英国文学简史笔记(完整版).doc

Chapter 1伊丽莎白统治之前的时代分为三个阶段：古英语（安格鲁撒克逊）时期，中世纪英语（安格鲁诺曼）时期，伊丽莎白统治前时期。大不列颠岛相继被卡尔特人、罗马人和安格鲁撒克逊人占据。【 The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period 】 The British civilization is one of the oldest in the world. sign: the Stonehenge（巨石阵）prehistoric monumental pile of stonesl Celts（凯尔特人）were probably the first inhabitants of the British Isles in recorded history.l One of their tribes, the Britons（不列颠人）， came over in the 5th century BC. 亚瑟王传奇 Arthurian legends 500 years Roman Conquest, Julius Caesar（尤里乌斯凯撒） 55BC 500 years Anglo-Saxon Conquest, 5th centuryl In 597 AD the Anglo-Saxons began to be converted to Christianity. pagan elements/regular elements religion elementsl In the second half of the 7th century, the first English poet, Caedmon by name， began to sing.l Another century passed, Beowulf.l In the 9th century, King Alfred decided that literature should be written in the vernacular（方言） of Old English. With the arrival of St. Augustine in 597 AD and the subsequent spread of Christian influence and classical learning, heathen poetry was maneuvered out of the scene.l a time of intermingling（过渡时期） of the pagan with the Christian components in poetry.l 安格鲁撒克逊时期唯一完整的诗歌：Beowulf： 1. The national epic of English people, a pagan poem2. An epic of well over 3000 lines.3. The greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes.4. The most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek and Roman literatures.5. The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period.6. The story takes place in Scandinavia, no mention of England.7. Anglo Saxons early life in England Theme: The poem tells the story of a 6th century hero, Beowulf. It is basically a two-part narrativeBeowulfs fight with the sea-monsters Grendel and his mother in the first part, and his killing a fiery dragon and his death in the second.1. human desire for some super power to conquer nature.2. great tradition of realism（现实主义传统） Versification: 1. Pagan story has an Christian overlay（覆盖物，表面）.（作诗法） The mixture of pagan and Christian elements 2. using of kenning(一种描写手法) e.g.: sea is often “swans way” or “whale-path. 3. conspicious occurrence of alliteration(头韵). 4. narrator of the poem, the “I” is a minstrel/scop/gleeman（吟游诗人） 5. storys digressive manner of narration. 6. elevated tone（提高的音调）. 7. the use of metaphors and understatements Then the pagan was superseded（超过） by the religious spirit, and minstrels（吟游诗人） gave way to learned men. Caedmon（凯德蒙）: the first known poet in English literary history. The Ecclesiastical History of England（英格兰教会史）by the venerable Bede（比得）.欧洲最早的编年史：Anglo-Saxon Chronicle（编年史）founded by King Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大帝）.【 Medieval（中世纪）Literature: a brief introduction 】 1066 Norman Conquest: marked the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-Norman period.(1066-1400) In 1066, _, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the Conqueror B. Julius Caesar C. Alfred the Great D. Claudius After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _.A. French B. English C. Latin D. SwedishThe changes and replacement of dynasty and government:l The Norman line of kings 90 years l 1154 Angevin kings King Henry and his descendants 245 years l 1399 The House of Lancaster Few occurrences of historic magnitude:l The Establishment of the Feudal System（封建制）l William the Conqueror grabbed Anglo-Saxon land by force and gave it to his nobles and followers.l The 1381 Peasant Uprising（农民起义）l Led by Wat Tyler of Kent and Jack Straw of Essexl 1086 The Completion of the Domesday Book（末日审判书）l A historical record of Anglo-Saxon institutions, customs, and way of lifel The Launching of the Crusades.（十字军东征）l A serious of wars between Christians and the Muslims (1096-1270)l The first communication between east and westl 1215 The signing of the Magna Carter.（大宪章）l King John was forced to recognize the rights of the powerful barons.（男爵）（Duke公 Marquis侯 Count伯 Viscount子 Baron爵）l A significant event in the long decline of the monarchyl 1337-1453 The War with France or the Hundred YearsWar（英法战争）l Norman and Anglo-Saxon elements began to coalesce into one nation, and the English language started to revive.l The emergence of nation（民族兴起） Few important points of literature:l Legend传奇：The Growth of the Arthurian Legends（亚瑟王传奇）l Not put down on paper until 1147 Geoffrey of Monmouth came out with his Latin Historia Reugm Britanniae.l Be enriched by a good number of later writers.l 1205 Layamon wrote his cast verse work of 32,000 lines Brut in English.The beginning of the revival of English as a literary mediuml Romance骑士文学：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:(高文爵士和绿骑士) a story of adventure-fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural-in verse or prose. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is _.A. novel B. drama C. romance D. essay The story of _ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B. BeowulfC. Piers the Plowman D. The Canterbury Tales The theme of _ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.A. loyalty B. revolt C. obedience D. mockeryl A famous roman about King Arthurs storyl A 4-part work of 2,530 lines in 101 sections.l knightly virtues: loyalty, valor（勇猛）,rectitude（正直）,and integrity.l One Christmas（故事发生的时间）1.某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。2.