川大博士英语考试真题.pdf

180 英语第 1 页 共 16页 Part I Reading Comprehension 40 points Directions There are 8 reading passages in this part Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements For each of them there are four choices marked A B C and D You should choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet Passage 1 Electronics works as a slave on the sea bed and in space in marketing and on the moon in hospitals and on the race track And yet this revolution only began with the thermionic valve developed after the Wright brothers first proved that heavier than air machines could fly Radio was the first practical and commercial development the second leap forward came in 1947 with the more mature semiconductor technology Then came a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale offering unparalleled benefits of speed and cost Pre transistor equipment is now viewed as crude and clumsy yet it manages to produce such far reaching techniques as radar Computers made before the transistor were elementary enormous and slow by modern standards The revolution reached its peak in the late1950s with the successful breakthrough into the world of micro electronics This is a new series of micro miniature electronic devices in the solid state offering almost limitless scope in designing and producing complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon not much bigger than a pin head However the conventional technology of the day based on the transistor had been developed to quite a sophisticated level Thus it was possible to fit essential electronics to earth satellites and space probes to take the computer to a more advanced stage and to start an entirely new industry Today micro electronics stands as the foundation of the industry s total future offering vast potentialities The scene in the next century cannot be precisely predicted but clearly the efforts of this industry will be aimed at making life easier Advanced electronic control techniques will take the drudgery out of most work the factory and office will largely be the arena of automation and even housework will be more a question of efficient programming rather than of tedious chores This outlook poses some of the largest problems that this relatively young industry has had to face Until recently the electronics industry has been more concerned with developing the technology Now many of the applications dictate the technology Yesterday it was hard to imagine another breakthrough as important as the silicon integrated circuit today we are entering a new world the world of the microprocessor just fifteen years after the industry came to adolescence 1 How are the pre transistor computers viewed now a Pre transistor computers are now viewed as crude and clumsy b Pre transistor computers managed to produce far reaching techniques c Pre transistor computers are now viewed as elementary enormous and slow d Pre transistor computers are mow viewed as modern and advanced 2 When did micro electronics come into being 180 英语第 2 页 共 16页 a In1947 b In the late 1950s c When a new world of solid state devices on a miniature scale came d When computers were made 3 What are the different stages of the development of electronics a Thermionic valve semicondutor solid state devices microprocessor b Solid state devices micro electronics integrated circuit c Thermionic valve micro electronics integrated circuit d Thermionic valve solid state devices micro electronics microprocessor 4 What is the latest development of electronics a The world of the microprocessor b The silicon integrated circuit c The complete circuits on a tiny chip of silicon d Efficient programming 5 What is the best title for the article a TheAdvanced Industry of Electronics b The Role of the Electronics c Problems Posed by Electronics d The Young Industry of Electronics Passage 2 Can a computer think Thai depends on what you mean by think If solving a mathematical problem is thinking then a computer can think and do so much faster than a man Of course most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straightforward processes over and over again Even the simple computers of today can be geared for that It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are programmed to do so They can only do what men have them do One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are programmed to do Our genes program us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed and our potentialities are limited by that program Our program is so much more enormously complex though that we might like to define thinking in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or composing a great symphony in conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment In that sense computers certainly can t think and neither can most humans Surely though if a computer can be made complex enough it can be made as creative as we If it could be as complex as a human brain it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that composes it The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements If anything else is there no 180 英语第 3 页 共 16页 signs of it have ever been detected To duplicate the material complexity of the brain is to duplicate everything about it But how long will it take to build a computer complex enough to duplicate the human brain Perhaps not as long as some think Long before we approach anything as complex as our brain we will perhaps build a computer that is at least complex enough to design another computer more complex than itself This more complex computer could design one still more complex and so on In other words once we pass a certain critical point the computers take over and there is a complexity explosion In a very short time thereafter computers may exist that not only duplicate the human brain but far surpass it 6 What is the best title for the passage a How to Duplicate Human Brains b Can a Computer Think c How Does a Computer Solve a Mathematical Problem d How Do Human Beings Think 7 What does the passage tell us about computers of today a Unlike human beings they have to be programmed before they can do anything b They are as complex as humans c They are the equivalents of human brains d They can duplicate human brains 8 In what sense does the writer think that humans are programmed a They are different from each other b Our potentialities are limited by that program c Their characteristics powers etc are fixed before birth d We should define thinking in terms of creativity 9 What does the writer think about the human brain a It is a very complex arrangement of atoms and molecules in cells b It is made up of cells in a certain arrangement c It is more complex than computer so it can do everything a computer can do d It is made up of atoms and molecules 10 As it is used in the second paragraph of the passage what does the word ovum mean a Cellb Molecules c Germ d Afemale germ or sex cell Passage 3 In November 1965 New York was blacked out by an electricity failure The authorities promised that it would not happen again Pessimists were certain that it would occur within five years at the latest In July 1977 there was a repeat performance which produced varying degrees of chaos throughout the city of eight million people In 1965 the 180 英语第 4 页 共 16页 failure occurred in the cool autumn and at a time of comparative prosperity In 1977 the disaster was much more serious because it came when unemployment was high and the city was suffering from one of its worst heat waves In 1965 there was little crime or looting during the darkness and fewer than a hundred people were arrested In 1977 hundreds of stores were broken into and looted Looters smashed shop windows and helped themselves to jewelry clothes or television sets Nearly 4000 people were arrested but far more disappeared into the darkness of the night The number of policemen available was quite inadequate and they wisely refrained from using their guns against mobs which far outnumbered them and included armed men Hospitals had to treat hundreds of people cut by glass from shop windows Banks and most businesses remained closed the next day The blackout started at 9 30 p m when lightning hit knocked out