不定代词(the_indefinite_pronoun)用法.doc

语法难点精析之非谓语动词（1）非谓语动词主要包括不定式、的动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、的宾语、的宾语补足语、的定语、的状语、的表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1不定式和动名词作主语的区别 (1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) (2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(经验) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2不定式、的动名词和分词作表语的区别 (1)不定式作表语 1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。 3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant 语法难点精析之非谓语动词（2） (2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、的“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、的“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的Traveling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 The argument is very convincing他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 GCT英语非谓语动词练习1. in a simple style, the book clearly describes the authors childhood experiences in a small town.A. Writing B. To be written C. Being written D. Written2. I really appreciate to help me, but I am sure that I can manage it myself. Ayou to comeBthat you come Cyour comingDhow you come3. Australia the Asians have made their influence in businesses，large and small. A. feeling B. feel C. felt D. to be felt4. Susan will come to watch him _ _ at Wimbledon this week. A. played B. play C. to play D. playing5. The issue _ at the conference is very important and it will create a sensation nationwide. A. discussed B. being discussed C. is being discussed D. has been discussed6. Weather ，there will be an open air party with live music here this weekendApermits Bshould permit Cwill permit Dpermitting7. If the work by the end of this month is delayed，the construction company will be heavily fined. A. is completed B. to be completed C. will have been completed D. will be completed8. The manager promised to keep me of how our business was going on. A. informed B. informing C. to be informed D. having informed9. Radios today seldom need _ or the attention of a technician. A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. to have repaired10. Far too many owners of electric appliances have a hard time qualified repairmen to fix their machines. Afinding Bto find Cto finding Dhaving found答案：D C C B B D B A C A 非谓语动词的用法小结（1）一、解析非谓动词作主语 1.不定式作主语。如： To say is easier than to do. 解析：用不定式作主语时，常表示一次性的、具体的、特指的动作，并且用it作形式主语而将其后置。如上例可改为：It is easier to say than to do. 2.动名词作主语。如： Walking after supper is good for both young and old. 解析：若表示抽象的、习惯性的动作时常用动名词。 二、解析非谓语动词作表语 1.不定式作表语。如： What I can do is to give you some reasonable advice. The library books are not allowed to be taken away. 解析：不定式作表语时，其后接动词（词组）主动式或被动式，与其最近的动词采用原形。 2.动名词作表语。如： His job is teaching. The most famous writings in the world are worth reading. 解析：动名词作表语时，表语既具有动词特征又具有名词性，甚至有时表语和主语可以互换。如上例可改为：Teaching is his job. 3.分词作表语。如： The film is interesting, and my sister gets interested in it. 解析：现在分词作表语，表示主语所具有的特征，表语与主语之间是主动关系，并且常以物作主语，译为“某物怎么样”；过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的心理状态，主语和表语之间存在被动关系，并且常以人作主语，译为“某人感到怎么样”。