一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，历经千辛来到一座城堡。3.城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动。4.最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。l The description of the change of seasons and the difficult terrain of his route with its waste land and wild animals, serves in fact as a means of externalizing（外化）the complexing inner world of the man going to death.l He is a perfect human but he is not divine.To forgive his divine to earn his humanl 在诗行结构和运用头韵等写作方法上同贝奥武甫非常相似l 骑士就跟普通人一样，也会犯错l 民谣ballads: Robin Hoodthe most important department of English folk literature. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission. The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called _.A. Morte dArthur B. Robin Hood C. The Canterbury Tales D. Piers the Plowmanl A collection of 15th century medieval ballads about Robin Hood, the hero of the poor, and the enemy of the rich and the powerful.l A greenwood outlaw（绿林好汉）罗宾汉是英国民间传说侠盗式英雄人物。人称汉丁顿伯爵。从12世纪中叶起，关于罗宾汉的民谣和传说就开始在民间流传。14世纪，有关罗宾汉的故事首次作为文学作品问世。此后，不断有作家以此为素材，写出了许多脍炙人口的作品。侠盗罗宾汉是法国文豪亚历山大仲马在前人基础上再创作的作品。l Basic features of folk ballads: repetition of words/refrain, uniform in mood, and dramatic in plot or character portrayal.l John Wycliffe约翰威克里夫(1320-1384):l Translate bible from Latin to English: the first attempt ever to translate the Holy Scripture into English.l 威克里夫（英国宗教改革的晨星，英文圣经译者）生于伦敦附近的约克郡，其父亲是威克里夫农庄的主人。1345年到牛津大学默顿学院就读，后来短时间任该大学巴略勒学院院长。他学识渊博，名噪一时，听他讲学的人极多，在神学教授中首屈一指。但为人不茍言笑。在哲学上他是“ _ was the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator of the Bible.A. Langland B. Gower C. Wycliffe D. Chaucer The first complete English Bible was translated by _, “the morning star of the Reformation” and his followers.A. William Tyndal B. James I C. John Wycliffe D. Bishop Lancelot Andrewsl William Langland威廉朗兰(1332-end of 14th century):l Vision of Piers the Plowman: a dream allegory（讽寓体）of 7,000 lines to attack evil in both Church and state.l 农夫皮尔斯是用中世纪梦幻故事的形式写成的教诲诗，通过描绘梦中的景象来展现中世纪英国社会各方面的生活图景，采用寓言故事来惩恶扬善。长诗分为两部分，第一部分是皮尔斯的梦境，第二部分是称为“寻求好、更好、最好”的一连串幻想。全诗由有重读音和押头韵的诗行写成。 William Langlands _ is written in the form of a dream vision.A. Kubla Khan B. Piers the PlowmanC. The Dream of John Bull D. Morte dArthur Piers the Plowman describes a series of wonderful dreams the author dreamed, through which, we can see a picture of the life in the _ England.A. primitive B. feudal C. bourgeois D. modernl Romance Chanson de Roland:（罗兰之歌）l 法国英雄史诗，中世纪武功歌的代表作品。全诗共分为291节，长4002行 ，以当时民间语言罗曼语写成。英雄史诗是法国最古老的文学。英雄史诗主要分为帝王系、纪尧姆德奥郎日系和敦德梅央斯系。罗兰之歌是帝王系的主要作品。 Chapter 2【 Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 】 Geoffrey Chaucer: The last medieval man, the first modern man. In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is _ . A. Langland B. Wycliffe C. Gower D. Chaucer _, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about 1340.A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Bacon D. John Dryden Chaucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in _.A. Flanders B. France C. Italy D. Westminster Abbey Chaucers earliest work of any length is his _, a translation of the French Roman de la Rose by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throughout Europe.A. The Romaunt of the Rose B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. The Legend of Good Women D. The Book of the Duchess In his lifetime Chaucer served in a great variety of occupations that had impact on the wide range of his writings. Which one is not his career? _.A. engineer B. courtier C. office holder D. soldier E. ambassador F. legislator (议员) Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _ based on Boccaccios poem “Filostrato”. A. The Legend of Good Women B. Troilus and Criseyde C. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D. Beowulfl 他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人，英国历史上第一位卓越的诗人，英国文学史上用英语创作的第一位重要诗人。Founder of English poetry l the messenger of humanisml the founder of English realisml the founder or master of the modern English languagel the pioneer of the English Renaissancel The first preeminent English poet. l Chaucer was the first most significant poet in English literary history to write in Middle English. l A master of realism. 作品：l The Book of Duchess公爵之书l The House of Fame声誉之堂l The Legend of Good Wife贤妇传奇l Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德 l The Parliament of Fowls百鸟议会 The most famous of all his works：The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷的传说) Geoffrey Chaucers work_ gives us a picture of the condition of English life of his day, such as its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy.A.The Romaunt of the Roses B.The House of FameC.Troylus and Criseyde D.The Canterbury Talesl 英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作l a collection of 20-odd stories, 4 fragmentsl The framing of the stories by means of a fictitious pilgrimage（朝圣） as the Tales uses as a unifying device.A collection of stories strung together with a simple plan（章回体，像西游记）l 124 stories planned, only 24 finishedl written in Middle English 作品特点：l 突出两个群体：神职人员和中产阶级l Substance is from others, the telling is Chaucers own.l Enormous sense of humor.l Loyalty to reality. Sticks to his policy of honesty and stays true to life.l Offers such a panorama (全景)of social life.l Infinite sense of humanity.l It is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises mans energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life.l form: heroic couplet（英雄偶句诗） a four-line stanza a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) Contribution to English poetry: l Introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet),l The first great poet who wrote in the English language. l Making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. 乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期：法国影响时期（13591372）：主要翻译并仿效法国诗人的作品，创作了悼公爵夫人，用伦敦方言翻译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗玫瑰传奇等。