汉英翻译（上）教案.doc

汉英翻译（上）教案主讲：魏志成教授第4单元I 提示原文来源原文作者是中国当代作家杨朔（1913-1968），语篇选自张梦井、杜耀文编译，1999年,中国名家散文精译。青岛：青岛出版社。译文来源 译文1 选自 选自冯庆华编, 1997年，实用翻译教程。上海：上海外语教育出版社。 译文2为张梦井、杜耀文译，选自张梦井、杜耀文编译，1999年，中国名家散文精译。青岛：青岛出版社。语体特征与翻译策略 篇章 杨朔的名篇多半创作于20世纪50-60年代。作者注重运用简单的情节将生活中极为平凡的事情诗意般地揭示人生感受或生活哲理；其作品多为“由情如 景，由景到人，由人及理”的三段式。香山红叶从情景入手，以人物老向导为主线，按时间逻辑发展情节。结尾时，作者借对“红叶”的赞美来赞美“老向导”：“这不是一般的红叶，这是一片曾在人生经过风吹雨打的红叶，越到老秋，越红得可爱。”小说虽情节简单，但是意境却层层深入，曲折有致，诗意盎然，耐人寻味。 句式 传统意义上的汉语重意合，常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句，以中短句为多；有时候行文可能不那么严谨，有时候也因为行文的需要而显得“罗嗦”或者跳跃性多于逻辑性。本语篇具备以上特征。 语义 原文以共核词语为主，日常词汇突出，语言通俗，没有华丽的辞藻或刻意的雕琢；整个语篇的叙事语言控制在符合主人公身份之内的范畴。 翻译策略 原文以叙事（包括对话）语言朴素无华，英译时自然应该以保持原作朴素风格为要义，译文造句宜力求简洁，避免使用华丽辞藻和成语典故。如原文“美中不足”这样一个很口语化的表达，译文2 以a fly in the ointment这样一个源自圣经的成语对应，使得译文太过于华丽。另外在句式方面，应该注重原文意合向译文形合的转换， 各种形式手段，如连词、介词以及其它连接手段，把各种成分连接起来，以便保持前后关系的一致或呼应，构筑出适当的长短句子。 由于本语篇“游记”的特殊性，文中出现了不少地名，而地名翻译的多样性或不统一，是需要我们尤其注意的。 II 译法要点4.1地名的翻译 4.2变通：SVCSVO4.3不妥的分译 4.4 形合与意合4.5 变通：施动主语受动主语 4.6变通：增补（SV）4.7变通：引申（具体抽象） 4.8 顺译：逻辑主谓4.9误用:冒号 4.10叙事与表态4.11变通：VSSV 4.12变通：平行结构4.13直译：后置定语 4.14 仿拟与Parody(II)4.15主谓一致 4.16变通：阐释法（I）4.17 误用：动词III 原文与译文【原文】香山红叶（I） 早听说香山红叶是北京最浓最浓的秋色，能去看看，自然乐意。我去的那日，天也作美，明净高爽，好得不能再好了；人也凑巧，居然找到一位老向导。这位老向导就住在西山脚下，早年做过四十年的向导，胡子都白了，还是腰板挺直，硬朗得很。 我们先邀老向导到一家乡村小饭馆里吃饭。几盘野味，半杯麦酒，老人家的话来了，慢言慢语说：“香山这地方也没别的好处，就是高，一进山门，门坎跟玉泉山顶一样平。地势一高，气也清爽，人才爱来。春天人来踏青，夏天来消夏，到秋天”一位同游的朋友急着问：“不知山上的红叶红了没有?” 老向导说：“还不是正时候。南面一带向阳，也该先有红的了。” 于是用完酒饭，我们请老向导领我们顺着南坡上山。好清静的去处啊。沿着石砌的山路，两旁满是古松古柏，遮天蔽日的，听说三伏天走在树荫里，也不见汗。 老向导交叠着两手搭在肚皮上，不紧不慢走在前面，总是那么慢言慢语说：“原先这地方什么也没有，后面是一片荒山，只有一家财主雇了个做活的给他种地、养猪。猪食倒在一个破石槽里，可是倒进去一点食，猪怎么吃也吃不完，那做活的觉得有点怪，放进石槽里几个铜钱，钱也拿不完，就知道这是个聚宝盆了。到算工账的时候，做活的什么也不要，单要这个石槽。一个破石槽能值几个钱?财主乐得送个人情，就给了他。石槽太重，做活的扛到山里，就扛不动了，便挖个坑埋好，怕忘了地点，又拿一棵松树和一棵柏树插在上面做记号，自己回家去找人帮着抬。谁知返回来一看，满山都是松柏树，数也数不清。”谈到这儿，老人又慨叹说：“这真是座活山啊。有山就有水，有水就有脉，有脉就有苗，难怪人家说下面埋着聚宝盆。” 这当儿，老向导早带我们走进一座挺幽雅的院子，里边有两眼泉水。石壁上刻着“双清”两个字。老人围着泉水转了转说：“我有十年不上山了，怎么有块碑不见了?我记得碑上刻的是梦赶泉。”接着又告诉我们一个故事，说是元朝有个皇帝来游山，倦了，睡在这儿，梦见身子坐在船上，脚下翻着波浪，醒来叫人一挖脚下，果然冒出股泉水，这就是“梦赶泉”的来历。 老向导又笑笑说：“这都是些乡村野话，我怎么听来的，怎么说，你们也不必信。”【译文】译文1Red Leaves on Xiangshan（I） I heard long ago that the leaves on Xiangshan (Fragrance Hill) display the best reds of autumn in the whole of Beijing. Of course I was only too happy to go and have a look. Luckily, on the day I went the weather could not have been better - bright , clear and dry - and we were just as lucky to find a guide. The old man lived right at the foot of the Western Hills. After working as guide for over forty years till his whiskers turned white, he still held himself straight , altogether looking quite fit. First we took our old guide to lunch at a small village restaurant. Half a cup of rye whisky consumed with a few rustic dishes put the old man in an expansive mood. Slowly he said: Theres nothing special about Xiangshan except for its elevated position. Youll notice it as soon as you enter the Buddhist temple not far up the hill; its threshold is almost