具有这一用法的有：surprise, interest, touch, move, puzzle, excite, tire, please, disappoint, satisfy, encourage等。 三、解析非谓语动词作宾语 1.不定式作宾语。如：She pretended not to see me when I came in. Little Jim should love to be taken to the theatre this evening. 解析：有些动词之后要用不定式作宾语。表示某次具体的动作或行为。类似的动词有hope, agree, choose,manage,promise,expect,determine,decide,seek,refuse,arrange,desire等。 2.动名词作宾语。如：Would you mind my opening the window? He didnt remember having lived with his friend before. 解析：有些动词（词组）后接动名词形式，表示动作的经常性、习惯性或已经完成。类似的词有enjoy, keep, admit, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, give up等。 注意：want, need, require 等动词以物作主语时，其后的宾语用主动式表被动含义或用不定式的被动式。如Those young trees need watering/ to be watered.另外，还有少数动词，如mean, stop, try, cant help 等后既可接不定式也可接动名词，但各自发生时间有先后。如： （1）The light in the room is still on. Oh, I forgot to turn it off. （2）Where is your pen? Oh, I remember having putting it in my bag. 四、解析非谓语动词作宾语补足语、主语补足语 1.不定式作宾语、主语补足语。如： The policeman told the boy not to play on the road. The old man was often seen to stand at the door of his house. 解析：诸如get, ask, beg, invite, oblige, allow, hate, wish, want, expect, like, permit, encourage, request, advise, order, persuade, cause, warn等动词后都可用不定式作宾语补足语。但hope, think, agree, insist, plan, suppose, suggest, announce, demand等动词不能这样用。如果动词let, have, make, hear, notice, see, observe, feel, look at, listen to等，用于被动语态中时，则可以用不定式作主语补足语。 2.分词作宾语、主语补足语。 （1）现在分词作宾语、主语补足语。如： Toms father saw him sitting on the eggs. Soon steam can be seen rising from the wet clothes. 解析：现在分词作宾语、主语补足语时，表示现在分词的逻辑主语就是句子的宾语或主语，与逻辑主语之间存在主动关系。 （2）过去分词作宾语、主语补足语。如： I had my house painted last week. Her book was found stolen when Kate came back home. 解析：过去分词作宾语、主语补足语时，表示过去分词的逻辑主语就是句子的宾语或主语，与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系。 非谓语动词的用法小结（2）五、解析非谓语动词作定语 1.不定式作定语。如： Every day the workers have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系） She has no wish to go with you.（同位关系） The second officer to come in was Smith.（主谓关系） This is the best way to learn a foreign language.（修饰关系） 解析：不定式作定语时通常后置，即作后置定语，表示将要发生的动作，与被修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系、同位关系、主谓关系或修饰关系。 2.动名词作主语。如： We shall have a writing competition. There is a swimming pool in the park. 解析：用动名词作定语，起说明被修饰名词性质或用途的作用。 3.分词作定语。 （1）现在分词作定语。如： Now there is a fire burning in the fireplace. The villagers built a road leading to the city. 解析：现在分词作定语时，与它修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，用现在分词表示动作正在进行或经常性、现在或当时的状态。 （2）过去分词作定语。如： There is a village called Gum Tree far away from here. The Olympic Games, first played in 775BC, did not include women players until 1912. 解析：过去分词作定语时，与它所修饰的词之间存在被动关系。过去分词所表示的动作是在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，或没有固定的时间性。 六、解析非谓语动词作状语 1.不定式作状语。如： They came to see their mother in hospital. Every one cried to hear the bad news. 解析：不定式作状语时，可以表示目的、结果、原因和条件。表目的时常用于so as to或 in order to中，但so as to 不能置于句首；表示结果时常用于enough to, tooto,soas to, such as to结构中，但要注意too to结构与only, not, never 连用时语法结构发生了变化，因此要择义而用之。 2.分词作状语。 （1）现在分词作状语。如： Working hard, you wont fail in the examination. Not having heard from her, I decided to write to her again. 