产科超声认证课程大纲.doc_第1页
产科超声认证课程大纲.doc_第2页
产科超声认证课程大纲.doc_第3页
产科超声认证课程大纲.doc_第4页
产科超声认证课程大纲.doc_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩23页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

产科超声医师资格认证考试大纲Outline of curriculum(课程大纲)Important notes(重要提示)I. Physics of ultrasound (超声的物理学)II. Instrumentation (仪器)III. Artefacts (伪像)IV. Quality assurance of ultrasound instruments (超声仪器的质量保证)V. New ultrasound technologies (新的超声技术)VI. Bioeffects and safety (生物效应和安全性)VII. Ultrasound as a diagnostic and screening tool (超声作为诊断和筛查工具)VIII. Basic scanning techniques (基本的扫查技术)IX. Estimation of gestational age (孕龄的估计)X. Assessment of fetal growth (胎儿发育评价)XI. Assessment of fetal wellbeing by ultrasound (超声对胎儿健康状态的评估)XII. Fetal structural anomalies (胎儿结构异常)XIII. Multifetal gestations (多胎妊娠)XIV. Placenta (胎盘)XV. Liquor (羊水)XVI. Doppler ultrasound (多普勒超声)XVII. Cervical assessment and prediction of preterm labour (宫颈测量评估和早产的预测)XVIII. Early pregnancy complications (早期妊娠并发症)XIX. Ultrasound markers of chromosomal abnormalities (染色体异常的标记物)XX. Principles of further investigation, patient counselling and management of fetal anomalies(进一步研究、患者咨询和胎儿异常处理的原则)XXI. Organization and provision of services (组织与推行产前超声服务)XXII. Proper use and mis-use of ultrasound (超声的适用及误用)XXIII. Standards and recommendations (产前超声的标准和建议)Recommended references (推荐的参考材料)Important notes (重要提示) 1. The course outline here is for reference only. These represent the fundamental knowledge that anyone who will be or is doing obstetric ultrasound scanning should be expected to know. This is not an exhaustive list. In fact, you are encouraged to learn more than what are listed here. 这里的课程大纲仅供参考。这些大纲是任何将要或正在从事产科超声筛查的医生所应该了解的。这张表并不详尽。实际上,我们期望您能学习比大纲更多的内容。 2. Due to the rapid development in technologies and expansion of our knowledge, what were correct in the past might well be wrong today. Therefore, you are expected to update your knowledge continuously throughout your career. 由于科技的迅速发展以及我们知识的扩展,过去认为是正确的事情在今天可能是错误的。所以,我们期望您能在职业生涯中不断更新您的知识 3. This course is designed to be at Level 2 (screening for fetal abnormalities). Therefore, focus will be on normality and common abnormalities. 课程水平设计为二级:胎儿畸形筛查。所以,课程重点放在正常胎儿以及常见的畸形检查 4. Not every aspect in this curriculum will be covered by lectures in the theoretical course. Participants are required to acquire that knowledge by self reading. 讲座并没有覆盖理论课程的各个方面,学员需要自学去掌握讲座中未涉及的知识。 5. The suggested references at the end of this outline are NOT meant to be gold standards. They are only books or materials that are found to be useful for those who are learning or practicing obstetric ultrasound scanning. It does not mean that we agree with every sentence written in the references. In fact, it is not unusual that authors of different books may have different opinions on specific issues. You should make your own judgment based on your balance of scientific evidence. 大纲最后建议的参考书并不意味着就是金标准。这些只是对正在学习或进行产科超声筛查的人有用的书或材料。