level with the top of Yuquanshan. Because of its height, the air is pure and dry. Thats why people love to come here. In spring, visitors come to walk amid the greenery, in the summer they are here to escape the heat and in the fall . . . Have the leaves turned red on the hill, do you know? someone in our group impatiently broke in. Not quite the right time, the old guide said. The southern slope should be beginning to turn red now. After we finished eating, we followed the old man to where we would climb the hill from the southern slope. What a secluded place! The ancient pines and cypresses along a stone-paved mountain path were of such vigorous growth that the sunlight could hardly penetrate. I was told that even on the hottest summer day, walking under the trees , one does not sweat.With his hands folded over his abdomen, the old man led the way at a pace neither too fast nor too slow while he went on talking in his accustomed slow manner : There was nothing here but a barren slope on the other side. A hired hand lived there who took care of a piece of land and some pigs for a rich man. The hired hand felt it strange that even if only a little fodder were put in an old, chipped stone trough the pigs could never finish it. When he put a few copper coins in the stone trough, there was no end to the money that he could take out. He then realised that this was a treasure basin and when the time came for him to get paid, he asked for nothing but this stone trough. What was a chipped stone trough worth? The rich man was only too happy to let him have it. The trough was too heavy and the hired hand could not go on after he had carried it into the hills. He dug a hole, buried it and marked the place with a pine and a cypress for fear that he might not be able to find it again. He went home to get someone to help him. When he returned, he unexpectedly found the whole mountain covered with pines and cypresses. And more of them than he could count. The old man changed his tone and said feelingly：This is indeed a live mountain! Wherever there are mountains , there is bound to be water, and wherever there is water, there must be seedlings. Cant blame the people who claim that there is a treasure basin buried below. Then the old man led us into a very elegant courtyard. There were two springs and on a stone wall was carved the characters, Twin Purity. The old man took a turn around the springs and said: I havent been up the hill for ten years. Why has the monument disappeared? I remember it bore the character, Spring of Pursuing Dreams. The story he then told concerned an emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (I271-1368) who fell asleep here during his trip into the hills and dreamed he was in a boat with swelling waves under his feet. When he awoke he had the ground dug up where he had stood and springs really came spurting forth. This was why the springs were called Pursuing Dreams . The old man smiled rather apologetically. This is all country talk. Im only telling you what Ive heard. You dont have to believe me. 