远古及欧洲中世纪人的生活习惯.docx

三万年前的石器时代，森林茂密，动物的种类繁多，有着著名的肿骨鹿.剑齿虎等等。 而我们的祖先山顶洞人正生活在这个时代，因为在龙骨山的顶部的洞穴里，考古学家发现了一些骨骼化石。经确定，这是三万年前残留下来的，所以，我们把他们叫做山顶洞人。 因为山顶洞人已经掌握磨光和钻孔技术，他们已会人工取火，靠采集.狩猎为生，还会捕鱼。他们已经会缝制衣服，懂得爱美，死后还要埋葬，所以山顶洞人的一天是忙碌的。 天亮了，家族中的男人们全部出去打猎，除了老人已外。因为那时候他们还不知道正确的时间，所以他们每天日升而作，日落而息，饿了就顺手拾个野果子。而且他们打猎要到很远的地方去，他们的山洞又很高，所以，家族中的年轻男人一天都是在外度过的。他们已经懂得用火，所以常常用火追逐野兽。因为山顶洞人生活在野外，所以他们跑的速度是相当快的。遇到行动缓慢的野兽时，就可以把它围起来打死或打晕。但遇到行动较快的野兽，如剑齿虎.猎豹等，那打到它们的几率时很小的。如果他们打不到猎物，那他们只能在在饥饿或半饥饿中度过了。而老人们就不会去打猎，因为他们已经跑不动了，就只有去干一些耐力活，那就是钓鱼。而家族中的女人们天刚亮就去采野果，等她们感到热的时候，差不多就是正午了，所以她们就回到山洞去缝制衣服，作点细活。而孩子们，既不会打猎，也不会钓鱼，更不会缝衣服，他们只能去河边拣些石头.贝壳.玉等等。到了黄昏的时候，所有人都回来了。男人们如果打到猎物，就可以把猎物烤来吃，他们那时不懂得用盐，而猎物不去皮就直接烤来吃。老人们把钓的鱼也那出来，女人也把她们采集的果子拿出来。大家共同劳动，共同分享。吃完，孩子们把拣到的贝壳之类的东西钻孔，串在一起，这就是装饰品。 天黑了，山顶洞人进了山洞，有的在烤火，而有的人在睡觉，男人们旁边放锋利的石器，时刻做好抵御野兽的准备。山顶洞人的一天就这样过去了。string together, this is the adornment. Cavemen went into the cave as it was getting dark, some in the fire, and some people in sleep, the men next to a sharp stone, and always ready to resist the beast. Cavemen day passed.Thirty thousand years ago in the Stone Age, lush forests, there are many types of animals, a famous swollen deer bone. The sabre-toothed cats and so on. But our ancestors cavemen are living in this day and age, because at the top of the Long Gushan cave, the archaeologists found some bones. Sure, it is the remnant of the thirty thousand years ago, so we called them cavemen. Because the cavemen have polishing and drilling technology, they will have artificial fire, by gathering. Hunting and fishing. Sewing clothes, they already know the love of beauty, died and buried, so why cavemen are busy in a day. At dawn, the family of all men go hunting, in addition to the old man has. Because at that time they dont know the right time, so they are rising every day, whether he is hungry can conveniently pick a wild fruit. To go to far away places, and their hunting their cave is very high, so the family of the young man spent a day is out. They have learned in the fire, so often chasing wild animals with fire. Because cavemen live in the wild, they run speed is very fast. When you meet the slow beasts can kill it around or stun. But encounter action faster beast, like the sabre-toothed cats. Cheetahs, etc., the small when playing to their chances. If they cant prey, they can only be spent in hunger or hunger. And the old people wont go hunting, because they have already run, only to do some stamina, that is fishing. And the women at first light in the family will go to pick wild fruit, when they feel hot, is almost noon, so they go back to their cave sewing clothes, and do it right. And the children, neither to hunt, also wont fishing, more sew clothes, they can only go to the riverside to pick some stones. Shells. Jade and so on. In the evening, all come back. If men hit prey, you can roast to eat their prey, they didnt know with salt, and prey without peeling roast to eat directly. Old people is that, in the fish, women also bring of the fruit of their acquisition. We are working together and sharing together. Eat, things of the children found shell drilling, 贵族，英文叫noble，是个很广义的词。Noble有许多种，有骑士（knight），有地主（lord），除此之外，女伯爵（countess），公主（princess），王子（prince），这些也都是中世纪阶级金字塔上很重要的人物。在这么许多贵族里头，固然有许多人终日无所事事，终生玩乐，但也有些人是勇敢的冒险者，狡猾的政治家和善战的军事家。（狡猾的政治家则非沃里克伯爵莫属。他的真实名字为理查德内维尔，在玫瑰战争里起到举足轻重的地位，他的土地比国王还多一倍，钱财比好几个公爵加起来还多，他还只是个伯爵。他有一支只听他的号令的部队，大概有七八千人左右，有点类似曾国藩的湘军。但与曾国藩不同的是他不晓得急流勇退的道理，后来被迫背叛爱德华四世，于barnet一战死于乱军之中。）自然，我不会去描写他们这些政治军事家，因为他们主要的生活就是行军加作战。我会描写那些无所事事的八旗子弟式的公子哥和狡猾阴险的政治家，他们一般都生活在和平时代。从早上七点钟开始，一直到晚上十点钟。七点钟。大多数贵族都起床了，但远晚于仆人。先漱口但不刷牙，有些追求时尚的人会备一只牙刷和一只牙膏（一种研碎的老鼠脑子）。漱完口洗完脸，到小教堂去做一台弥撒。八点钟。从教堂回来，用早点。主要为白面包，蘸红酒吃，另加两片起司一片冷肉数片香肠，再饮红酒一杯。吃完了。一般来说，贵族们此时可以各行其是。如果是公子哥儿，会狩猎钓鱼；但政治家可能到大厅接见外国客人，而地主可能去收税。一直搞到十一点钟。