On the two sides of the drugs.doc

On the two sides of the drugsFaculty：PharmacyAbstractDrugs, definitely invented to treat people, and they had already innumerable peoples life. But from a survey from WHO, that the 1 / 3 of patients in the world did not died of natural aging or disease, but from irrational drug. Irrational use of drugs and drug adverse reactions are (ADR) serious influence human health, and even form the drug-induced disease or death. Drug-induced diseases are a major component of iatrogenic disease, and difficult to find.Key word: drugs, two side, irrational use1. InstructionDrugs are used to the benefit of mankind at first, such as morphine, penicillin, quinine has been invented saved thousands of lives, we could live 40 years longer on average than ancient, because the found of the drugs. But nowadays many situations such as excessive or inappropriate medication are in hazarding to human health. Because of the lack of medication to the appropriate regulatory regime, drugs abuse is becoming more and more serious. Overuse of antibiotics led to the generation of super-bacteria, Morphine was used as to paralysis peoples nerves. Some measures must be promptly introduced to control the increasingly serious situation.2. Some histories about some major drugs1.1 MorphineMorphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in December 1804 in Paderborn by Friedrich Sertrner. The drug was first marketed to the general public by Sertrner and Company in 1817 as an analgesic, and also as a treatment for opium and alcohol addiction. Later it was found that morphine was more addictive than either alcohol or opium, and its extensive use during the American Civil War allegedly resulted in over 400,000 sufferers from the soldiers disease of morphine addiction. It is first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists shop. It was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic needle in 1857. It took its name from the Greek god of dreams Morpheus Morphine was the most commonly abused narcotic analgesic in the world. Morphine is an extremely potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. In clinical medicine, morphine is regarded as the gold standard, or benchmark, of analgesics used to relieve severe or agonizing pain and suffering. Like other opioids, e.g. oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan), hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Palladone), and diacetylmorphine (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain. Morphine has a high potential for addiction; tolerance and both physical and psychological dependence develop rapidly.1.2 PenicillinIn 1928 in his laboratory Fleming was in the process of developing stapholycocci. Removing the lid from one of these cultures, Fleming was surprised to see that around the mould, the colonies of stapholycocci had been dissolved. Something produced by the mould was dissolving the bacteria. That something was penicillin. After further testing, Fleming was able to isolate the juice of the mould and it was then that he named it penicillin. This new breakthrough destroyed such nasties as gonorrhea, meningitis, diptheria and pneumonia bacteria. Best of all, it was not poisonous to humans. In 1941 the first human was successfully treated. Before long, penicillin was in full production. Fleming, Florey and Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. 1.3 SulfonamideSulfonamide drugs were the first antimicrobial drugs, and paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine. The first sulfonamide, trade named Prontosil, was actually a prodrug. Experiments with Prontosil began in 1932 in the laboratories of Bayer AG, at that time a component of the huge German chemical trust IG Farben. Prontosil, as Bayer named the new drug, was the first medicine ever discovered that could effectively treat a range of bacterial infections inside the body. It had a strong protective action against infections caused by streptococci, including blood infections, childbed fever, and erysipelas, and a lesser effect on infections caused by other cocci. However, it had no effect at all in the test tube, exerting its antibacterial action only in live animals. Later it was accidentally discovered by a French research team, led by Ernest Fourneau, at the Pasteur Institute that the drug was metabolized into two pieces inside the body, releasing from the inactive dye portion a smaller, colorless, active compound called sulfanilamide. The discovery helped establish the concept of bioactivation and dashed the German corporations dreams of enormous profit; the active molecule sulfanilamide (or sulfa) had first been synthesized in 1906.2. Some irrational use drugs situation 2.1 Irrational morphineMorphine is a potentially highly addictive substance. It can cause psychological dependence and physical dependence as well as tolerance, with an addiction potential identical to that of heroin. When used illicitly, a very serious narcotic habit can develop in a matter of weeks, whereas iatrogenic morphine addiction rates have, according to a number of studies, remained nearly constant at one case in 150 to 200 for at least two centuries. A large overdose can cause asphyxia and death by respiratory depression if the person does not receive medical attention immediately. The minimum lethal dose is 200mg but in case of hypersensitivity 60mg can bring sudden death. In case of drug addiction, 2-3 g/day can be tolerated. The overdose of morphine will cause A slow heart rate (bradycardia) ;Low blood pressure (hypotension) ;Difficulty breathing (slow and shallow breathing) ;Extreme drowsiness ;Limp muscles ;Cold, clammy skin ;Small pupils ;Fluid in the lungs ;2.2 Misuse AntibioticsAntibiotic misuse , (sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse ) refers to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics which has serious effects on public health. Antibiotic resistant bacteria is a growing threat and becoming increasingly common. This overuse creates multi-antibiotic resistant life threatening infections by super bugs, sometimes out of relatively harmless bacteria. Antibiotic abuse also places the patient at unnecessary risk of adverse effects of antibiotics. The overuse of antibiotics such as happens with children suffering from otitis media for example has given rise to a breed of super bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics entirely. The overuse of fluoroquinolone and other antibiotics will eventually result in them becoming useless for treating antibiotic-resistant infections, for which broad-spectrum antibiotics are supposed to be reserved. For example the inappropriate wide spread use of fluoroquinolones as first line antibiotics is leading to decreased bacterial sensitivity which has important implications for certain serious bacterial infections such as those associated with cystic fibrosis where quinolones are among the few available antibiotics.3. Measure should be taken As the improper use of drugs is deteriorating, we must take the necessary measures to ensure the safety. Such as popular medication knowledge, make the Public aware of the need for rational use of drugs correctly. Promote to publics self-regulation, consciously stay away from addictive drugs.Besides, medication doctor strictly monitoring, to promote the ration