译文2The Red Leaves on the Fragrant Hill（I） I had long heard that the red autumn leaves on the Fragrant Hill manifested the most luxuriant autumnal colour in BeijingIf l could have a chance to see it，Id be so happyThe day l finally did go，it was a fine dayThe sky was clear and as nice as nice could beI was lucky enough to find a man who happened to be an o1d tourist guide. This o1d man happened to 1ive right at the foot of the West HillHe had worked as a tourist guide for forty years and although he had become a man bearing a white beard， he was still quite strong At first we invited the o1d tourist guide to dine with us in a small restaurant in a small village. Having been served several p1ates of game and half a cup of barley wine，the o1d man opened his mouth and said slowly，“Except for its height，there is nothing worth seeing on the Fragrant HillEntering through the hill gate，you can see that its threshold is at the same level as the top of the Yuquan Hill(the Jade Spring Hill) In such a high terrain，the air is naturally fresh and men like to come hereIn spring，they come here to stroll through the green grass；in summer they come here to spend their free time，and in autumn”A companion asked in eagerness：“I dont know if the leaves on the hill have turned red. The old man said, It is not quite time, but the south side faces the sun, so the leaves there might be red by now. Having finished our wine and meal, we asked the old guide to lead us on a hike up the south slope of the hill. What a quiet place! On both sides of the stone-paved path there were ancient pine and cypress trees with rich foliage that screened out the sunlight. It is said that here men do not sweat in the shade, even on the hottest of summer days. The old guide walked in front at a moderate pace with his two hands across his belly and always saying unhurriedly , Originally there was nothing here. In the rear there was a patch of waste land where a rich man hired a farmhand to do farm work and raise pigs for him. The pig feed was poured into a stone trough. But only a little pig feed was enough for the pigs. Finding it rather strange , the farmhand began to put some coins into the trough and the money was far too much to carry away. It turned out to be a Treasure Trough. When the day to do the accounts arrived , the farmhand wanted nothing except that stone trough. How much did a broken stone trough cost? The rich man was only too glad to do him a favour at no great cost to himself and so gave it to him. As the stone trough was very heavy, the farmhand could only carry it to the hill, for he could not lift it any longer. There he dug a pit in the ground and buried it. Fearing he might forget the spot , he planted a pine and a cypress tree above it as marks. When the farmhand returned, he found, in surprise, the whole hill was densely covered with pine and cypress trees, too numerous to count. Then the old man gave a sigh and said, This is really a living hill. With hill, there is surely water. Where there is water, there will surely be veins. Where there are veins , there will surely be seedling. No wonder people say that a treasure bowl is hidden underneath here. At that time the old guide led us into a very quiet and tasteful courtyard with two springs. On the stone wall were engraved two characters: Shuang Qing ( Two Clear Streams ). After making a turn about the springs, the old man said, It has been ten years since I came here last. How is it that a stone tablet has disappeared? I remember that the stone tablet was engraved Menggan Spring(Chasing a Stream in a Dream). Immediately the old man told us a story: Once there was an emperor in the Yuan Dynasty who came to visit the hill. As he was too tired, he slept here and dreamt of sitting in a boat and under his feet were rolling waves. When he awoke, he ordered his men to dig the earth under his feet. There really was a stream that gushed under the ground. That is the legend of Menggan Spring. The old guide smiled again and said, AII these stories are just countryside folklore. As to how I got these words and how they were said, you should not believe in them. IV 比较分析与译法（1） 香山 译文1 Xiangshan (Fragrance Hill)译文2 the Fragrant Hill4.1地名的翻译地名（toponymy）是专有名词(proper names)中的一大类，-所谓专有名词是指包括地名在内的人名、机构团体名和其它具有特殊含义的名词或名词词组。地名，是代表地理实体的一种符号，具有一定的形态和意义，尤其是词源意义。地点的形态，是指地名可以用语言文字书写记录下来，具有一定的词或词组结构，从而遵循一定的语言规律，构成语言词汇的一部分。地名的意义既包括其最直接的意义（即指称意义），又有其词源意义。本文中共出现地名14个，它们是：香山、北京、西山、玉泉山、 双清、梦赶泉、 半山亭、河北平原、昆明湖、万寿山、佛香阁、 森玉笏、西山晴雪、昭庙等。翻译中虽然提倡遵循“音译为主，适当意译，照顾通译”的原则，但是在实际翻译中又不是如此简单，因为地名涉及面广，来源形式多样。 根据汉语地名的一些英译规则，（王冠三.1980：31；郭著章，李庆生.1997：150/151/381/382; 连益.1999）我们对原文中的地名译名作如下简要分析。（一）根据中国政府1978年12月关于汉语人名地名翻译的规定，音译时使用汉语拼音、即罗马字母形式，不再使用旧式的威式拼音（Wade system），如Peking(北京)应该为Beijing; Amoy(厦门)应该为Xiamen; The Yellow River(黄河)应该为The Huanghe等。另外根据联合国章程规定，所有的中国人名地名用汉语拼音、即罗马字母形式（除一些特殊情况外，如孔子Confucius、孙中山Sun Yat-sen）；再者台湾也开始推行以汉语拼音代替威式拼音。所以译文中的Beijing(北京)、Hebei(河北)、Kunming(昆明)等，都是规范的。人名地名的规范叫法有利于消除交流障碍。（参见2004-08-18厦门晚报）（二）专名是单音节的英译法。专名是单音节，通名也是单音节，这时候的通名应该看作地名的组成部分，先音译并与专名连写，后重复意译，并且分写（汉字画线部分为通名，英语画线部分为音译）。如：恒山Hengshan Mountain; 长江Changjiang River。所以，本文中出现的单音节地名“香山”也可以按照这种方法译为Xiangshan Hill。补充：刘重德（1994：92）将地名中的通名译法归纳为3种：（一）完全音译，如Shanghai(上海)；（二）完全意译，如Yellow River(黄河)；（三）音意双译，如Xiangjiang River（湘江）。（三）通名专名化的英译法。通名专名化主要指单音节的通名，如山、河、江、湖、海、峡、岛等，按专名处理，与专名连写，构成专名整体（画线部分即为通名专名化）。如：鼓浪屿Gulangyu Islet；武夷山自然保护区Wuyishan Nature Reserve；西湖风景名胜区Scenic Spots and Historic Sites of Xihu。按照这种方法，本语篇中出现的“玉泉山”的译名可以为Yuquanshan Hill；（四）对地名专名起修饰作用的形容词或名词（表示方位、大小、新旧、颜色、地理特征等），可以意译，或音译重复意译。