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体育经济 Sports Economics Contents 总第八期 2010年03月号 目 录 The Conscience and Commerce of Sport Management One Teacher s Perspective 体育管理中的商务与良知 一位教师的观点 3 The Impact of Emerging Technology in Sport Broadcasting on the Preconditions for Interorganizational Relationship IOR Formation in Professional Football 新兴赛事转播技术对职业足球中组织间关系模式的先决条件的影响 4 NCAA Athlete Graduation Rates Less Than Meets the Eye 全美大学生体育协会运动员毕业率 事实不及所见 5 Development of an Instrument to Measure the Moral Judgments of Sport Managers 开发新方式来测试体育管理者的道德判断 6 The Intention to Repurchase Paradox A Case of the Health and Fitness Industry 回头客的矛盾 一项健康案例专题研究 7 Epidemiology Pre and Postnatal Women s Leisure Time Physical Activity Patterns A Multilevel Longitudinal Analysis 流行病学 产前到产后妇女闲暇时间体育运动的模式研究 一项多级纵向分析 8 运动医学 Human movement science Factors Involved in the Development of Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery 前十字交叉韧带手术后继发骨关节病的影响因子 9 Shoulder pain in elite swimmers primarily due to swim volume induced supraspinatus tendinopathy 高水平游泳运动员的肩部疼痛 主要由于大强度游泳训练引发的冈上肌腱病 11 Glycemic Index and Endurance Performance 血糖指数与耐力 13 Adipokine Responses to Acute Resistance Exercise in Trained and Untrained Men 一次性抗阻运动对有过运动训练经历及无运动训练经历男性的脂联素的作用 14 Endurance Performance and Nocturnal HRV Indices 耐力运动能力与夜间心率变异性指标 16 Functional Isokinetic Strength Ratios in Baseball Players With Injured Elbows 肘关节损伤棒球运动员肘关节功能性等动力量比 17 学校体育 School Sport The microgenetic emergence of cooperative play in 6 year olds developmentally at risk 微型合作对六岁孩子的危险性 19 Managing multiple goals in real learning contexts 真实学习环境下的多重目标管理 20 Improving self regulation learning strategy use and achievement with metacognitive feedback 元认知反馈下的自我自律的提高 学习策略的使用和成就感 21 1 The digital literacy debate an investigation of digital propensity and information and communication technology 关于数字文化的争辩 对于数字化倾向 信息和通信技术 ICT 的调查 22 Scaffolding middle school students content knowledge and ill structured problem solving in a problem based hypermedia learning environment 在超媒体学习环境中 构建中学生脚手架的知识内容和对不良结构问题的解决 23 Collaboration modality cognitive load and science inquiry learning in virtual inquiry environments 虚拟环境调查中的合作方式 认知负荷和科学探究学习 24 Playing and Protesting Sport as a Vehicle for Social Change 玩耍和抗议 运动是社会变革的一种载体 25 运动心理学 Sports psychology Direct and Buffering Effects of Physical Activity on Stress Related Depression in Mothers of Infants 身体活动对育婴母亲的抑郁症状直接的与缓冲的作用 26 Experienced Golfers Perspectives on Choking Under Pressure 经验丰富的高尔夫球运动员对高压下Choking 现象的观点 27 Motivational Predictors of Physical Education Students Effort Exercise Intentions and Leisure Time Physical Activity A Multilevel Linear Growth Analysis 应用多级线性增长对接受体育教育学生的运动投入 运动意图与空闲时间 身体活动动机预测因子行分析 29 How Embodied Cognitions Affect Judgments Height Related Attribution Bias in Football Foul Calls 内化认知对判决的影响 身高因素在足球犯规中的归因偏差 30 Perfectionism and Burnout in Canoe Polo and Kayak Slalom Athletes The Mediating Influence of Validation and Growth Seeking 独木舟水球和激流回旋运动员的完美主义和倦怠的 目标调节与发展追求 31 The Role of Psychological Characteristics in Facilitating the Pathway to Elite Performance Part 1 Identifying Mental Skills and Behaviors 心理因素优化运动员的运动表现的第一部分 确定心理技能与行为 32 Self Regulatory Processes Employed During Self Modeling A Qualitative Analysis 一项质的研究 自我监控过程在自我模型形成中的应用 33 Social Preferences for Learning Among Adolescents in Secondary Physical Education 青年中学体育学习中的社会偏好 34 An Examination of the Responsibility Model in a New Zealand Secondary School Physical Education Program 新西兰初中体育教育项目中的责任模式检测 35 Instructional Guidance in Reciprocal Peer Tutoring With Task Cards 任务卡模式下同学间互助教学中的教学指导 36 Following the Yellow Brick