同样,这也并不意味着我们同意参考材料的每一句话。实际上,不同书的作者对具体问题持有不同的观点是正常的。您应该根据您所掌握的科学证据自己做出判断) 6. Obstetric ultrasound scanning is NOT just a technical skill, but a branch of medicine in which ultrasound is used as a tool to assist in patient management, including screening, diagnosis, treatment and counselling. Therefore, the curriculum will focus NOT ONLY on ultrasound skills, but the scientific basis of the technology and how this technology could be used to help our patients. 妇产科超声筛查不只是一项技巧,而且作为医学的一个分支,超声被用于辅助患者管理,包括筛查、诊断、治疗和咨询。因此,此课程不仅强调超声技术,而且强调技术的科学基础以及如何应用此技术去帮助我们的病人 7. This course is aiming at producing doctors who are able to think and judge so that they will be able to decide when and how to use the ultrasound technology in our obstetric patients 7.此课程目的在于培养医生的思考和判断能力,使他们能够决定何时及如何对产科病人使用超声技术。 I. Physics of ultrasound(超声的物理学) A. The proper use of medical ultrasound, proper interpretation of ultrasound images and avoidance of misinterpretation due to artefacts requires a good understanding of physics of ultrasound. One should understand the clinical effects of these physical properties, e.g. the effect of attenuation on the limit of imaging depth.(医学超声的适当应用,超声图像的合理解释,以及避免因伪像造成的误解,需要对超声物理学有深入的了解。我们应该了解这些物理特性对临床的影响,如声衰减对成像深度的限制。) B. Sound(声波) 1. Definition of sound(声波的定义) 2. Audible sound vs ultrasound(可听声波vs超声波) 3. Nature of sound(声波的性质) 4. Propagation of vibration(声波振动的传播) a. Compression(压缩) b. Rarefaction(稀疏) 5. Definition of(定义) a. Propagation speed and velocity(传播速度) b. Frequency(频率) c. Wavelength(波长) d. Period(周期) e. Amplitude(幅度) f. Energy(声能) g. Power(声力) h. Intensity(强度) i. Acoustic impedance(声阻抗) j. Intensity Reflection Co-efficient (IRC)(强度反射系数) k. Refraction(反射) l. Critical angle(临界角) m. Attenuation(衰减) n. Shadowing(声影) o. Enhancement(增强) 6. Decibels: definition and relationship to intensity and amplitude(分贝:定义及与强度和幅度的关系) 7. Relationship between(两者关系) a. Period and frequency(周期和频率) b. Wavelength and frequency(波长和频率) c. Intensity, power and cross-sectional area of the ultrasound beam(强度、功率和超声束的横截面积) 8. Speed of sound in different materials / tissues(不同材料和组织中的声波速度) C. Pulsed ultrasound(脉冲超声) 1. Pulsed ultrasound vs continuous ultrasound(脉冲超声vs连续超声) 2. Pulsed repetition frequency (PRF)(脉冲重复频率) 3. Pulsed repetition period (PRP)(脉冲重复周期) 4. Pulsed duration (PD)(脉冲持续时间) 5. Spatial pulse length (SPL)(空间脉冲宽度) 6. Duty factor (DF)(脉冲作用因子) 7. Relationship between DF, PD, PRP (脉冲作用因子、脉冲持续时间及脉冲重复周期之间的关系) D. Sound-tissue interaction(声波组织相互作用) 1. Causes of attenuation(衰减的原因) a. Absorption(吸收) b. Scattering(散射) c. Reflection(反射) 2. Effect of attenuation on penetration and safety(声衰减对穿透性和安全性的影响) 3. Relationship between ultrasound frequency, attenuation and penetration(超声频率、衰减以及穿透三者之间的关系) 4. Relationship between Impedance (Z) and density of medium and propagation speed(声阻抗、介质密度以及传播速度之间的关系) 5. Relationship between IRC and Z(强度反射系数与声阻抗之间的关系) E. Diagnostic ultrasound frequency(E.