解析：在主动语态中，现在分词作状语时，表示现在分词动作与谓语动作同时进行或先于谓语动作发生或完成。因此可用现在分词的一般式或完成式表示，而完成式的否定式not必须置于分词之前。相当于表示原因、条件、时间、结果、伴随状况等状语从句。 注意：通常现在分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，即彼此间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。但generally speaking, strictly speaking, roughly speaking, judging from等词组不受这种语法限制。 （2）过去分词作状语。如： Seen from the top of the tower, the river looks like a snake. Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 解析：在被动语态中过去分词作状语时，句子的主语与过去分词之间存在被动关系，即主语是过去分词动作的承受者，同样也可以表原因、条件、时间、结果、伴随状况等状语从句。 七、解析分词、从句以及独立主格之间的不同 1.分词短语结构，它表示分词动作的逻辑主语是句子的主语，连词可以保留，也可以省略。如： When leaving the railway station, she kept silent. 2.从句结构，从句前既有连词也有完整的句子成分，并且主从句的主语可以相同也可以不同。如： Ann was singing while she was dancing. The flight of No. 737 had taken off before he arrived. 3.独立主格结构，该结构中动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，并且要省略连词，但必须保留独立主格结构中的主语。如： All the people having been here, the leader declared the meeting open. The task finished, they would have nothing to do. 综上所述，非谓语动词的语态重点是：（1）句子的主语、宾语或表语是非谓语动词的主语时，非谓语动词用主动式；（2）若句子的主语、宾语或表语是非谓语动词的逻辑宾语时，非谓语动词用被动式。时态重点是：（1）若非谓语动词与谓语动词同时发生时用一般式；（2）若非谓语动词先于谓语动词发生时用完成式；（3）若谓语动作发生的同时，非谓语动作也在进行，就用不定式进行时。 不定代词（the indefinite pronoun)用法 不定代词：（the indefinite pronoun) 不定代词是：不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。不定代词有： some anybothalleitherneithernone allotherothersanotheroneeachevery fewa fewlittlea little1. some ,any 一些（人或物）。any 还有“任何（人或物）”之意。 some一般用于陈述句，any 多用于否定句、疑问句；如： Some of us can use computer. Some say yes, and some say no. The apples are nice. Do you have some? Are any of them yours? I dont know any of them. 2. both, all, either, neither, noneboth:两者（都）.， all:所有的人（或物）none没有人或物(三个人或物当中) ，用作单数either:两者中任一个； neither: 两者中没有一个both: 两者（都）.看做复数 如：Both of his parents are ill. 你们俩全对。（both 说明只有两人）Both of them arent very beautiful. （并不是他俩都漂亮）either: 看作单数如：Either of us may（情态动词） join the party. 你们（两人）中任何一个可以参加聚会。Come to my home on Friday or Saturday. Either of them is ok.周五或周六来我家吧。这两天中，哪天都行。Theres coffee or tea - you can（情态动词） have either (of them).咖啡或茶你可以任选一种。neither: 两个人或物当中没有一个（用作单数） 如：Neither of the twins likes music. 这对双胞胎中没一个喜欢音乐。 -Which do you like, tea or milk? 茶和牛奶你喜欢哪一个? -Neither. (两个当中任何)一个都不喜欢. all: 所有的人（或物）三者或三者以上的全部，看做复数 如： All of the students are in Class 2. I dont know all of people here. none: 没有人或物(三个人或物当中或以上) ，既可以表示不可数的事物，也可以表示可数的事物和人，所以 none 可以看做单数，也可看作复数。如： None of the telephones are working. 这些电话没一部能用。（从none来看，有三部以上的电话)-How many colour pencils do you have?你有多少彩色铅笔？-None.一支也没有。3. other, others, the others, another, other: 和the连用，指“两者中的另外一个”。One the other如：I have two pens, one is red, the other is yellow.another: 和other一样，都表示“另外一个”。但 other指两者中的“另外一个”；another则指“多者（至少三者）中”的另一个，且another前不可有任何修饰词。如：My glass is broken. I have to change another .One boy was reading; another was writing.（代词） 一个男孩在读书，另一个在写字。others： 另外的人或物（代词，可作主语、宾语）其他的 如： Think of others as well as yourself. （宾语） 不仅要想到自己，也要想到别人（其他人）。 I didnt buy many cakes. Could you get some others?（宾语） 我没有多买糕点，你有多余的吗？ the others: “其余的所有的人（或物）”ones, the others 如：I have three pens. One is red, the others are black.I have two pens. One is red the other is black. I have ten stamps(邮票). One is a Japanese stamp, the others are the American stamps. I have two stamps(邮票). One is a Japanese stamp, the other is the American stamp. John and the others are here. 约翰和其他人都在这儿。（作主语）用法：1.Sometimes she meets some parents.(定语)2.Very often her husband helps her with some of the housework.（介宾）3.Everybody says she is an ideal wife and good mother.（主语，看作单数）4.They usually have something substential.(宾语)5.Do you know English? Yes, but just a little.（宾语)6.Some people also drink a little wine. (定语)7.We like parties and we have many friends.（定语)8.Some of them are eating and some are standing.(主语)9.Its just an ordinary one.(表语)10.Look at the two boys on this side. One is standing on a desk.（主语） 复合不定代词复合不定代词的构成复合不定代词是由some-，any-，no-，every-加上-one，-body，-thing等所组成的不定代词。复合不定代词包括 something（某事物）, somebody（某人）, someone（某人）, anything（任何事物）, anybody（任何人）, anyone（任何人）, nothing（没事物）, nobody（没人）, no one（没人）, everything（一切事物）, everybody（每个人）, everyone（每个人） 等十二个。这些复合代词具有名词性质，在句中可用作主语、宾语或表语，但不能用作定语。复合不定代词的指代对象1、含-body和-one的复合代词只用来指人，含-body的复合不定代词与含-one的复合不定代词在功能和意义上完全相同，可以互换。只是用-body时显得较通俗些，多用于口语中，用-one时显得较文雅些，更常见于正式场合及书面语中。如：Someone/Somebody is crying in the next room.有人在隔壁房间哭。No one/Nobody is stupid. 没有谁是愚蠢的。2、含-thing的复合不定代词只用来指事物。如：Are you going to buy anything? 你会去买东西吗？I can hear nothing but your voice. 我只听到了你的声音。复合不定代词的属格1、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有-s属格形式。如：Everybodys business is nobodys business.大家的事情没人管。Is this anybodys seat? 这儿有人坐吗？2、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时，-s属格应加在else之后。如：Can you remember someone elses name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗？3、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词没有-s属格形式。复合不定代词的数1、复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，因此通常被看成是单数第三人称。当它们充当句子的主语时，其后的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Is everyone here today? 今天，大家都到齐了吗？Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。2、当要对一群人讲话时，可使用以复合不定代词作主语的祈使句，句中的动词用原形。如：Nobody move！= Don anybody move！ 都别动！Everyone lie down! 统统趴下！复合不定代词的替代问题由于复合不定代词都具有单数的含义，所以在正规的英语中用来替代它们的代词也应该是单数形式。1、含-one和-body等指人的复合代词，其代词应该是he/she, him/her,其-s属格形式的代词应该是his/her, his/hers。如：Everyone has his/her own words. 每个人都有他（她）自己的说辞。但是，这样一来就会因为性别的差异而使得在代词的运用上具有不确定性，所以为了避免这种别扭的情况，我们一般都是用they/them/their/theirs,尤其是在口语中以及非正式场合下。如：No one gave you a ticket, did they? 没人给你票，是吗？Someone came in, but I didnt know who they were. 有人进来了，但我不知道是谁。2、含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词，不会因性别上的差异而使得在代词的运用上产生不确定性，因此我们就使用it。如：Something goes wrong, doesnt it?出问题了，是吗？复合不定代词的定语复合不定代词的定语必须后置，即放在复合不定代词的后面。如：Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗？Is there anybody important here? 这儿有大人物吗？Would you like something to eat? 要来些吃的东西吗？含some-和any-的复合不定代词间的用法区别由some-和any-所构成的复合不定代词（即something和anything；someone和anyone；somebody和anybody）之间的区别跟some和any的区别一样。1、something，someone，somebody通常用于肯定句中，而anything，anyone，anybody一般用于否定句，疑问句或条件状语从句中。如：He found something strange but interesting.他发现了一些奇怪但却有趣的事情。Do you have anything to say ？你有话要说吗？