英语作文技巧.doc

英文写作的“黄金三定律”发布日期: 2009-12-17 15:35:06人们进行写作的一般目的是向读者传递信息、介绍情况，或阐述作者对某一主题所持的观点，用英文写作也不例外。为让读者更好地理解所传递的信息，使用英文进行写作时，行文一定要注意做到清晰、准确、简洁这三点，这就是公认的英文写作“黄金三定律”。 定律之一：清晰文章的清晰体现在读者能够很容易理解作者讲述的内容。为保证所写文章清晰明了，写作时有两点一定要加以注意：一是越确切具体越好。在这一方面，作者首先应明确了解自己所要传达的信息、读者的范围及特点，然后再选择相关信息，采用某种文体格式传递给读者。也就是说，写作必须要以特定读者为对象，以让读者能够明确接受作者所传递的信息为宗旨。尽量以客观陈述为主，少主观臆测推断；尽量明确无误表达，少模棱两可评论，这是使文章清晰确切的写作准则。二是组织结构富有逻辑性。文章结构富逻辑性会让读者很轻松地读懂作者要表达的思想内容。文章的这种逻辑性可以通过采用从一般到具体、从“全景”到细节、从问题的定义到分析再到提出解决方案等多种方式来体现。定律之二：准确要使文章语义表达准确，首先要尽量不要在学术文章中出现“大概、也许”之类模棱两可的词语，避免出现容易让人困惑和误解的词语和表达法；其次，要尽量避免使用那些有多种含义的词语和表达法。例如：Singapore is a fine ry这句话中的fine一词有多种含义，如“好的、细小的、罚款”等。日常生活中这样使用没有问题，但在写作时一定要避免使用这种容易产生歧义的多义词。定律之三：简洁直截了当、切中要点是保证文章简洁的最好写作形式。与中文写作相比，英文写作非常强调直奔主题、简单明快的写作风格。例如，在写作一个段落时，常常将概括段落主要内容的主题句（topic sentence）作为段落的首句，以便让读者迅速明确本段要讲述的内容。另外，写作时尽量将每个句子写得简短一些，少用或不用冗长的复合句。切记：短小精练的句子表达的意思才强而有力。写作素材-污染问题英文词汇发布日期: 2009-12-17 15:31:11面临的环境保护问题及污染问题英文词汇： 废水：waste/polluted water 废气：waste/polluted gas 废渣：residue 工业固体废物：industrial solid wastes 白色污染：white pollution （by using littering of non-degradable white plastics） 有机污染物：organic pollutants 森林砍伐率：rate of deforestation 水土流失：water and soil erosion 土壤盐碱化：soil alkalization 濒危野生动物：endangered wildlife 环境恶化：environmental degradation 城市化失控：uncontrolled urbanization 温室效应：greenhouse effect 全球变暖：global warming高中英语写作常用的8种强调方式发布日期: 2009-12-17 15:21:53一、用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调 Red Army fought a battle on this very spot. 红军就在此地打过一仗。Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon. 今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。二、用反身代词表示强调I myself will see her off at the station. 我将亲自到车站为她送行。You can do it well yourself. 你自己能做好这件事情。三、用助词“do”表示强调The baby is generally healthy， but every now then she does catch a cold. 那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。Do be quiet. I told you I had a headache. 务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。四、用副词“very”，“only”，“even”，“too”，“just”等表示强调He drank it to the very last drop.他把它喝得一干二净。Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops. 只有用这样的方法我们才能消灭敌军。He didnt answer even my letter.他甚至连我的信都不回。I will too go! 我要去的!The scenery is just superb. 风景真是美极了。五、用“.and that”，“.and those”，“not.too much”，“否定加否定”等结构表示强调They fulfilled the task， and that in a few days. 他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。I gave her some presents， and those the day before yesterday. 前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。I cant thank you too much. 我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。I am not unfaithful to you. 我对你无比忠诚。六、用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the sun”等表示强调His behaviour was in every way perfect. 他的举止确实无可挑剔。By all means take your son with you. 你一定要把儿子带来。The news was only too true. 这消息确实是事实。It was over all too soon! 此事的确了结得很快!Where in heaven were you then?当时你到底在哪里?Nobody under the sun would buy that car. 确实没有人会买那辆车。七、用倒装句表示强调Dishonest he is! 他的确不诚实!In wine is the truth. 酒后吐真言。八、用强调句型表示强调It was the head who opened the door for me. 正是校长为我开的门。It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment. 就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。 如何审高考英语写作题发布日期: 2009-12-17 15:20:41高考英语书面表达写作指导-如何审题 审题是书面表达的第一步，也是关键一步。考生在真正开始写作之前，必须舍得花相当一部分时间做写前阅读、思考等准备工作。只有审准了题，弄清了题目要求，才有可能写出好文章。具体说来，审题准确包含以下四个方面：一、审体裁根据情景提示首先要弄清写何种体裁的文章，是记叙文、说明文、应用文，还是议论文等。无论提供材料的方式是通过文字描述还是图画或表格,但要求文章的体裁是唯一的。倘若体裁不对,评卷时原则上要从考生应得分数中扣掉7分。所以动笔之前,认真审题至关重要。二、审格式一定的体裁有其特有的格式，近年高考书面表达题中，应用文居多，应弄清应用文该用什么格式，是否有其固定的套语等。例如书信、日记、.通知（口头或书面）、便条等都有其特定的格式，不能随便写。其中书信最复杂,根据试题要求，要注意信的开头、称呼、主体、结尾、签名，这五个部分都要写全面，而且每个部分又各有要求，考生对这些都要有明确的认识。三、审内容要点齐全是得分的基本保证，漏掉要点就会被降低档次评分。要想书面表达得高分，内容全面和不跑题也是最基本的要求。所以考生在身体是还要弄清什么改写，什么不该写；那些该详写，那些该略写等。