超声诊断频率) 1. Useful range of frequencies for ultrasound in Obstetrics(产科超声诊断频率范围) 2. Tradeoff: penetration vs spatial resolution(折中:穿透性vs空间分辨率) II. Instrumentation(仪器)A. Ultrasound transducers(超声探头) 1. Piezoelectric effect and piezoelectric materials(压电效应与压电物质) 2. Construction of transducers(探头构造) 3. Pulsed echo technology(脉冲技术) 4. Bandwidth(带宽) 5. Multi-hertz(变频探头) 6. Sound beam formation(声束形成) a. Near Field and Far Field(近场与远场) b. Length of near field (focal field)(近场(聚焦场)的长度) c. Beam width(声束宽) d. Dependence on frequency and crystal or aperture size(依赖频率和晶体或孔径尺寸) 7. Axial resolution(轴向分辨率) a. Definition(定义) b. Dependence on Spatial Pulse Length (SPL) and Pulse Duration(依赖于空间脉冲长度与脉冲持续时间) 8. Lateral Resolution(侧向分辨率) a. Definition(定义) b. Dependence on Beam Width(依赖于超声波束的宽度) 9. Focusing:(聚焦) a. Methods of focusing(聚焦的方法) i. Mechanical (机械的) ii. Electronic(电的) b. b. Focal zone characteristics(聚焦区特征) i. Focal distance (Length)(焦距(长度) ii. Focal zone region(聚焦区) 10. Transducer arrays and image appearance(探头阵列与成像形式) a. Mechanical or electronic construction(机械或电构造) b. Multiple element construction and operation(多晶元构成与功能) c. Beam steering(波束的偏转) 11. Transducer care and maintenance(探头保养与维修) B. Principles of pulsed echo imaging(脉冲成像原理) 1. Principle display modes: A-Mode, B-Moe, Real-time ultrasound, 3-D, M-Mode(显示方式原理:型超声、型超声、实时超声、三维超声、型超声) 2. Principles of real-time B-mode image formation(实时型超声成像的原理) 3. Relationships between scanning speed and the followings:(扫描速度与以下的关系) a. Pulsing characteristics(脉冲发生的特征) b. Frame rat and time required to generate one frame(帪频与产生每帪图像所需要的时间) c. Number of lines per frame (line density)(每帪图像的扫描线数量(线密度) d. Number of focal regions (focal zone)(聚焦区的数量) e. Field of view (e.g. sector angle)(视野(如扇角) f. Image depth (penetration)(图像的深度) C. Preprocessing and postprocessing(预处理与后处理) 1. Definition(定义) 2. Preprocessing functions(预处理功能) a. Time (depth) gain compensation (TGC or DGC)(时间(深度)增益补偿) b. Logarithmic compression(对数压缩) c. Persistence(余辉) d. Frame averaging(帧平均) e. Edge enhancement(边缘增强) f. Smoothing(平滑处理) D. Haemodynamic, Doppler, Colour Doppler, and Colour Doppler Imaging(血流动力学、多普勒、彩色多普勒和彩色多普勒成像) 1. Doppler physical principles(多普勒物理原理) a. Doppler effect(多普勒效应) b. Factors influencing the magnitude of Doppler shift frequency(影响多普勒频移的因素) c. Aliasing(混叠) 2. Doppler instruments(多普勒仪器) a. Continuous wave and pulsed wave Doppler(连续多普勒和脉冲多普勒) b. Duplex instruments(双功仪器) c. Display mode: Spectral Doppler, Colour Doppler, Colour Doppler Imaging(显示方式:频谱多普勒、彩色多普勒、彩色多普勒成像) d. Aliasing, Range ambiguity and Velocity limitations in Pulsed Doppler(脉冲多普勒的混叠、距离模糊和速度限制) e. Diagnostic measurements of spectrual Doppler: Peak velocity, Average velocity, Pulsatility Index, Resistance Index. (光谱多普勒的诊断测量:峰值速度、平均速度、搏动指数、阻力指数) III. Artefacts(伪像)A. Definition(定义) B. Mechanism of production(产生机制) C. Common types of artefact(伪像的常见类型) 1. Presence of echoes that are not present(出现本不存在的回声) 2. Missing echoes that should be there(本应存在的回声丢失) 3. Misrepresented