Road A Teacher s Journey along the Proverbial Career Path 顺着黄砖路走 一位教师普通的职业路途 37 An Amotivation Model in Physical Education 体育中的动机缺乏模型 38 Systemic Success in Physical Education The East Valley Phenomenon 体育教育中的系统性成功 东谷现象 39 运动训练学 Sports Training 2 体育经济 Sports Economics The Conscience and Commerce of Sport Management One Teacher s Perspective 体育管理中的商务与良知 一位教师的观点 运动管理杂志 JSM 24 1 January 2010 Copyright 2010 Mary A Hums Vol 24 Iss 1 原文 Abstract Although the sport industry continues to evolve one thing has not changed the need for sport managers to be good citizens What does it mean to be a good citizen and how does that relate to us as sport management educators and researchers This lecture suggests what we as sport management educators can do to help our students become better citizens in this day and age As new issues emerge our graduates will be forced to make decisions which often place the Temple and the Agora the spirit of sport and the business of sport the conscience and commerce of sport management in opposition to each other These new issues encompass topics such as social entrepreneurship technology environmental respect sport for development and peace and sport and human rights and need to be woven into the fabric of our sport management curriculum 译文 摘要 虽然体育产业在不断的演变 但有一样是不变的 那就是体育管理者必须是品 行高尚的公民 品行高尚的公民是什么概念 这又与我们体育管理的教育者和研究者 有什么关系呢 这篇报告提出了在当今时代背景下体育管理教育者们应如何帮助学生 成为更加优秀的公民的相关意见 随着新问题的涌现 我们的毕业生们常常被迫面临 着 神庙 与 集市 这两个完全相背离的选择 也就是体育精神与体育产业 或 是体育管理的良知与体育管理的商业性之间的选择 这些新问题涉及社会企业家 技 术 尊重环境 体育发展和平 体育与人权 需要融入体育管理课程的组织结构中 注 Temple and the Agora 是圣经中的典故 今意指精神与物质的选择 3 The Impact of Emerging Technology in Sport Broadcasting on the Preconditions for Interorganizational Relationship IOR Formation in Professional Football 新兴赛事转播技术对职业足球中组织间关系模式的先 决条件的影响 运动管理杂志 JSM 24 1 January 2010 Copyright 2010 Paul E Turner David Shilbury for Vol 24 Iss 1 原文 Environmental factors such as emerging technology globalization economic reform and social change are creating a background in which sporting organizations must seek to quickly adapt to manage their ongoing activities and operations Focusing on emerging technology in the area of sport broadcasting this research examined six preconditions for interorganizational relationship IOR formation from the perspective of professional football clubs in Australia Based upon theories derived from the IOR literature these six preconditions for IOR formation were considered to determine if emerging broadcasting technologies impact on IOR formation between Australian Football League AFL and National Rugby League NRL clubs and broadcasters Semistructured in depth interviews with senior managers of 11 AFL and 10 NRL clubs were undertaken and data analyzed coded and emergent themes identified Results indicate that professional club managers display most of these attributes that precipitate the preconditions for IOR formation but although these preconditions exist there is little willingness by the clubs to formulate IORs with sport broadcasters 译文 新兴技术 全球化进程 经济改革以及社会变化等一系列环境因素正在为体育组织 营造一个新的背景 这就需要各体育组织能尽快的作出调整 以管理他们的各项活动 和运营 本文着重关注与赛事传播方面的新兴技术 从澳大利亚的职业足球俱乐部着 手 探索研究了组织间关系模式的六个先决条件 基于组织间关系理论的派生理论 这六个先决条件被认为是决定新兴转播技术是否对澳大利亚足球联盟和国家橄榄球联 盟以及转播者的组织间关系模式产生影响的因素 研究对11位澳大利亚足联和10位国 家橄榄球联盟的高级管理者进行了深入的半结构式采访 并且对数据进行了分析 编 码以及主题确定 结果显示 职业俱乐部管理者都表现出了大多数可促成组织间关系 模式的先决条件的特征 虽然有了这些先决条件 但是很少有俱乐部愿意通过赛事转 播者来规划组织间关系模式 4 NCAA Athlete Graduation Rates Less Than Meets the Eye 全美大学生体育协会运动员毕业率 事实不及所见 运动管理杂志 JSM 24 1 January 2010 Copyright 2010 E Woodrow Eckard Vol 24 Iss 1 原文 Abstract The standard evaluations of NCAA student athlete graduation rates involve comparisons with