英文阅读不同体裁之阅读方法.docx

北京博图教育咨询有限公司不同体裁文章的阅读方法不同体裁的文章，作者的写作手法不同，表达的方式千差万别。体裁不同，要求使用的阅读方法也不一样。因此，掌握不同体裁的文章的阅读方法有助于我们提高阅读效率、加深对文章的理解、提高阅读速度。下面分别谈谈记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文的阅读方法和技巧。 第一节 记叙文的阅读方法 记叙文讲述的是发生在当前或过去或将来事情的经过。简而言之，记叙文就是讲故事，包括人物或故事情节。常见的记叙文根据其用途可分为文学记叙文和说明记叙文：文学记叙文以虚构为主，如趣闻逸事、传说、寓言、传奇故事、短篇小说、科幻小说等；说明记叙文以事实为依据，包括历史、传记、新闻报道、日记等。无论哪一种记叙文作者都要交代何人何时何地为什么、怎么样、干了何事等等，这也就是我们常说的“5Ws and 1H”。这是我们在阅读记叙文时要首先了解的，接着按照线索弄清事情的来龙去脉，就能理解整个故事。特别值得注意的是：记叙文的叙事顺序有顺叙和倒叙两种，有时候作者为了吸引读者会采用倒叙的方法，即不按照事情发展的先后顺序来叙述，而是从最重要、最能引人入胜的事件开始，然后再回过头来追叙故事的开端和经过。阅读时要学会从事情本身的发展去理解故事情节而不要只看事件在文中出现的先后位置。另外，讲故事必定有其目的：或证明某一理论，或阐明某一概念，或赞美某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶等等。我们在阅读时要通过作者的重要细节描写联系故事情节去领会作者的意图，对作者重墨泼就的细节描写要重点关注。概括起来一句话： 读记叙文的关键是抓情节。 抓住了故事情节，就理解了文章的脉络，其他的就迎刃而解了。下面请阅读一篇记叙文，看看你能不能抓住故事的主要情节。Compassion is a desire within us to help othersWith effort, we can translate compassion into actionAn experience last weekend showed me this is trueI work part-time in a supermarket across from a building for the elderlyThese old people are our main customers, and its not hard to lose patience over their slownessBut last Sunday, one aged gentleman appeared to teach me a valuable lessonThis untidy man walked up to my register with a box of biscuitsHe said he was out of cash, had just moved into his room, and had nothing in his cupboardsHe asked if we could let him have the food on trustHe promised to repay me the next dayI couldnt help staring at himI wondered what kind of person he had been ten or twenty years before, and what he would be like if luck had gone his wayI had a hurt in my heart for this kind of human soul, all alone in the worldI told him that I was sorry, but store rules didnt allow me to do soI felt stupid and unkind saying this, but I valued my jobJust then, another man, standing behind the first, spoke upIf anything, he looked more pitiable“Charge it to me,” was all he saidWhat I had been feeling was pityPity is soft and safe and easyCompassion, on the other hand, is caring in actionI thanked the second man but told him that was not allowed eitherThen I reached into my pocket and paid for the biscuits myselfI reached into my pocket because these two men had reached into my heart and taught me compassion.解析：故事采用顺叙的叙事方法，主要情节发展如下：One aged gentleman begged me to have the food on trust and promised to repay the next day.- I told him the store rules didnt allow me to do so.- Another man wanted me to charge the food to him.-I paid for the biscuits myself. 作者用第一人称讲述自己亲身经历的这段故事，让人觉得亲切可信，同时也增强了文章的感染力。作者说自己通过这段故事学会了compassion（同情），事实上也是在号召读者多伸出同情之手，共建和谐社会。抓住了故事的情节，了解了作者的写作意图。再来做题，就容易多了。请看看下面几道理解题：41The aged gentleman who wanted to buy the biscuits _.Apromised to obey the store rulesBforgot to take any money with himChoped to have the food first and pay laterDcould not afford anything more expensive42Which of the following best describes the old gentleman?Akind and luckyBpoor and lonelyCfriendly and helpfulDhurt and disappointed43The writer acted upon the store rules because _.Ahe wanted to keep his present jobBhe felt no pity for the old gentlemanChe considered the old man dishonestDhe expected someone else to pay for the old man44What does the writer learn from his experience?AWealth is more important than anything else.BHelping others is easier said than done. CExperience is better gained through practice. DObeying the rules means more than compassion.（参考答案：CBAB） People fell in love with Elizabeth Taylor in 1944, when she starred in National Velvet-the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous horse race, At first, the producers of the movie told Taylor that she was too small to play the part of Velvet. However, they waited for her for a few months as she exercised and trainedand added three inches to her height in four months! Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress.Elizabeth Taylor was born in London in 1932Her parents, both Americans, had moved there for business reasons. When World war II started, the Taylor moved to Beverly Hills, California, and there Elizabeth started acting in movies. After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult roles and won twice for Best Actress: Butterfield (1960) and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? (1966)Taylors fame and popularity gave her a lot of power with the movie industry, so she was able to demand very high pay for her movies. In 1963, she received $1 million for her part in Cleopatrathe highest pay received by any star up to that time.Elizabeth Taylor is a legend of our time. Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky; she has beauty, fame and wealth. But she is also a hard worker. Taylor seldom acts in movies any more. Instead, she puts her time and efforts into her businesses, and into helping others several years ago, she founded an organization that has raised more than $40 million for research and education.60The producers didnt let Taylor play the part of Velvet at first because they thought she .Awas small in size Bwas too youngCdid not play well enough Ddid not show much interest61What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both .Apopular all their lives Bfamous actressesCsuccessful when very youngDrich and kind-hearted62Taylor became Best Actress at the age of .A12 B28 C31 D3463In her later life , Elizabeth Taylor devoted herself to .Adoing business and helping othersBturning herself into a legendCcollecting money for the poorDgoing about research and education work说明文的阅读方法说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似，对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。下面具体看看两篇说明文。Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.There are four parts in the book:Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal English in biography. There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcardThere is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。看看相关的理解题：59We can find the introduction to a product in .APart 1BPart 2CPart 3DPart 460Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?AA letter of complaint.BA computer handbook.CA letter to a frienDDA story of a president.61The passage is most probably written for .Atest designers Bstudents Ctest-takers Dteachers 62What is the best title of the book?ATest Your Reading BHelp with Your Writing CLearn Different Kinds of English DPractise English in Different Ways （参考答案：DCBA） A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%-40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristbandThe device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the drivers response.Tiredness is directly related to a drivers response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the drivers response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.The device has been delivered to the departments laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months time, are successful, the markets will bring the product to market within about a year.