定语从句专项.doc

定语从句专项定语从句就是句子充当定语，修饰之前的名词或代词。该名词或代词称为先行词，由引导词引导定语从句，引导词在定语从句中充当相应的句子成分。先行词的单复数决定定语从句中谓语动词的单复数。Eg. The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词 引导词 定语从句1关系代词who, that, which, whose, as 引导的定语从句格先行词主格宾格(可省略)所有格人who / thatwhom / who whose物which / thatwhich / thatwhose / of which / of whom人、物thatthatWho 代替先行词（指人），在定语从句中作主语。Eg.1). An architect is a person who designs buildings.2). I will never forget the teacher who taught us English in the first year of my senior high school.3). Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.Whom代替人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。Eg.1). Do you know the gentleman (whom) we met in the school library yesterday.2). This is the student (whom) my father taught ten year ago.3). The girl (who) I saw is called Marry.Whose 代替人或物，在定语从句中作定语。Eg.1). The girl student whose father is an engineer used to study abroad.2). Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? whose window = the window of which 3). (2006福建卷-22) Look out! Dont get too close to the house roof is under repair. A. whose B. which C. of which D. thatwhose roof = the roof of which ， 故选A。4). Do you still remember the boy about _whose_ sister people talk a lot?5). They blew up the building on _whose top there was a flag.Which 代替物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。Eg.1). I dont like stories which / that have unhappy endings. 2). Tom works in a factory which / that makes watches.That 既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。Eg.1). Is she the girl that / who sells newspapers?2). Where is the ice cream that / which was in the fridge?3). Is this the book (that / which) you want to buy?4). Is this book the one you want to buy? 比较3）和4）两例，4）句中少了冠词the，同时句子主语发生变化，就少了定语从句的先行词，所以要加上the one 作先行词。在实践练习中可用还原法，即，将疑问句还原成陈述句。3). This is the book (that / which) you want to buy. （this作句子主语）4). This book is the one you want to buy. （this book作句子主语）5). Is that factory your father used to work in? A. which B. that C. where D. the one 此句还原为That factory is your father used to work in. 故选D。 As 是个比较特殊的关系代词，用在某些固定搭配中，或者独立于主句之外。在固定搭配中as 引导定语从句，asas , soas , such as , the sameas Eg. 1). You may take as many books as you want. （第一个as 是副词，修饰many, 第二个as 是关系代词，代替先行词books ,在定语从句中作宾语。）2). I have got such a computer as yours. (as是关系代词，代替先行词computer, 在定语从句中作表语，因为yours 后省略了is 。)3). I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin. （as是关系代词，代替先行词place, 在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin 后省略了is 。）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句， eg. 1). As we know, the earth turns round the sun. (as 作宾语)2). As is known to us all, the earth turns round the sun. (as作主语)3). Taiwan, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. (关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语，有“正如”之意。)4). The Beatles, many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (NEMT-2006,天津12)A. what B. that C. how D. as 考查关系代词as引导的定语从句. As代替先行词the Beatles同时又在从句中作remember的宾语,as的功能同which, 但as有”正如”的意思,故D是正确答案.5). is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (NEMT-2004江苏33) A. Which B. When C. What D. As 考查关系代词as引导的定语从句. Which与as引导定语从句均可代表整个一句话或整个主句, 但which不能放在句首, 另外as有”正如”的意思,而which却没有, 故D正确.2关系代词who, which与that的区别关系代词who与that的区别当关系代词用作主语时, 多用主格who. 例如:1). He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去了一切. (先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时, 多用who)2). I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语.(在非限定性定语从句中,用who)当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom, 不用who, that. 例如:3). The man whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 与我们校长谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师. (介词与关系代词紧密相连时, 只能用宾格whom, 不可用主格who)注意: 介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时, 或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who, 也可用that, 还可以省略关系代词. 因此, 上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.第4句简洁, 自然, 所以口语中用得最多.当关系代词泛指人时, 多用that. 例如:4). He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是个从不怕失败的人.(that用来泛指人)当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句中时, 应用that. 例如:5). Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用who,以避免造成误解或语义含糊不清)关系代词which与that的区别当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything, nothing等时，关系代词多用that。Eg. 1). All that glitters is not gold. 2). She told me everything that she knew. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词、限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般用that。3). This is the best novel that I have ever read. 4). He is the only one that has been invited to the ball. 当关系代词出现在以which开头的疑问句中时，为了避免重复，应用that。5). Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guests?在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which。6). Beijing, which is the capital city of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。7). She has collected more than 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 8). I saw a woman running towards me in the darkness. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction she had come. （NEMT-2006重庆34） A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which 该题考查介词接which 引导的定语从句，先行词为事物，关系词可用which或that，但在介词之后用which。由于词组为come from，故选D。9). He was educated at a local grammar school, he went on to Cambridge. (NEMT-2005山东30) A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this 句意是“上完中学后到剑桥大学深造”，注意两个分句之间用了逗号，没有连词。故选C。