rates for the general student body The latter rates as actually calculated however include a significant number of part time students at many schools This is problematic because athletes must be full time and should be compared with other full time students The downward part timer bias in the student body rate distorts the comparison making the relative graduation rates for athletes appear more favorable Example calculations demonstrate that relative rates for major college football and men s basketball players are substantially worse when the bias is removed 译文 摘要 全美大学生体育协会对学生运动员的毕业率的标准评估涉及到与普通学生毕业率的 对比 后者的毕业率虽然是精确计算过的 但是在很多学校存在着大量的非全日制学 生 这样就出现了问题 因为运动员必须是全日制学生 因此就必须与其他全日制学 生来对比 时下学生毕业率中的 非全日制偏见 曲解了这种对比 使得相关的运动 员学生的毕业率显得更为理想 实例统计显示 当两者比较时 若剔除偏见因素 主 要大学的足球和男子篮球运动员的毕业率事实上比较低 5 Development of an Instrument to Measure the Moral Judgments of Sport Managers 开发新方式来测试体育管理者的道德判断 运动管理杂志 JSM 24 1 January 2010 Copyright 2010 Andrew Rudd Susan Mullane Sharon Kay Stoll Vol 24 Iss 1 原文 Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure the moral judgments of sport managers called the Moral Judgments of Sport Managers Instrument MJSMI More specifically our intention was to measure moral judgment on a unidimensional level given past research suggesting moral judgment is a unidimensional construct Hahm Beller Kohlberg 1984 Piaget 1932 Rest 1979 1986 The MJSMI contains 8 moral dilemmas stories in the context of sport management Sport managers respond to the dilemmas on a four point Likert scale Three pilot studies were undertaken to develop the MJSMI Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency analysis were the primary methods for assaying reliability and validity Results consistently showed that sport managers responses vary depending on the nature of the moral scenario and thus do not indicate a unidimensional construct The reasons for inconsistent responses are thoroughly discussed 译文 摘要 本研究的目的是开发一种叫体育管理者道德判断测试工具 MJSMI 的工具来检测 体育管理者在道德方面做出的抉择 更加具体的讲 我们最初的意图曾是通过一维 水平来测试道德判断 这基于过去的研究 研究认为道德判断是一维结构的 Hahm Beller Kohlberg 1984 Piaget 1932 Rest 1979 1986 体 育管理者道德判断测试工具 MJSMI 涵盖了体育管理中的8个两难问题或层面 体育管 理者要对给出的两难困境在四点利开特式量表上做出回应 三个试验性研究承担了体 育管理者道德判断测试工具 MJSMI 的开发 主要应用探索性因子分析和内部一致性 分析检验研究信度和效度 结果一致显示 体育管理者的反应随道德场景的不同而变 化 这也说明道德判断不是一维结构的 文中还全面的讨论了导致这些不同反应的原 因 6 The Intention to Repurchase Paradox A Case of the Health and Fitness Industry 回头客的矛盾 一项健康案例专题研究 运动管理杂志 JSM 24 1 January 2010 Copyright 2010 Alain Ferrand Leigh Robinson Pierre Valette Florence Vol 24 Iss 1 原文 Abstract The article proposes a conceptual model to examine the relationships between service attributes brand associations customer satisfaction commitment price of membership and intention to repurchase in a fitness club The results show that the services offered by the club its security and the promoted image of the club impact positively on satisfaction The customer relations at the club customer commitment and their frequency of weekly attendance have a positive direct effect on intention to repurchase Perceived price has a negative direct influence Finally the research showed that overall satisfaction has a slight positive impact on frequency of attendance These findings create a paradox for managers of health and fitness organizations who will have to balance the need to increase frequency of attendance to positively impact on intention to repurchase with the need to deliver the service attributes that affect satisfaction and intention to repurchase at high quality level 译文 摘要 本文提出了一种概念模式来检验服务属性 品牌联想 消费者满意度 评价 会 员入会价格和在健身俱乐部消费意向的关系 结果显示 俱乐部提供的服务 安全性 和俱乐部所呈现良好形象对顾客的满意度有积极地影响 俱乐部内顾客关系 顾客的 评价和顾客每周光顾的频率对消费意向有直接的积极影响 