interface location (improper location of the echo)(界面位置的误判(回声位置不恰当) 4. Misrepresented interface amplitude (improper brightness, shape or size)(界面幅度的曲解(亮度、形状或大小不正确的) D. Artefacts associated with resolution and propagation(与分辨率和声传播有关的伪像) 1. Axial resolution artefact(轴向分辨率伪像) 2. Lateral resolution artefact(侧向分辨率伪像) 3. Slide thickness artefact(片层厚度伪像) E. Artefacts associated with propagation of sound(与声传播有关的伪像) 1. Reverberation(混响) 2. Comet-tail(彗星尾) 3. Ring-down(振铃伪像) 4. Mirror image(镜像伪像) 5. Edge artefact(边缘伪像) 6. Side lobes(旁瓣伪像) 7. Refraction(折射) 8. Speed error(速度误差) F. Artefacts associated with attenuation(与衰减有关的伪像) 1. Shadowing(声影) 2. Enhancement(增强) G. Artefacts associated with Doppler and Colour flow instrumentation(与多普勒和彩色血流多普勒仪器使用有关的伪像) 1. Aliasing(混叠) 2. Slice thickness(层面厚度) 3. Reverberation(混响) 4. Mirror imaging(镜像伪像) H. How to avoid misdiagnosis due to artefact(如何避免由于伪像造成误诊) IV. Quality assurance of ultrasound instruments(超声仪器的质量保证)A. General concepts regarding the need for quality assurance(质量保证需要的基本概念) B. Methods for evaluating instrument performance(评价仪器性能的方法) 1. Test objects(测试目标) 2. Phantoms(模型) C. Parameters to be evaluated(评价参数) V. New ultrasound technologies(新的超声技术)A. Harmonic imaging(谐波成像) B. Sono-CT or related technologies(超声或相关技术) C. 3D / 4D ultrasound(三维/四维超声) 1. Principles(原理) 2. Data acquisition(数据采集) 3. Data display(数据显示) 4. Data processing and storage(数据处理和存储) 5. Advantage and limitation(优势和局限性) VI. Bioeffects and safety(生物效应和安全性)A. Possible bioeffects of ultrasound(超声可能的生物效应) 1. Thermal effect(热效应) 2. Mechanical effects(机械效应) a. Radiation force(辐射力) b. Streaming(流动效应) c. Cavitation(空化效应) B. Major determining factors of bioeffects of ultrasound:(超声生物效应的主要决定因素) 1. Ultrasound power (effect of focusing, sector size etc)(超声功率(聚焦、扇形大小等影响) 2. Duration of ultrasound exposure(超声暴露时间) 3. Thermal characteristics of the tissue(组织的热特征) C. Acoustic output quantities: pressure (MPa, mmHg), power (mW) and intensity (mW2/cm, W/cm2)(C.声输出数量:压力(MPa, mmHg)、功率(mW)和密度(mW2/cm, W/cm2) D. Acoustic output labelling standard(声输出标的记注标准) 1. Thermal Index (TI)(热指数) a. TIS (Thermal Index for soft tissue)(软组织的热指数) b. TIB (Thermal Index for bone)(骨骼的热指数) 2. Mechanical Index (MI)(机械指数) E. Acoustic exposure(声暴露) 1. Definition and concepts of prudent use (ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable)(谨慎应用的定义和概念) 2. Methods to reduce acoustic exposure (减少声暴露的方法) VII. Ultrasound as a diagnostic and screening tool(超声作为诊断和筛查工具)A. Definition and characteristics of a diagnostic and a screening test(诊断和筛查测验的定义和特征) B. How ultrasound has been used as both a diagnostic and a screening tool for prenatal diagnosis(超声如何成为产前诊断的诊断和筛查工具) C. Characteristics of a screening test(筛选实验的特征) 1. Sensitivity (Detection rate)(敏感度(捡出率) 2. Specificity / False positive rate(特异度(假阳性率) 3. Prevalence of a disease(疾病的流行率) 4. Positive predictive value(阳性预测值) 5. Negative predictive value(阴性预测值) D. Presence of association