生硬第二段 主题句 +观点论证 （1，2）+总结句 （总分总结构）第三段 转折过渡词 +主题句+第四段 结尾 12 12 2006年12月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic On the Spring Festival Gala. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1）许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会2）但有些人提出取消春节晚会3）我的看法A great many people enjoy watching CCTV Spring Festival Gala on the lunar Chinese New Years Eve. First and foremost, cross talks and other comic performances bring the audience a lot of laughter. In addition, the Chinese all over the world can share the same happiness and excitement brought by the TV program.On the contrary, others assume that the Gala should be cancelled. To begin with, a great proportion of the programs are not attractive enough. Furthermore, to focus on this hour-long program disturbs family members communication and prohibits them from more meaningful activities.Generally speaking, I prefer the program to stay. On the one hand, the program organizers should try harder to figure out some more interesting and original programs. On the other hand, the Gala serves not only as entertainment but as an occasion for the families to gather, chat and laugh.二 分析评论型作文分析评论型指的是文章对某一社会现象或者社会事物在客观分析的基础上给出自我的见解或看法。I 引言段：即引出所要分析的问题，常采用的写作手法有两种：1） 概括现状 2） 说明该问题的重要性、作用或者意义II分析： 通过举例、对比、揭示问题产生原因等形式对该问题进行具体分析III评论分三种情况， 区别对待 1）好的现象， 预测未来，展望未来 2） 坏的现象， 提出建议措施，解决方案 3）客观中立的， 结合自身谈体会Getting to Know the World Outside the CampusDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of students selecting their lecturers. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 大学生了解社会的必要性。2. 了解社会的途径(大众媒介、社会服务等)。3. 我打算怎么做。It is necessary for college students to know the world outside the campus. This is because in this Information Age the society is developing so fast that we should keep pace with the progress of the outside world. Therefore, without knowledge of the outside world, it will be difficult for us to ensure an ideal job after graduation; it will be more difficult for us to succeed in the fierce competition.How to know the outside world? First of all, we should be well-informed about what is happening around us with the help of mass media: radios, televisions, newspapers, the Internet, and so on. Moreover, we should do some practical social services so as to cultivate our social skills, widen our horizon and enrich our social experience.As for me, I plan to know the outside world in two ways. I am going to do a part-time job in this summer vocation. In addition, I hold the idea that getting knowledge from books is a better method to know the outside world.Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus I think it is necessary for college students to know the world outside the campus. For one thing, school life is relatively routine and somewhat monotonous. Students are busy attending lectures, doing homework and taking tests. For another, the world outside the campus is wonderful. It can be described in one word-variety. There are all kinds of people of different backgrounds from all fields of work. To know them is to learn. Besides, living alone in the ivory tower makes many a student a fool. There are many ways to know the outside world. TV progratns, filrns, books and newspapers tell us a lot about what is going on both at home and abroad. We can also get to know the worm by providing social service to it. Some join in a volunteer group and help people with their special knowledge. Some work part time to gain experience, learn how to deal with people and get the data they need for their work. Some play games and get to know how team work plays a role in ones success. I am a coliege student. I want to get to know the world outside the campus by reading a variety of books and by social interaction, I will visit libraries, museums and places of interests in addition to making as many friends as I can by being nice and friendly to others. In this way I will prove myself to be someone promising and useful to the society.了解校外世界 我认为大学生有必要了解校园以外的世界。首先，学校生活比较有规律，但有些单调。学生们忙于上课、做作业和考应付试。其次，校园以外的世界很精彩，可以用一个词多样化来形容。社会上有来自不同背景的各行各业的人。了解他们就是学习。 此外，光住在象牙塔里使许多学生成了傻子。 有很多途径了解外界社会。电视节目、电影、书籍和报纸告诉我们国内外发生的事。我们还可以通过提供社会服务来了解世界。有些人参加志愿队，用自己的专业知识向人们提供帮助。有的人靠半工半读来取得经验，学会和人打交道，获取工作所需要的数据。有的人打球，同时了解互相配合对一个人的成功所起的作用。 我是一个大学生，我想通过多读书和与社会接触来了解校园以外的世界。我要去访图书馆、博物馆、名胜古迹，还要与人为善，多交朋友。这样，我将证明自己是有出息，有益于社会的人07年12月： Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled What Electives to Choose. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1. 本学校开了各种各样的选修课2. 学生选课有不同的原因3. 就我而言 What Electives to Choose According to a questionnaire conducted among college students, various kinds of elective courses are available in more than 90 percent of colleges and universities. It is universally acknowledged that importance should be attached to elective courses.There are a great many fundamental factors as to why students choose elective courses. First and foremost, students in mounting numbers aim at improving their practical skills so that elective courses such as computer science, economics and business administration enjoy a striking popularity. Furthermore, due attention is paid to liberal arts. As a consequence, some students prefer to literature, philosophy, history, to name only a few.It is my view that the primary purpose of higher education is education for all-round development rather than job hunting. Hence, ancient Chinese poetry and religious studies are my favorite courses.3 图表式作文I 描述图表， 用2 到3 句话讲图表反映的总体趋势和粗略线条展示出来，尽量少引用数字 注意：数字如果出现，必须出现在第一段；得分最高的作文往往也是引用数字最少的II 分析原因，即写作为什么图表会有这种变化或者趋势的多个原因III结论段Directions:A. Study the following graphs carefully and write and essay in at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.C. Your essay should cover these three points:1. effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife2. possible reason for the effect3. your suggestion for wildlife protectionFrom these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that , with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in American, and some species have even vanished from our planet.Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this. First, with a rapid growth of population, more and more people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new environment and die. Second, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Third, with the development of the industry, the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The deforestation has become more and more serious. So, some of the wildlives become homeless and extinct. In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the governments should make strict laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.万能句型：（一） 第一段：1、 现状说明： 1. ., most/many people believe that ., but other people2. When it comes to ., peoples opinions differ. Some believe that ., while others claim that . 3. There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the of . Some people claim that ., while others believe that . 4. There is a general discussion today about the of . Those who criticize . argue that . They believe that . But people who advocate ., on the other hand, argue that . 5. Most people are of the opinion that . But I personally believe that . 6. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that . 7. Now, it is generally acknowledged that ., But I doubt whether .2、 图表描述： 1. In 1990, it increased/decreased from . to .2. By comparison with 1998, it decreased/increased by3. The figure has nearly doubled, that of last year.4. It has almost , compared with .5. The number is as much as that of 1990.6. It . percent of the total.7. The number was ., a of the 1990 total.（二） 第二段1、原因列举： 1. The phenomenon/change in . mainly the fact that .2. One may regard the phenomenon as a . 3. There are many for this dramatic growth/decrease. First, . Second, . Finally, .4. A number of factors can account for the change in .5. Another contributory factor of . is .6. Why .? Perhaps the primary reason is .7. . is also responsible for the in .2、观点陈述： 1. Although a lot of people believe that ., I whether the argument bears2. As opposed to widely held ideas, I that .3. Although the popular is that ., (a) current indicates that .4. They may be right about ., but they seem to to the fact that .5. Although it is widely accepted that ., it is unlikely to be true that .6. It is true that ., but that .7. There is/are reason(s) for us to that .8. What these people fail to is that .9. may that . It probably will. But .10. It is one thing to believe that ., bu