明确的价格有负面直接影 响 最后 研究还指出整体满意度对光顾的频率有一定作用的积极影响 这些研究结 果对健身俱乐部管理者创设了一个难题 如何平衡通过提高服务属性质量来提高顾客 满意度以增加顾客光顾频率的需求和高质量服务的需求 7 Epidemiology Pre and Postnatal Women s Leisure Time Physical Activity Patterns A Multilevel Longitudinal Analysis 流行病学 产前到产后妇女闲暇时间体育运动的模式研 究 一项多级纵向分析 Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport September 2009 Vol 80 No 3 pp 403 411 Anita G Cramp and Steven R Bray 原文 The purpose of this study was to examine women s leisure time physical activity LTPA before pregnancy during pregnancy and through the first 7 months postnatal Pre and postnatal women n 309 completed the 12 month Modifiable Activity Questionnaire and demographic information Multilevel modeling was used to estimate a growth curve representing the average change in LTPA over time and intraindividual variations in the average growth curve over time Growth curve estimates for the linear quadratic and cubic trends were significant p 05 indicating that LTPA declined during pregnancy but then increased following birth The results also demonstrated that the individual trajectories of LTPA varied substantially from the average growth curve One demographic predictor variable having other children at home was significant p 05 译文 本研究的目的是检测妇女在孕前 孕期和产后7个月间闲暇时间体育运动的情况 产前到产后期的妇女 309人 完成了为期12个月的可修正运动量表 同时完善了人 口统计学方面的信息 研究中运用多级模型来评估随时间发展 代表着休闲时间体育 运动平均变化的曲线和随着时间发展 平均增长曲线上的个体差异 增长曲线中 线 性 二次方及立方趋势较为显著 p 05 这表明闲暇时段体育运动量在孕期成递减 趋势 在产后又逐步增高 结果还表明 个人的闲暇时段运动情况曲线走向与平均走 势有本质上的区别 人口统计学的一个预测因子 家中还有其他孩子 因素显著 p 05 8 运动医学 Human movement science Factors Involved in the Development of Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery 前十字交叉韧带手术后继发骨关节病的影响因子 The American Journal of Sports Medicine 美国运动医学杂 志Susan L Keays Peter A Newcombe Joanne E Bullock Saxton Margaret I Bullock PT and Anthony C Keays March 2010 vol 38 no 3 455 463 原文 Abstract Background The incidence of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is disturbingly high with reports of nearly 50 of patients developing mild to moderate osteoarthritis 6 years after surgery Few studies have assessed the factors involved in the development of osteoarthritis Hypothesis The following 10 factors will be found to be predictive of osteoarthritis meniscectomy chondral damage patellar tendon grafting age at surgery time delay between injury and surgery type and intensity of postsurgery sport quadriceps strength hamstring strength quadriceps to hamstring strength ratio and residual joint laxity Study Design Cohort study prognosis Level of evidence 1 Methods Fifty six subjects with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were followed for 6 years after surgery Assessment included KT 1000 arthrometer testing isokinetic strength testing a return to sport questionnaire and a radiograph assessment A discriminant analysis was performed to assess which of the 10 factors could discriminate between those patients who developed tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis and those who did not Results Five factors were found to be predictive of tibiofemoral 9 osteoarthritis Meniscectomy r 72 and chondral damage r 41 were the strongest discriminators followed by patellar tendon grafting r 37 2 7 n 56 25 48 P 001 Weak quadriceps r 39 and low quadriceps to hamstring strength ratios r 6 were very close discriminators 2 8 n 42 15 02 P 059 For patellofemoral osteoarthritis meniscectomy r 45 chondral damage r 75 and age at surgery r 65 were predictors or close predictors 2 7 n 54 13 30 P 065 Conclusion As not all 10 factors studied were predictive of osteoarthritis the hypothesis was only partially proven Preventing further meniscal