如美国的Grand Canyon译为“大峡谷”，加拿大的Great Bear Lake意译为“大熊湖”，澳大利亚的Great Sandy Deserts意译为“大沙沙漠”-其中的Grand, Great Bear, Great Sandy都是带有修饰作用或地理特征的限定词，为意译而不是音译。所以，“香山”、“西山”、“万寿山”都是可以分别意译为 Fragrant Hill 或Fragrance Hill、the Western Hills、Longevity Hill（画线部分即为中心词“山”的限定词）。（五）作为一个地名译名，应该尽量短小，并使之固定为一个词或词组。如“半山亭”处理为the pavilion half way up the hill，就显然不是一个地名。因为在当今英语名词中，-无论普通名词还是专有名词, 复合名词及前置名词的使用也在被越来越多的人所接受，所以地名英译可以尽量使用复合名词或前置名词结构，以便使之简练而方便运用。如：the National Defence Command Post（美国）国防军事指挥所Tenneco Oil Exploration and Production Co. 坦尼科石油勘探生产公司the U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission 美国核能管理委员会 所以，“半山亭”或处理为Banshan Pavilion，或处理（Hillside Pavilion）；“佛香阁”可以直接译为复合名词the Buddha- Incense Temple；“西山晴雪”，也可以直接为the Western-Hill Clear Snow 。 （六）关于定冠词的使用。凡是中国的湖名被译成英语时，通常要有定冠词the。如：the Kunming Lake, the West lake；一般成为体系的山脉的名称后面是复数形式，前面加定冠词。如：the Himalayas喜马拉雅山，the Western Hills西山；如果是孤立的山，词尾是单数形式，前面不加冠词。如：Vatican Hill梵地冈山； Mount Tai泰山，等。以普通名词命名的建筑物、场所等名称，前面用定冠词，如：the Temple of Heaven, the Great Wall；地点名词受形容词性的方位词修饰时一般前面用定冠词，如：the Western Desert 尼罗河西岸的沙漠地带；the Northern Hemisphere北半球。不过，地点名词受名词词性的方位词修饰时一般前面不用定冠词，如：North America北美洲。序号汉语地名译文1、2的译名建议保留/修改的译名1香山Xiangshan (Fragrance Hill)；the Fragrant Hill Xiangshan Hill (Fragrant Hill)2北京Beijing；BeijingBeijing3西山the Western Hills, the West Hillthe Western Hills4玉泉山Yuquanshan； the Yuquan Hill (the Jade Spring Hill)Yuquanshan Hill（Jade Spring Hill） 5双清(泉)Twin Purity；Shuang Qing ( Two Clear Streams ) Shuangqing Springs（Two Clear Springs）6梦赶泉Spring of Pursuing Dreams； Menggan Spring (Chasing a Stream in a Dream)Menggan Spring（Dream-Pursuing Spring）7半山亭the pavilion half way up the hill; the Banshan Pavilion (Hillside Pavilion) Banshan Pavilion（Hillside Pavilion）8河北平原Heibei Plain; Hebei PlainHeibei Plain9昆明湖Kunming Lake; the Kunming Lakethe Kunming Lake10万寿山Wanshoushan (Longevity Hill)；Wanshoushan (The Longevity Hill )Wanshoushan （Longevity Hill）11佛香阁Foxiangge (Temple of Incense to the Buddha)；Foxiangge (Tower for Incense for the Buddha)Foxiangge（Buddha- Incense Temple）12森玉笏Senyuhu (Forest of Jade Tablets)；Sen Yu HuSenyuhu（Forest of Jade Tablets）13西山晴雪Xishanqingxue (Sun on the Snowy Western Hills)；Xishan Qingxuer (Clear Snow in the West Hill)Xishanqingxue（Western-Hill Clear Snow ）14昭庙Zhaomiao (Bright Temple)；Temple of Zhaothe Temple of Zhao （Bright Temple）（2） 早听说香山红叶是北京最浓最浓的秋色，能去看看，自然乐意。译文1 I heard long ago that the leaves on Xiangshan (Fragrance Hill) display the best reds of autumn in the whole of Beijing. Of course I was only too happy to go and have a look.译文2 I had long heard that the red autumn leaves on the Fragrant Hill manifested the most luxuriant autumnal colour in BeijingIf l could have a chance to see it，Id be so happy4.2变通：SVCSVO“是”字句在汉语中占有非常重要的位置。陈宏薇（1998：226-236）总结出11种关于“是”字句的用法以及相应的翻译技法。汉语的“是”字，作动词用的时候，在大多数情况下是以系动词的身份出现的，这个时候含“是”的句子可以标识为SVC。虽然与英语系动词be一样，汉语“是”字也是联系两种事物，也是表明两者同一或者后者说明前者事物的种类、属性等，但是事实上“是”字的含义极其丰富、表达力极强。因此在汉英翻译时，有时候可以根据语篇的意境进行变通，将系动词“是”变通为单宾动词。于是SVC也就变通为SVO-这就是翻译中有时候需要灵活处理的地方。