尤其是图画式书面表达题，考生应注意，不能把图中的所有内容都表达出来，要学会连贯性读懂图意，要分清哪些是主要内容，那些是次要内容。同时还要注意，有的内容是做暗示用的，有些上文出现的内容要与下文的内容相衔接，有些下文出现的内容需要在前面作铺垫。总之，所写内容既要符合图画所描绘的情景，又要连贯通顺，自圆其说。如写记叙文，要抓好“wh-” 问题，即时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)以及其它一些要素。四、审人称审人称即弄清书面表达要求用何种人称，用第一人称，第二人称，还是第三人称来写。高考书面表达阅卷中非常重视人称，出现人称错误要扣除相应的分数。其中有几年高考书面表达题的评分标准明确规定，用错人称从总分中扣7分。所以考生在审题时，千万不要忽略人称的正确使用。五、审时态审时态即根据所给材料信息确定短文的基本时态。一般说来，一篇特定的短文，它通常有自己特定的基本时态。如通知常用将来时态，日记常用过去时态，等等。另外，由于每一个句子都涉及时态问题，所以考生容易忽略这个问题，随便用错时态，则每个句子都会因时态用错而扣分（时态错误属于扣分较严重的错误）。具体地说，表示现在经常性的情况用一般现在时；表示过去发生的动作要用一般过去时；而当我们要强调一个过去发生的动作对现在的影响或一个过去发生的动作持续到现在时，则要用现在完成时，等等。这些都是时态方面的基本规则，考生每写一个句子，都要引起注意。以下我们以NMET 2005年全国卷I、II书面表达为例，看一看如何审题。原题：假定你是李华，正是英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。注意：1词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。2可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3参考词汇：牛津Oxford 费用feeDear Sir/Madame,_Yours,Li Hua审题：首先，确定体裁。注意提示内容所给信息。本文是发给旅行社的一封电子邮件，询问有关去伦敦旅游的情况。电子邮件属于书信的一种，本文体裁是一片应用文。其次，确定格式。既然是书信，就会有一定的固定格式和套语，原题中已给出书信的固定格式，考生须注意一些书信的套语。第三，确定内容要点。通过图表所示信息，我们可以看到其要点包括：开头；是否有学生特价；票价包含的项目；是否有午餐；返回时间；是否有购物时间。第四，确定人称。本文是一封电子邮件，且题干中有“假定你是李华”这样的提示，因此可以确定本文应使用第一人称写作。第五，确定时态。本文是询问去伦敦旅游有关问题的书信，时态应基本使用一般现在时。范文：Dear Sir/Madame,Im writing for more information about the day tour to London.As a student at Oxford University , Id like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you ge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to bring along my own food?How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the nest day, Id like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London.Yours, Li hua 我们再看一个例子，以下是2004年高考北京卷书面表达情景作文试题：原题： 某学校对中学生课余活动进行了调查，结果如下。请根据图表1提供的信息描述学生每天的课余活动，并针对图表2中任何一个数据中反映的情况写出你的一个看法。词数不少于60。生词：图表chart审题：首先，确定体裁。注意提示内容所给信息。本文是一篇图表作文，根据图表所提供信息，表达个人观点。因此，本文体裁是说明文。其次，确定格式。本文是图表作文，需要根据图表提供信息，表达个人观点。因此在格式上，应注意在文章开头清楚表明图表信息。第三，确定内容要点。通过图表所示信息，我们可以看到其要点包括：学生主要课余活动及时间；学生各项主要活动所站课余时间比例；做作业所需时间最长，所占课余时间比例最大；其次为看电视；做家务时间最短，所占课余时间比例最小；体育锻炼、用电脑、听音乐所占比例基本在10左右。第四，确定人称。本文是一篇图表作文，根据表格表达个人观点。因此,可客观陈述表格内容，并在表达观点是使用第一人称写作。第五，确定时态。本文是一篇图表作文，根据表格表达个人观点，属说明文。时态应使用一般现在时。范文：Chart 1 shows the daily average amount of time the students of the school spend on different after-class activities. The students put the most time93 minutesinto their homework, next in line is watching TV, which takes up 46 minutes. They put in about the same amount of time listening to music and working on the computer, 34 minutes and 30 minutes each. While 25 minutes is spent on sports, only 12 minutes goes into housework. As is shown on Chart 2, only 10% of the time is taken up with sports activities. I think the school should encourage the students to do more exercise after class. This way, they may be healthier and more energetic.注意：由于书面表达写作时间有限，审题时间一般应控制在34分钟。英语写作中100个使用频率较高的词语搭配 （上）发布日期: 2009-12-17 15:14:17 1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy 2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of peoples living stard 3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology 4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that 6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development 7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8.不可否认 It is undeniable that/ There is no denying that 9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument 12.一些人 而另外一些人 Some people while others 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned， / Personally， 14.就达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on 15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16.双方的论点 argument on both sides 17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in 18.对必不可少 be indispensable to 19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes： 20.