解析：这篇文章说明Driver Alert这一驾驶员警报装置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本质特点。3、4、5自然段是理解的重点：开车时驾驶员腕带上的警报会每隔4分钟发出声音，驾驶员听到声音按压方向盘作出反应。传感器会探测到从听到声音到作出反应之间的时间差，如果这个时间差大于500毫秒，说明驾驶员疲劳打瞌睡。了解了这个装置的特点，就读懂了这篇文章。看看理解题：72According to the text, Driver Alert _.Aaims to reduce tiredness-related accidentsBhas gone through testing at laboratoriesCaims to prevent drivers from sleeping Dhas been on sale for 12 months73How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?ABy sounding a warning. BBy touching the wristbandCBy checking the driving time.DBy pressing the steering wheel.74We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is _.Aabout 400 milliseconds Bbelow 500 millisecondsCover 500 milliseconds Dabout 4 minutes75When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert _.Amoves more regularlyBstops working properlyCopens the window for the driver Dsounds more frequently and loudly（参考答案：ADCD） There are two kinds of physical activity which require special training. The first demands exact careful movements of the muscles（肌肉）. This kind of activity must be strictly controlled because even a slight movement in the wrong direction will lead a mistake. To type quickly, for example, a person needs training; the slightest movement of a finger in the wrong direction may cause a spelling mistake. A dancer who has to dance on the point of her shoes or turn around on one foot must be trained for a long period of time before she can sense her own center and balance herself. You may have seen a girl walking on a rope across an empty space, which, too, requires a lot of practice.The second kind of physical activity needs greater strength or extra effort. Most of us get tired if we try to run half a mile without stopping, but a specially-trained person can do this without much effort. Three years ago, some scientists carried out experiments, which produced meaningful and unexpected results. They wanted to find out whether a certain amount of physical exercise would injure those suffering from heart problems. They selected some male patients and trained them in continuous bicycle riding. They were surprised to find that the harmful effect of given amount of physical effort was actually less on the hearts of these trained patients than on those of the patients who were not similarly trainedThis is important because it shows that regular physical exercise enables us to make better use of the oxygen we breathe in and that this training, in fact, reduces the amount of work our hearts do. Many tasks which are hard for untrained people are not hard at all for trained people.72The first kind of physical activity must be strictly controlled because _.Aa mistake in the wrong direction is dangerous to the fingersBa wrong movement in a direction will cause no mistakesCa movement in the wrong direction will cause a mistakeDa slight movement of a finger will lead to a mistake73What must a dancer do before she can balance herself?AShe must dance on the point of her shoes.BShe must receive long-time training.CShe must turn around on one foot.DShe must perform again and again.74The experiments done by some scientists showed that _.Asome male patients were asked to ride bicycles regularly in the experimentsBthe physical exercise had more harmful effect on the hearts of the untrained patientsCthe physical exercise was harmless to the male patients with heart troubleDthe physical exercise could be helpful for the patients to take in more oxygen75What would be the best title for this text?ATraining Our BodiesBPhysical ActivitiesCMovement TrainingDExtra Body Effort 议论文的阅读方法议论文也就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据（evidence），使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。阅读议论文我们要抓住论题、抓住作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题、抓住了观点，我们就把握了中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及它们和观点/结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论题、抓观点看看下面一篇例文：The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger .Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure sciencea wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied sciencea more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankindThe application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.William Shakespeare said“The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）, good and ill together. “The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activitiesscience seems to prove what Shakespeare saidBut does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?解析：作者在第一段提出论题：The progress in science caused the changes in the twentieth century. 接下来，第二、三段作者提出论据：The progress in science has brought us advantages and the continuation of the progress will surely result in even greater advantages.第四段作者从另一方面提出论据：The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind再接下来，按行文结构作者应该作出结论，但作者在第五段并没有直接说出不言自明的结论（We should separate the good from the ill.），而是用了几个问句：But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 这样可引起读者对结论的深入思考，引起读者的重视。看看下面的理解题：72Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?73From the fourth paragraph, we can infer that .Aa great many nuclear weapons were actually used for warBa large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for warCthe author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weaponsDthe author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth74The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .AsimpleBmixedCsadDhappy75What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?AFurther application of science to war.BMore reading of William Shakespeare.CProper use of science in the new century.DEffective ways to separate the good from the ill.（参考答案：ADBD） Passage：We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, others, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it.Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changedno examination is perfectbut to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher.Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favouritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an illrespected school can show certificates to prove he