I cant meet anybody on the island. 在岛上，我没遇见任何人。2、在表示请求、邀请、提建议等带有委婉语气的疑问句，和希望得到对方肯定答复的疑问句，以及表示反问的问句中，也用something，someone，somebody等复合不定代词。如:Would you like something to eat？要些吃的东西吗？Isnt there something wrong with you? 难道你没问题吗？3、当anything表示“任何事（物），无论何事（物）”，anyone，anybody表示“无论谁，任何人”等意义时，它们也可以用于肯定句中。如：Anything is OK. 什么都行。Anybody knows the answer.任何人都知道答案。复合不定代词的否定1、“not every-”表示的是部分否定，意为“并非都，不都”。例如：Not everything will go well. 并非一切都会那么顺利。The teacher didnt call everyones name. 老师并没有点所有人的名。2、“not any-”和no-均表示全否定。例如：He listened, but heard nothing.他听了听，但什么也没听到。= He listened, but didnt hear anything.You havent called anyone/anybody up, have you? 你没给谁打过电话，是吗？= You have called no one/nobody up, have you?复合不定代词作名词复合不定代词可以充当名词用，表示“的事情（东西或人）”。1、someone/somebody, anyone/anybody的意义是“重要人物，大人物”，everyone/everybody意为“最重要的人”，no one/nobody则意指“无关紧要的人，小人物”。例如：2、something，anything的意义是“重要事情（东西）”，everything表示“最重要的事情（东西）”，nothing则指“毫无趣味的事情，无关紧要的东西”。合与分的区别问题1、 someone，anyone，everyone都只能指人，且不和介词of连用；some one，any one，every one则既可指人又可指物，可与介词of连用。例如：Anyone should be polite to every one of them.任何人都要礼貌对待他们中的每一个人。-Which toy would you like? -Any one is OK. -你要那个玩具？-随便。2、no one（=nobody）“没有人”，只用来指人，通常不和介词of连用；none“没有一个”，既可以用来指人也可用来指物。例如：No one can do it better. 没有人能做得更好。None of these questions is easy, and none of us can even answer any one of them.这些问题没有一个是容易的，我们中没有一个人能答出其中的一题。回答who引导的特殊疑问句时用no one；回答how many引导的特殊疑问句时用none。例如：-Who was late ? -No one. -谁迟到了？-谁也没有迟到。-How many pigs do you keep? -None. -你养几头猪？-一头也没养。 复合不定代词是由some,any,no,every加-body,-thing,-one构成，列表如下：Somebody 某人Someone 某人Something 某物，某事Anybody 任何人Anyone 任何人Anything 任何事物Nobody 没有人No one 没有人Nothing 没有东西Everybody 每人Everyone 每人Everything 一切由于在使用中有比较特殊的习惯用法，是考试中比较常见的考点。现将常见的考试形式解析如下：一：复合不定代词和部分否定部分否定是考试中的热门考点，常表达的结构有两种：1：not+全部肯定词 2：助 动词+not+全部肯定词。其意都为“并非都，不都”。前者是一般形态，如：Not everyone likes English. 由于是基本概念，学生比较容易理解。但后者和一般否定句比较相似，容易引起学生判断上的疑惑，是出题的焦点。1I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _.A. everything B: anything C. something D. nothing分析：有同学看到I dont agree就判断是否定句，选B, anything .这就是对句子理解出现了偏差。句意是：我同意你所说的大部分，但不是全部。是一句典型的部分否定形式。noteverythign 的结构表明“并非每件事”。所以正确答案是A. everyting 。2 -The exam was difficult, wasnt it?-No, but I dont think _ could pass it.A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D everybody分析：同上题一样，不能将I dont think 简单得看成否定句而选B. anybody。 “noteverybody”构成部分否定，既“并非所有的人都能通过”。所以应该选D. everybody。二：复合不定代词的定语位置复合不定代词被定语修饰的时候，定语必须放在不定代词后面。特别是当修饰的定语比较复杂的情况下要认真分析，弄清词序间的修饰关系。1 There is _ with your car.A. nothing seriously wrong B. seriously wrong nothingC. nothing wrong seriously D. wrong seriously nothing分析： 首先，seriously副词修饰wrong 形容词，seriously wrong表示“严重损坏”，seriously wrong 修饰nothing, 放在nothing 后面，意思是“严重损坏的地方”，nothing seriously wrong , 所以答案是A。2 He asked me if there was _ to read.A. easy enough something B. enough easy somethingC. something easy enough D. something enough easy分析：副词enough 修饰形容词easy, 放easy后面，easy enough意思是“足够简单的”。easy enough 修饰不定代词something ,放something 后面。something easy enough意思是“足够简单的东西”，所以选择C。三： 复合不定代词与定语从句中的关系代词当复合不定代词由定语从句修饰的时候，考察的重点在关系代词的选择。当先行词为指物的不定代词的时候，关系代词为that,但something 后的关系代词既可以是that,也可以是which。 当先行词为