也不例外 be no exception 21.对产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on 22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon 25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 27. 开阔眼界 widen ones horizon/ broaden ones vision 28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills 29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into ac/ consideration31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective 32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts 33. 对有益 be beneficial / conducive to 34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society 35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for 36.综合素质 comprehensive quality 37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach 39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to 40. 应当承认 Admittedly， 41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty 42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of 43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources 45.因特网 the Internet （一定要由冠词，字母I 大写） 46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient 47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 48.环保（的） environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress 50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology高考英语书面表达常用语句发布日期: 2009-12-3 11:14:02 英语书面表达在高考中占有重要地位，只要同学们训练得法，肯下功夫，记忆常用语句并根据情况灵活运用，书面表达的水平一定会有很大程度提高。记人类1. Hong Zhanhui, aged 23, a college student, is one of the top ten people who moved China in 2005.2. He treated well/ took good care of his 11-year-old sister like a father.3. He is highly praised for what he has done what he is doing.4. Poor as he is, he never gives up his studies.5. Such is Hong Zhanhui, a poor but strong-minded and great person.叙事类1. The other day I was playing in the park when I met a foreigner， who was looking very worried.2. He thanked me for having helped him out of trouble.3. Seeing the case, I jumped off my bike and helped the driver, whose car was struck in the mud.4. Through our joint efforts, we managed to do it/made it/succeeded in catching the thief.5. The badly hurt boy was rushed to the nearest hospital.6. It so happened that I was passing there.7. Five minutes later, some firefighters with an ambulance arrived.8. It was the boys bravery and cleverness that saved the people on the train.日记类1. It is Sunday today. This morning we had a social activity-visiting a car factory/ a farm/ a theme park.2. From the activity we have learned a lot.3. We benefited a lot from the activity.4. We can realize that science is playing a more and more important part/role in modern agriculture and industry.5. From it we must enhance our sense of duty to protect wildlife and our Mother Earth.6. While visiting, we thought a lot.7. What an unforgettable experience!8. Never shall I forget the activity!9. This is the lesson we should learn.10. Though tired, we felt very happy.找工作/求职1. I read your advertisement in yesterdays newspaper.2. I think I can be the right/suitable person you want. I want to be a volunteer.3. I know from it that you have a vacancy for a typist/driver/secretary, etc.4. I am sure I am suitable for the job.5. Besides being good at typing, I have fluent/excellent spoken English.6. I want very much to apply for the job you offer.7. I am very interested in the job.8. If I can get the job/can be employed, I will try my best to do it well.9. I am looking forward to receiving your reply.