然后搞什么呢？午餐。十一点钟。中世纪大多数人都比较不重视午餐。那时贵族午餐很简单，跟比较富裕的市民差不多，唯一不同的是贵族吃布丁比较多，尤其是一种杏仁布丁，里头加有大量牛奶，顶上缀以悬鉤子和玫瑰瓣，最好再撒上一点细白糖。煞是好看。下午。一点钟。贵族一般来说到集市闲逛，买贵重奢侈品，比如金银珠宝丝绸香水等等。当然这些都是女人的东西。如果男人高兴的话，会买一套意大利进口的一具象牙制的双陆。三点钟。预备晚饭了。准备的时候，无聊的贵族玩玩象棋聊聊天，也赌点小钱之类的。五点钟。开饭。客人入座前净手。每个客人面前有一块干面包用当碟子用。有的奢侈的把圆面包挖空当碗用，饭后赏给穷人吃。现在主菜上桌。第一道菜常为一碗肉汤。第二、三道菜才会有固体食物出现，如果打猎运气好，就有野味吃。没有野味，吃咸猪肉。野味有烤乳猪，炖兔子；河鲜有烧鳝鱼鳟鱼鲤鱼，此外还有烤鸽子，烤苍鹭，烤鹿肉，烤鹤。更绝的还有烤孔雀。鸡鸭鹅猪牛羊，则更不用说了。甜点是用杏仁膏雕刻成的巨大城堡以及华夫饼干、蛋糕、时鲜水果。饮料有麦酒（ale）、三合一蜜酒（mead）、啤酒（beer）、苹果酒（cider）、蛋白酒（caudell）、法国酒（cotignac）。赶时髦的还会摆上白兰地（armagnac），但多数人喝的是香料蜜酒（hippocras）。晚上。八点钟。晚饭后，狂欢party。跳舞和饮酒，还有小游戏。有一种比较血腥，一个男的或女的，蒙眼，后面有人持棍击其头，如果能猜出打手是谁，就赢了，打手则成了被打。还有另外一种比较文明的，让厨师烤一个乳酪蛋糕，里头藏有两枚戒指，两个玻璃弹子和两个钱币。谁能吃到戒指，终生在爱情上有好运。如果吃到钱币，一辈子不愁钱用。但吃到玻璃弹子者，就会倒霉悲惨一生。十点钟。拖着疲惫的身躯，上床睡觉。如果有好运的话，那就跟个女的一起睡觉，有可能是他老婆，有可能不是。Noble, English name is noble, is a very broad term. There are many ways to Noble, a knight (knight), have the landlord (Lord), in addition, the countess (countess), the princess (princess), the prince (prince), these are very important people in the history of medieval hierarchy. In so many noble, are certainly there are many people who do nothing all day long, a lifetime to play, but also some people are brave adventurers, crafty politicians and war strategist. Naturally, I wont go to describe their political strategist, because their main marchs life. I will describe those who do nothing of the eight banners children constantly chauffeured and cunning sinister politicians, they usually live in the age of peace. Begins at 7 o clock in the morning until ten o clock at night. At seven o clock. Most noble to get up, but far later than a servant. Dont brush my teeth gargle but first, some people pursuit vogue for a toothbrush with a toothpaste (a kind of trituration mouse brain). Wash out mouth washing a face, to do a small church of nativity. At eight o clock. You come back from church, with breakfast. Mainly for white bread and dip in red wine, plus two pieces of cheese a some cold meat sausage, then drink a cup of red wine. Finished eating. Generally speaking, the nobles can chart at this time. If it is a playboy, hunting fishing; But politicians might into the hall to receive foreign guests, and the landlord may go to collect taxes. Make until eleven o clock. And then what? Lunch. It is eleven o clock. Most of the middle ages are do not take the lunch. Then aristocrats lunch is very simple, with wealthier citizens about, the only difference is more noble eating pudding, especially an almond pudding, adding there is a lot of milk, the top compose with rose petals and raspberries, best to sprinkle a little sugar. It looks good. In the afternoon. One o clock. Noble in general to the market, buy expensive luxury, such as gold and silver jewelry, silk perfume and so on. Of course, these are all women. If a man happy, will buy a set of imported Italian an ivory backgammon. At three o clock. Prepare the dinner. Prepare, bored aristocrats chat, play chess and bet some money or something like that. At five o clock. For meals. Clean hands before the guests seated. Every guest has a cracker dough before synthetic as a plate. Some luxury to dig space bowl with buns, meal to eat the poor. Now main dish on the table. The first dish is often a bowl of soup. The second and third dish to have solid food, hunting if lucky, have meat to eat. No meat, eat salted pork. Game is roast Suckling pig, rabbit stew; Tree has a temperature the eel trout carp, in addition to roast pigeon, herons, roast venison, roast crane. A more perfect and peacocks. Chickens, ducks goose pigs, cattle and sheep, not to mention the. Dessert was carved with almond paste huge castles and waffles, cakes, first-of-the-season fruit. Beverage with ale (al