between an ultrasound feature and a condition /disease does not necessary mean that the ultrasound feature will be a good screening test for the condition / disease(一种疾病与一种超声特征存在联系并不必然意味着此种超声特征是这种疾病的良好筛查试验) VIII. Basic scanning techniques (基本的扫查技术)A. Hardware(硬件) 1. Machine and probe(机械和探头) 2. Scanning room: size, lighting, room temperature, privacy(筛查房间:大小、光线、室温、隐私) 3. Examination couch: size, height, adjustable(检查床:大小、高度、可调整的) 4. Chair for the sonographer: height, adjustable(检查者的座椅:高度、可调整的) B. Patient preparation(病人准备) 1. Comfortable(舒适) 2. Relax(放松) 3. Privacy(隐私) 4. Bladder: full or empty?(膀胱:充盈或排空) C. Scanning techniques(筛查技术) 1. Choosing transabdominal or transvaginal approach(选择经腹部或经阴道方法) 2. Choosing the probe with appropriate frequency and shape(选择合适频率和形状的探头) 3. The use of mutifrequency probe(应用变频的探头) 4. Scanning position(检查体位) 5. Holding the probe(手持探头) 6. Probe movement(探头移动) a. Sliding(滑动) b. Rotating(旋转) c. Tilting(倾斜) d. Rocking(摆动) 7. Optimization of images (图像优化) 8. Principles(原则) a. Using the highest possible frequency(尽量应用最高频率) b. Using the shortest scanning time(应用最短的扫查时间) c. Using the largest magnification(将图像放到最大) d. Optimal persistence(优化余辉) e. Optimal gain and contrast(优化增益和对比度) 9. Occupational safety(职业安全) IX. Estimation of gestational age(孕龄的估计)A. Different ways to estimation the gestational age(估测孕龄的不同方法) B. Sonographic estimation of gestational age(超声估测孕龄) 1. Crown-rump length, BPD, HC, FL, AC(头臀长、双顶径、头围、股骨长、腹围) 2. Definition of each of the measurements(每种测量方法的定义) 3. The optimal time for gestational age estimation(估测孕龄的最佳时间) 4. Error of estimation(预测的误差) 5. Clinical application(临床应用) 6. Mis-use (误用) 7. Potential danger of estimating gestational age by ultrasound parameters in late pregnancy.(晚孕期使用超声参数估测孕龄的潜在危险) C. How to construct a reliable fetal biometric - gestational age conversion table?(如何构建可靠的胎儿生物计量孕周转换表) X. Assessment of fetal growth( 胎儿发育评价)A. Different ways to estimate fetal growth, to screening for abnormal fetal growth, and to diagnose abnormal fetal growth(估测胎儿生长发育、筛查和诊断胎儿异常发育的不同方法) B. Sonographic assessment of fetal growth: BPD, HC, FL, AC(超声评估胎儿生长:双顶径、头围、股骨长、腹围) C. Sonographic fetal biometric charts:(胎儿超声生物计量表) 1. How to construct a reliable chart of fetal biometry?(如何构建一个可靠的胎儿 生物计量表) 2. Common errors in constructing charts of fetal biometry(构建胎儿生物计量表常见的错误) 3. What is normal and what is abnormal? What is the definition of small baby or big baby? What are the meanings of 10th centile, 90th centile, -2 SD, and +2SD?(什么是正常的?什么是异常的?小婴儿和大婴儿的定义是什么?第十百分位数、第九十百分位数、减2个标准差、加2个标准差是什么意思?) 4. Must use a chart that is appropriate for your population(必须应用适用于你所在人群的计量表) 5. The danger of using an inappropriate chart.(应用不适宜计量表的危险) 6. Customised fetal growth chart(胎儿成长表定制) D. All fetal biometric parameters must be plotted in a growth chart to assess the fetal growth, but should not be reported as equivalent gestational age(绘制生长计量表,必须包括胎儿所有的生物学测量参数,以便评估胎儿生长发育情况。