如果空格前加and，就选B。10). The English play my students played at the new years party was a great success. (NEMT-2005广东34) A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 根据句意“在英语剧中”，介词用in，故选C。3关系副词when, where, why 引导的定语从句常用的关系副词when, where, why 引导定语从句，分别在定语从句中作时间，地点和原因状语。见以下搭配：the time when the place where the reason why 关系副词when的用法关系副词when代替的先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。Eg.1). In Beijing, July and August are the months when it rains very often. (months 指时间)2). Do you remember the day when we first met? （the day指时间）3). I havent seen her since the year when I left Paris. 4). Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer it was 20 years ago, it was so poorly equipped. (NEMT-2005安徽-25) A. what, when B. that, which C. what, which D. which, that考查连接代词what和关系副词when，第二空后的定语从句先行词是20 years ago， 指时间，用when,故选A。 关系副词where的用法关系副词where代替的先行词表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。1). During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. (town 指地点)2). This is the place where Li Bai once lived. (the place指地点, 在定语从句中作状语。)3). This is the place that / which Li Bai once visited. (the place 同样指地点，但在定语从句中作visited 的宾语。)4). If a shop has chairs women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. (NEMT-2005上海-40) A. that B. which C. when D. where 句意为“男人们可以坐在那儿”，指地点，故选D。 关系副词why的用法 关系副词why代替的先行词表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。1). The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.2). This is the reason why he came late to school. 3). This is why he came late to school. (the reason省略，定语从句变成表语从句。) 4限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句中，从句与其修饰的先行词关系密切，若缺少，句意不完整，故定语从句前不用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句与其修饰的先行词关系不太密切，若缺少，句意仍然完整，故定语从句前一般用逗号隔开。试比较：1). The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink. 2). Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our daily life. 3). The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, means spending tens of thousands of pounds. (NEMT-2006江苏-29) A. who B. that C. as D. which 逗号隔开，which 代替之前整个句子，故选D。4). I have many friends, some are businessmen. (NEMT-2005全国卷-24) A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom 句子分解成 some of them are businessmen ，逗号隔开，故选D。 5定语从句的位置定语从句一般总是直接放在先行词的后面。但有时候定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他句子成分，定语从句被分隔开了，称之为分隔定语从句。1). There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. (先行词a girl 与定语从句之间插入了upstairs)2). A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 3). The factory produces half a million shoes every year, 80% are sold abroad. (NEMT-2004辽宁-35) A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 先行词shoes 与定语从句之间插入了every year，故选A。 6定语从句与同位语从句的区别 定语从句和同位语从句在形式上区别不大，但在含义和功能上存在很大的差异。同位语从句属于名词性从句，引导词一般为抽象名词fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, problem 等，关系词多用that, 关系词在从句中只起到引导句子的作用，不作句子成分，同时不可省略。定语从句的关系词在从句中要充当句子成分，有实际含义，作动词宾语可省略。7定语从句与强调句搭配使用时，要注意识别，方法为：强调句结构可省略，而定语从句往往修饰被强调部分。Eg, It was in the small house _ was built with stones by his father _ he spent his childhood. A. which, that B. that, which C. which, which D. that, where 【分析】答案选A，第一空填 which，用以引导定语从句；第二空填that，为强调句的结构词，被强调部分为 in the small house （以及修饰它的定语从句 which was built with stones by his father）。此题难就难在强调句型中套用了定语从句。请再看类似例子： （1） It was the boy _ had been in prison _ stole the money. A. who, where B. that, how C. who, that D. that, which 此题答案选C，全句为强调句，被强调成分是 the boy （以及修饰它的定语从句who had been in prison）。 （2） It was just in the room _ he was born _ he died. A. where, which B. that, that C. where, that D. which, that 此题答案选C，全句为强调句，被强调成分是 in this room，where he was born 为修饰 the room 的定语从句。 专项练习1.After visiting China, most of the foreign friends said they would never forget the time they had spent in ChinaAthatBwhatCwhenDat which2. After the earthquake, many new buildings were put up _ there were trees. A. in the place whereB. in place in whichC. the place whereD. what3. He is a good leader who always thinks more of the public than of himself, we should follow the example of.AwhichBoneCthe oneDwhoever4. On May 12th, many parts of Sichuan were struck by an earthquake, from_ effects the people are still suffering.A. that B. whose C. those D. what5. _, the weather turned out to be very hot that day.A. It was said in the newspaper B. As was reported on the radioC. Just like the weather report says D. It so happened as you told me6. When someone hurts us we should write it down in sand _ winds of forgiveness can wipe it off A. which B. that Cwhere D. while7._ is often the case with elder people, my grandma talked about my new hairstyle for at least 50 minutes nonstopA. That B. Which C. As D. It8. Some pre-school children go to a day care center,_ they learn simple games and songs.A. then B. there C. while D. where9. The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. A. which B. what C. that D. where10. The town _ we visited last month is the one _ the famous painter was born.Awhere; which Bwhich; whereCwhich; that Dwhere; where11. We went to Mountain Tai last weekend, _, not surprisingly, was crowded with visitors.A. that B. which C. where D. when12. We hope that the measures to control the stock market, _ are taken by the government, will work.A. that B. where C. which D. what13. Many factors influence a student in his/her study, _ I think are out of a teachers control. A. most of them B. most of whichC. most