意大利影响时期（13721386）：诗人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。这一时期的创作如百鸟会议、特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德、好女人的故事，反映了作者面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点。成熟时期（13861400）：乔叟在这最后15年里从事坎特伯雷故事集的创作。无论在内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟早期的创作受意大利和法国文学的影响。他把法国文学中的骑士传奇、抒情诗和动物寓言故事等引入英国文学。其早期作品特罗勒斯和克莱西德（1385），人物性格塑造生动细腻，语言机智幽默。从1377年开始，乔叟多次出使欧洲大陆，接触了但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品。这些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主义思想，使乔叟的创作思想发生了深刻的变化，开始转向现实主义。根据薄伽丘的一部长诗改写的叙事诗特罗勒斯和克面西德摈弃了梦幻和寓言的传统，代之以对现实社会中的人物和生活细节的描写，这是乔叟的第一部现实主义作品。乔叟在他生活的最后十五年进行了坎特伯雷故事集（1387-1400）的创作。这是他最杰出的作品。 The Wife of Bath巴斯夫人: man should love a woman for her worth rather than her face The Millers Tale磨坊主的故事: l one of jealousy, infidelity, courtly love, and obscenityl in the style of the medieval fabliau （讽刺性寓言诗）(a funny vulgar story)【 The Pre-Elizabethan Period: A Brief Introduction 】The 150 years between the death of Chaucer and the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I(1400-1557) was a very important period in history. Reformation （宗教改革）l first started in Germany by Martin Luther(1483-1546)l The followers of the movement, distinct now from the Catholics, became known as the Protestants, and the Reformation has also been known in history as the Protestant Reformation.l Johnannes Calvin(1509-1564)l They believe in the doctrine of justification by faith, that mans justification or salvation depends on the grace of God which comes through faith alone.（因信称义） Renaissance English Renaissance Period was an age of _.A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama C. essays and journals D. ballads and songs Which of the following is NOT regarded as one of the characteristics of Renaissance?A. Exaltation of mans pursuit of happiness in this life.B. Cultivation of the genuine flavor of ancient culture.C. Tolerance of human foibles.D. Praise of mans efforts in having his soul delivered. The most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was_.A. the Reformation B. humanism C. the Italian revival D. geographical explorationsl the rebirth of lettersl the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe l beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th centuryl marking the transition from the medieval to the modern worldl Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. The other one is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.【Thomas More托马斯莫尔（1478-1535）】 a humanist he witnessed the evils of the future of the world and sought to help mend things Utopia: Utopia was written in the form of _. A. prose B. drama C. essay D. dialogue _is one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.A. Phillip Sidney B. Edmund Spenser C. Thomas More D. Walter Raleighl consist of two book with emphasis on book two in which the Utopian weal republic is described in detaill book two has 9 sections: geographic contours, city life, administration of the country, lifestyle, family structure, utopia travel. Section 7: bondmen, attitude towards war, religion l 作品特点:l nothing private in Utopia, no one has anything, yet every is richl offers best ideal social system possiblel some problems:l strict adherence to conformityl slave systeml super power politicsl male-dominatedChapter 3【The Elizabethan Age(1558-1625):a brief introduction】 The Elizabethan period began with the ascension of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558, and its afterglow shone well beyond the 16th century.l The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed Chaucers Medieval England into Shakespeares modern one.l All the three major departments of literaturepoetry, drama, and prose, and countless authors vied in offering their very best in a tremendous outburst of creative power. The Elizabethan age can be divided into three sub-periods:l The first of these stretches over two decades(1557-1579)l beginning with the printing of Tottels Miscellany 杂录and concluding with the publication of Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar牧羊人日历 Spensers first known work Place him at the head of the English poets of his dayl The second phase covers some two decades from 1580 through 1599.l a period of intense literary activity in which the greatest Elizabethan writers made their presence feltl 斯宾塞仙后、菲利普西德尼爱星者和星星、为诗辩护阿卡荻亚l in drama the exuberance showed itself well in the great number of great plays that were written and staged at the timel in this period Shakespeare wrote sonnets and some 20 of his 37 plays Shakespeare sonnet: abab cdcd efef ggl The third phase spans over some three decades(1599-1625). l 出现大批大学才子l This was the period in which Shakespeare finished all his later plays, and Ben Jonson did almost the whole of his work.【Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)埃德蒙斯宾塞】 a non