但相应的孕龄不应作为报告) E. Screening for fetal growth problems: clinical examination versus routine ultrasound examination(胎儿生长问题的筛查:临床检查与常规超声检查) F. The role of a routine fetal growth scan: when and how many?(常规胎儿生长筛查的作用:什么时间以及检查次数) G. The role of sonographic Estimation of Fetal Weight(超声对胎儿体重估测的作用) H. Clinical application(临床应用) I. Intra-uterine fetal growth restriction (IUGR)(胎儿宫内发育迟缓) 1. Definition of IUGR(IUGR的定义) 2. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of IUGR. Role of placental dysfunction.(IUGR的发病机制和病理生理学。胎盘机能不良的影响) 3. Role of fetal biometric measurements in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of IUGR(胎儿生物测量对预测、诊断和监测IUGR的作用) 4. Role of liquor volume in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of IUGR(羊水量对预测、诊断和监测IUGR的作用) 5. Role of uterine artery Doppler study in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of IUGR: Is it useful? When to use it? How to use it?(脐动脉多普勒研究对预测、诊断和监测IUGR的作用:它有作用吗?什么时候应用?如何应用?) 6. Role of umbilical artery and middle cerebral artery Doppler study in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of IUGR: Is it useful? When to use it? How to use it?(脐动脉和大脑中动脉多普勒研究对预测、诊断和监测IUGR的作用:是否有用?什么时候用?如何应用) 7. Role of Ductus Venosus Doppler study in the prediction, diagnosis and monitoring of IUGR: Is it useful? When to use it? How to use it?(静脉导管多普勒研究对预测、诊断和监测IUGR的作用:是否有用?什么时候应用?如何应用?) XI. Assessment of fetal wellbeing by ultrasound(超声对胎儿健康状态的评估)A. Methods(方法) 1. Liquor volume(羊水量) 2. Fetal biometry(胎儿生物测量) 3. Biophysical profile(胎儿外形轮廓) 4. Cardiotocogram (CTG)(胎心率宫缩曲线图) 5. Umbilical artery Doppler(脐动脉多普勒) 6. Doppler study of the middle cerebral artery(大脑中动脉的多普勒研究) 7. Doppler study of the Ductus Venosus(静脉导管的多普勒研究) B. The accuracy of each of the above method in predicting fetal outcome(以上方法预测胎儿结果的准确性) C. The advantage, disadvantage and limitation of each of the above method in assign fetal wellbeing.(以上方法评价胎儿健康状况的优势、缺点和局限性) D. How to use these different types of assessment to help the obstetricians in the management of a case with IUGR?如何应用不同的评价方法帮助产科医生处理患有IUGR的病例) XII. Fetal structural anomalies(胎儿结构异常)A. Routine morphology scan(常规形态学检查) 1. Why is it important (or not important)? When should it be done? Who should be doing it? What should be included? (为什么它是重要的(或不重要)?什么时候做检查?什么人群应该做此检查?应该包括什么?) 2. Performance of routine morphology scan: how successful / how good is it? How to improve?(常规形态学检查:它有多成功?有多好?如何改进?) 3. How to increase the detection rate but at the same time limits the false positive rate?(如何增加捡出率并且同时限制假阳性率?) B. Focus should be put on the followings:(重点应该放在如下几点) 1. Normality (i.e. what is normal). Only if you know what normal is before you could detect abnormalities. (常态(即什么是正常)。只有了解什么是正常的才能发现异常) 2. Embryology and early fetal development. The normal appearance of fetal structure changes with different stages of embryonic and fetal development. This knowledge is essential f

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论