第八节 非谓语动词.doc

第八节 非谓语动词在英语中，不能做句子谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有不定式，动词-ing，和过去分词。动词不定式动词-ing过去分词一般式to dodoingdone及物动词的过去分词既表被动又表完成，个别动词的过去分词（多为不及物动词）只是表示完成含义一般被动式to be donebeing done完成式to have donehaving done完成被动式to have been donehaving been done进行式to be doing完成进行式to have been doing非谓语动词的否定形式：形式非谓语动词位置例句一般形式不定式not放在to前The old man told the child not to be noisy.动词-ingnot放在动词-ing前Excuse me for not coming.特殊形式不定式肯定形式表否定He was too excited to speak.动词-ingno, without引导短语表否定No smoking.He left without saying good-bye.一.不定式1. 形式及意义不定式的一般式（to do/to be done）表示与谓语动作同时发生或将要发生，其否定形式not to do/ not to be done。 不定式的进行式（to be doing）表示与谓语动作同时发生并强调正在进行，不定式的完成式是（to have done/ to have been done），表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。I want to ask for leave.The people seem to be discussing something.Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.2. 不定式的用法（1）做主语不定式做主语时，常用形式主语it代替，而把不定式放在后面。It is not easy to learn a foreign language.常见的句型有：Its +adj. +for sb +to do sth Its +adj. +of sb +to do sth这两种句型的区别在于：当形容词表示人的性格，品质时，用of sb to do sth, 常见形容词有： bad, brave, careful, clever, cruel, foolish, good, kind, nice, polite, stupid等。而当形容词只表示不定式行为的特征时，用for sb to do sth. 常见形容词有：difficult, hard, easy, important, impossible等。Its very foolish of you to believe him.Its important for us to listen carefully.(2) 作宾语 decide to do sth一些动词后面只能跟动词不定式形式，如：ask, agree, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, plan, prepare, refuse, want, wish等He agreed to lend me his computer.(3)作宾语补足语ask sb to do sth有些动词可用不定式做宾补，这些动词有：ask, allow, beg, advise, expect, get, want, teach, wish, tell, encourage, order等He asked the children not to make so much noise.下列动词后接不定式时，不带to,但是在被动语态中，要加上to, （let除外）使役动词：let, make, have感官动词：see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel巧计感官使役动词后跟省略to的动词不定式：不定式，作宾补，下列词后省略to,四看两听一感觉， have, let与makeThe boss made the workers work hard. - The workers were made to work hard.I saw him steal money. -He was seen to steal money.（4）作定语不定式做定语要放在被修饰词之后。 She has a lot of work to do.如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应有必要的介词。She is a very nice person to work with.不定式和它前面的被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。I have a letter to write. (I write a letter.)He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)(5)作状语（表目的，原因，结果等）I came here to see you. (表目的)We were very excited to hear this news. (表原因)He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (表结果)目的状语还可以用in order to与so as to表示，但在位置上有区别。In order to finish the work in time, we work late into the night every day. (so as to不能位于句首)不定式做结果状语的几个句型：She is old enough to go to school.He is too short to be a basketball player.They lifted a stone only to drop it on their own feet.(6)作表语My job is to type letters every day.(7)疑问词+不定式, 可充当主语，宾语，表语等成分。What to do tomorrow hasnt been decided. 作主语Please tell me where to have the meeting. 作宾语The problem is where to build the factory. 作表语二.动词-ing动词-ing形式的完成时表示动作在谓语动作之前发生。Seeing is believing.Little tom admitted having cheated in the examination.1. 动名词的用法（1）作主语或表语Teaching is learning.(2)作定语 （表示用途或目的等）the reading room is over there.(3)作宾语只能跟动词-ing形式做宾语的动词有：admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practice, suggest, delay等。只能跟动名词的短语有：be used to, look forward to, pay attention to, be busy, keep on, be worth, cant help, have difficulty/ trouble in, give up等有些动词后接动名词或不定式，意义差别不大。如：begin, start, continue等。有些动词后接动名词和不定式意义完全不同。如：stop to do sth停止正在做的事去做别的事 stop doing sth停止手中正在做的事remember to do sth记住要做的事 remember doing sth记住做过某事forget to do sth 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth 忘记已经做过某事go on to do sth.接着做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续做同一件事三. 过去分词过去分词的基本形式是动词+ed， 但也有不规则的形式。1.过去分词的作用(1)作表语When he heard the news, he got excited.(2)作定语， 单个过去分词作定语，放在名词之前；分词短语作定语，放在名词之后，相当于定语从句。A letter posted this morning will reach my friend tomorrow.(3)作状语 （表示时间，原因，方式或伴随等）(4)作宾语补足语，表示被动或完成的动作。He had his car repaired.衔接训练1. There isnt any difference between the two. In other words, I really dont know _.A. where to choose B. which to choose C. what to choose D. to choose which2. The teacher told him _ make so much noise. In the end he kept quiet.A. dont B. not C. / D. not to3. People couldnt help _ the emperor in the procession. They hadnt seen such weird thing in their lives.A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing at D. laughing on4. Whats the language _ in America? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak5. Do you remember _ me at a party last year? My friend introduced you to me.A. meet B. to meet C. meeting D. met6. The next morning she found the man _ in the bed, dead. She called the police in time.A. lying B. lie C. lay D.laying7. Its important _ us to do exercise often to keep healthy.A. for B. of C. with D. to8. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B.resting C. to rest D. rest9. They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow10. We couldnt have the tape recorder _ by ourselves so we asked Mr. Smith to help us.A. to repair B. repair C.repairing D. repaired11. We should make more students _ the importance of spoken English.A. realize B. realizing C. to realize D.realized12. Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. They promised each other to keep in touch.A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting13. _ the letter, he went out to post it. A. Writing B.