如“香山红叶是北京最浓最浓的秋色”一句，译文1、2分别将句中“是”字变通为单宾动词display/ manifested，取得了很好的语义效果。如果说将原文句中的“是”直译，译文的句法固然正确，但是可读性以及意境可能都会差强人意。另一点需要注意的是：由于“是”字变通为单宾动词，原来的C就变成了O，因此在VO的搭配上也需要注意语义的调整。请再分析下面一个例句：69谁是我们最可爱的人呢？（魏巍谁是最可爱的人）Who most deserves our belove? （3）1我去的那日，天也作美，明净高爽，好得不能再好了；2人也凑巧，居然找到一位老向导。译文1 Luckily, on the day I went the weather could not have been better - bright , clear and dry - and we were just as lucky to find a guide.译文2 The day l finally did go，it was a fine dayThe sky was clear and as nice as nice could beI was lucky enough to find a man who happened to be an o1d tourist guide.4.3不妥的分译 小说的语言有时候可能不那么严谨，有时候因为行文的需要而显得“罗嗦”或者松散甚至缺乏逻辑。譬如原文句群中的1部分。句1可以分析为一个没有使用连词的因果复句：“天也作美”为主句，表示结果；“明净高爽”为从句，表示原因；而“好得不能再好了”一则是主句的补充，因为它表达的与主句是同一个语义层。在两个译文中，相比之下，译文1的处理方式是可取的。译文1在顺译前置主句的同时，考虑到了将“好得不能再好了”这个带有同位语性质的补充句兼并了进去；将原文“明净高爽”这个表示原因的从句，以破折号的形式引导出来，-而这个破折号的意思就是松散性解释说明前句。而译文2以两个句号句的形式，将1部分中的句际关系分译得过于零碎，这种处理既难以保持原文语义及风格的传达，也使得译文有碍于流畅。（4）这位老向导就住在西山脚下，早年做过四十年的向导，胡子都白了，还是腰板挺直，硬朗得很。译文1 The old man lived right at the foot of the Western Hills. After working as guide for over forty years till his whiskers turned white, he still held himself straight , altogether looking quite fit.译文2 This o1d man happened to 1ive right at the foot of the West HillHe had worked as a tourist guide for forty years and although he had become a man bearing a white beard， he was still quite strong4.4 形合与意合所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语后分句的含义表达。英语造句主要采取形合法（Hypotaxis），注重显性接应，常用各种形式手段，如连词、介词以及其它连接手段，把各种成分连接起来，以便保持前后关系的一致或呼应，构筑成长短句子。而汉语造句主要采取意合法（Parataxis），注重隐性连贯，注重逻辑事例顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形，常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句，以中短句为多。（连淑能.1993：29-75）原文一句可以作为一个典型。由于缺乏严格的语法形态的规定，原文一句可以作多种形式的理解与英译。如译文1把“早年做过四十年的向导，胡子都白了，还是腰板挺直，硬朗得很。”一句理解为一个紧缩复句，并表达为一个“时间状语+主句+伴随状语”结构的紧缩复句；而译文2理解为一个并列句，其中后一个分句为“让步状语从句+主句”。汉语的这种意合性，为译文的多样性提供了一定的理据。尽管如此，就这一句两个译文而言，我们倾向于译文1，因为译文1的表述更有意义上的层次感。也就是说，译文1利用对主句谓语部分的选择，凸现了句子意义的主要部分和次要部分。 （5）几盘野味，半杯麦酒，老人家的话来了，慢言慢语说： 译文1 Half a cup of rye whisky consumed with a few rustic dishes put the old man in an expansive mood. Slowly he said: 译文2 Having been served several p1ates of game and half a cup of barley wine，the o1d man opened his mouth and said slowly，4.5 变通：施动主语受动主语施动主语表示句子的主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，而受动主语则表示主语是动作的承受者。主动句的主语往往是施动主语，即执行动作的人；被动句的主语一般是动作的承受者，从而是受动主语，如句70。但是，有些主动句的主语，由于谓语动词及宾语的词汇意义，也可以是受动主语，如:70 The hunter was killed by the tiger.（被动句, SVC受动主语句）71The matches wont strike. （主动句, SV受动主语句）72 The flower smells sweet. （主动句, SVC受动主语句）73My brother broke his leg in a car accident. （主动句, SVO受动主语句）74I felt something touching my foot. （主动句, SVOC受动主语句）原文的主语是一个施动主语，即“老人家”，这个主语是动作“说话”的执行者；“几盘野味，半杯麦酒”可以看成是一个紧缩了的时间状语，可以转换为“在吃了几盘野味、喝了半杯麦酒之后，（老人家开始说话了）。”译文2就是按照这个理解与思路去对译的。而译文1却从变通的角度出发，将原文具有受动语义的宾语“几盘野味，半杯麦酒”转换为译文中的主语，-即“几盘野味，半杯麦酒使得老人家友好地健谈了起来，于是他慢言慢语说”。这种对译文语义主语的重新选择，使得