vital cables Many stores were thus caught by surprise The vast majority of New Yorkers however were not involved in looting They helped strangers distributed candles and batteries and tried to survive in a nightmare world without traffic lights refrigerators elevators water and electrical power For twenty four hours New York realized how helpless it was without electricity 11 Look at the first paragraph Who were right the authorities or the pessimists a The authorities b Bothc The pessimists d Neither 12 In what way was the blackout of 1977 not really a repeat performance a There was much more disorder b This time the electricity supply failed c It was quite unexpected d It did not occur within five years of 1965 13 What caused the blackout in July 1977 a Excessive heat probably made people switch on too many electrical appliances b Because of unemployment some machines were not in proper order c During a storm lighting damaged supply cables d The passage does not mention the cause 14 Why did many looters manage to escape a The police could not see them in the dark b Many of the looters were armed with guns c There were not enough policemen to catch them all d They were hidden inside big buildings 15 How long did the 1977 New York electricity failure last a Awhole week b Twenty four hours c Three days d Awhole night Passage 4 Petroleum products such as gasoline kerosene home heating oil residual fuel oil and lubricating oils come from one source crude oil found below the earth s surface as well 180 英语第 5 页 共 16页 as under large bodes of water from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25000 feet into the earth s interior Sometime crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface Crude oil wells flow at varying rates from ten to thousands of barrels per hour Petroleum products are always measured in 42 gallon barrels Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance thin or thick transparent or opaque but their chemical composition is made up of only two elements carbon and hydrogen which form compounds called hydrocarbons Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities Trace elements are also found but these are of such minute quantities that they are disregarded The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors These products are the so called light oils such as gasoline kerosene and distillate oil The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers Additional complicated refining process rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline 16 Which of the following is NOT true a Crude oil is found below land and water b Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface c Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface d Avariety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil 17 Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible because a the petroleum product vary greatly in physical appearance plicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure c the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions d the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes molecular transformation 18 Which of the following is true a The various petroleum products are produced by filtration b Heating and condensation produce the various products c Chemical separation is used to produce the various products d Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the various products 19 How is crude oil brought to surface a Expansion of the hydrocarbons b Pressure and pumping c Vacuum created in the drilling pipe 180 英语第 6 页 共 16页 d Expansion and contraction of the earth s surface 20 Which of the following is NOT listed as a light oil a Distillate oil b Lubricating oil c Gasoline d Kerosene Passage 5 A new era is upon us Call it what you will the service economy the information age the knowledge society It translated to a fundamental change in the way we work Already we re partly there The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallen dramatically in the Western World Today the majority of jobs in America Europe and Japan two thirds or more in many or these countries are in the service industry and the number is on the rise More women are in the work force than ever before There are more part time jobs More people are self employed But the breadth of the economic transformation can t be measured by numbers alone because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself Long held notions about jobs and careers the skills needed to succeed even the relation between individuals and employers all these are being changed We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention the chip 集成电路 would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers digital communications and factory robots Tomorrow s achievements in biotechnology artificial intelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramatic changes But one thing is certain information and knowledge will become even more vital and the people who possess it whether they work in manufacturing or services will become even more vital and the people who possess it whether they work in manufacturing or services will have the advantage and produce the wealth Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement as the ability to read and write The ability to solve problems by applying information instead of performing routine tasks will be above all else If you cast your mind ahead 10 years information services will be predominant It will be the way you do your job 21 Acharacteristic of the information age is that a the service industry is relying more and more on the female work force b manufacturing industries are steadily increasing c people find it harder to earn a living by working in factories d most of the job opportunities can now be found in service industry 22 One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that a the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant b people s traditional concepts about work no longer hold true c most people have to take part time jobs d people have to change their jobs from time to time 23 By referring to computers and other inventions the author means to say that 180 英语第 7 页 共 16页 a people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement of technology b future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivable dramatic changes c the importance of high technology has been overlooked d computer science will play a leading role in the future information services 24 The future will probably belong to those who a possess and know how to make use of information b give full play to their brain potential c involve themselves in service industries d cast their minds ahead instead of looking back 25 Which of the following would be the best title for the passage a Computers and the Knowledge Society b Service Industries in Modern Society c Features and Implications of the New Era d Rapid Advancement of Information Technology Passage 6 Since we are social beings the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles 困难 People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties Studies over a range of illnesses from depression to heart disease reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off 挡开 illness and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely Social support cushions stress in a number of ways First friends relatives and co workers may let us know that they value us Our self respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties Second other people often provide us with informational support They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them Third we typically find social companionship supportive Engaging in leisure time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time to distract 转移 注意力 us from our worries and troubles Finally other people may give us instrumental support financial aid material resources and needed services that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems 26 Interpersonal relationships are important because a they are indispensable to people s social well being b they awaken people s desire to exchange resources c they help people to cope with life in the information era d th