and chondral damage in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency is critical Grafting using the hamstring tendons and restoration of quadriceps to hamstring strength balance are associated with less osteoarthritis Keywords anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction osteoarthritis meniscectomy physiotherapy 译文 摘要 背景 前十字交叉韧带重建后的继发性骨关节病发病率很高 有报道称50 接受前 十字交叉韧带重建术的患者在6年后都或轻或重的继发骨关节病 但是 目前针对骨关 节病继发的影响因子的研究还几乎没有 假说 以下10个因素将被认为是骨关节病发病的预警因子 半月板切除术 软骨损 伤 膝盖韧带移植 患者手术时的年龄 患者受伤与接受手术治疗之间的间隔时间 术后运动的类型和强度 股四头肌力量 跟腱力量以及肌对腘绳力量之比和关节松弛 度 设计 定群研究 预测性 证据等级为1级 方法 6年前曾接受前十字韧带重建手术的56名患者参加本次研究 评定方法包括 KT 1000关节活动测试 等动力量测试 恢复运动调查问卷和X光片检查 决定性分析 用于评价10个因素中到底哪些因素决定了十字韧带重建术后患者是否继发胫股及髌股 骨关节病 结果 研究发现 本次研究的10个因素中的5个因素是骨关节病发病的预见性因 子 其中半月板切除 r 72 及软骨损伤 r 41 是最重要的两个决定性因子 其 次是膝盖韧带移植 r 37 2 7 n 56 25 48 P 001 股四头肌无力 r 0 39 和低肌对腘绳力量比值 r 6 则十分接近决定因子 2 8 n 42 15 02 P 059 髌股骨关节病 半月板切除术 r 45 软骨损伤 r 75 以及手术时的年龄 r 65 也被认为是骨关节病发病的预见因子或者可以说是近似于 决定因子s 2 7 n 54 13 30 P 065 结论 由于本次研究的10个因素不全是骨关节炎的预见性因子 因此研究开始时提 出的假设只被部分证明了 进一步预防前十字交叉韧带不足患者的半月板及软骨损伤 是十分重要的 利用跟腱韧带移植和恢复肌对腘绳力量平衡可以适当减少骨关节病的 发生 关键词 前十字交叉韧带重建 骨关节炎 半月板切除术 物理疗法 10 Shoulder pain in elite swimmers primarily due to swim volume induced supraspinatus tendinopathy 高水平游泳运动员的肩部疼痛 主要由于大强 度游泳训练引发的冈上肌腱病 British Journal of Sports Medicine 英国运动医学杂志 Mya Lay Sein Judie Walton James Linklater Richard Appleyard1 Brent Kirkbride Donald Kuah George A C Murrell 2010 44 105 113 原文 Abstract Background hypothesis Shoulder pain in elite swimmers is common and its pathogenesis is uncertain Hypothesis study design The authors used a crosssectional study design to test Jobe s hypothesis that repetitive forceful swimming leads to shoulder laxity which in turn leads to impingement pain Methods Eighty young elite swimmers 13 25 years of age completed questionnaires on their swimming training pain and shoulder function They were given a standardised clinical shoulder examination and tested for glenohumeral joint laxity using a non invasive electronic laxometer 52 80 swimmers also attended for shoulder MRI Results 73 80 91 swimmers reported shoulder pain Most 84 had a positive impingement sign and 69 of those examined with MRI had supraspinatus tendinopathy The impingement sign and MRIdetermined supraspinatus tendinopathy correlated strongly rs 0 49 p 0 00001 Increased tendon thickness correlated with supraspinatus tendinopathy rs 0 37 p 0 01 Laxity correlated weakly with impingement pain rs 0 23 p 0 05 and was not associated with supraspinatus tendinopathy rs 0 14 p 0 32 The number of hours swum week rs 0 39 p 0 005 and weekly mileage rs 0 34 p 0 01 both correlated significantly with supraspinatus tendinopathy Swimming stroke preference did not 11 Conclusions These data indicate 1 supraspinatus tendinopathy is the major cause of shoulder pain in elite swimmers 2 this tendinopathy is induced by large amounts of swimming training and 3 shoulder laxity per se has only a minimal association with shoulder impingement in elite swimmers These findings are consistent with animal and tissue culture findings which support an alternate hypothesis the intensity and duration of load to tendon fibres and cells cause tendinopathy impingement and shoulder pain 译文 摘要 背景 假说 高水平运动员肩部疼痛十分普遍 但是其发病机理目前还尚不 确定 假说 研究设计 笔者利用交叉研究检验Jobe s 的假说 即反复大强度的 游泳运动引发了肩关节松弛 从而导致肩部的冲击性疼痛 方法 80名青年高水平游泳运动员 13 25岁 参加本次研究 要求他们完填写 关于游泳训练 疼痛和肩功能情况的调查问卷 同时对所有参加实验人员进行 标准的肩部医学检查 并利用无创电拉赫曼测试测试他们的盂肱关节松弛度 另外随机抽取其中的52人进行肩关节的核磁共振成像检查 结果 91 的游泳运动员 73 80 称患有肩部疼痛 大部分人 84 表示 有明确的冲击痛信号 而69 的接受核磁共振成像检查者患有冈上肌腱病 冲击 痛信号与利用核磁共振成像检查确定的冈上肌腱病有很强的关联性 rs 0 49 p 0 0
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