写信/邮件/回信1. I am writing to tell you that we will have a get-together/ party next week.2. I am writing to ask whether you have made a final decision to study abroad.3. I am glad to receive your letter/e-mail saying that you are coming here next month. I am glad to know that you have been admitted to your dream university.4. Remember me to your family. Good luck!5. Expecting your writing back 图表变化类用语1. As we can see from the t, the number of people who use mobile phones is increasing steadily. 2. As can be seen from the table, there have been great changes in the ways of people getting information.3. Compared to the year before last, it is obvious that the number has fallen sharply.4. Great changes have taken place since 2000.5. The number stays nearly the same, indicating that reading remains an important way that people acquire knowledge or find information.6. More and more people turn to the Internet.7. Nowadays, people have changed greatly in their eating habits.8. It is no doubt it is the quickest and most convenient way to do things.9. Living in the ry, people can refresh themselves, breathing the fresh air.10. By riding bicycles, people can produce, in a certain degree, no pollution to the environment.11. More people are rich enough to afford such things as traveling.12. Therefore, we can see it is a natural process with the development of science.应用类1. I want to ask two days leave because I need to be physically examined.2. May I have your attention, please, everybody? I have an announcement to make.3. I am writing to thank you for having given me so much help.4. When I arrived at your home, you happened to be out, so I left the message.5. I am writing to make an apology to you for what I have said about you and what I have done to you.说明类（方向、坐落、指示）1 My home is not far from here; it is only two blocks (away from here).2 The bookstore is right on the left side of the street.3 The museum is on the opposite side of the street.4 There is a beautiful garden lying in the middle of the square.5 There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River.6 They live next door to us. They are our next-door neighbors.7 Ireland is a large island in Europe.8 Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom while the rest of the island makes up the Republic of Ireland.9 The Ireland just west of Britain is called Ireland.10 Between Britain and Ireland, in the Irish Sea, lies the small Isle of Man.11 The British Isles are surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east.12 The largest island is called Britain, which is separated from France by the English Channel, which at one point is only 20 miles wide.13 A new factory is to be located on this site.14 The information office is located in the city center.15 Behind it you will find a white building. Thats the library where you can find the very book.16 The village is situated in a valley.17 Where will the school be located?18 This is a beautiful situation overlooking the valley.19 That is the right direction of the site.20 Go/walk straight until you find the traffic lights/reach a crossroads. Turn right, and you will find a bus stop.讲道理类、观点对比类21 In recent years, studying abroad has been popular.22 There are several reasons for it.23 I dont think it is good for a child to begin learning a foreign language at a rather early age.24 We have two main reasons why we are against it.25 This should be done under others guidance/with others help.26 To value time is to value life.27 One of the reasons is that most of us cannot afford it.28 It has some advantages as well as disadvantages.29 Every coin has two sides.30 As far as we know, it is of great benefit to our health and study.31 We should arrange it scientifically.32 Only in this way, can we solve the problem.33 Recently we have had a heated discussion about whether we should have more time for out-of-class activity.34 Opinions are divided into two part