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实用英语语法I. 概论(Conspectus) p1一、语法的组成部分:1.词法(Morphology)2.句法(Syntax)3.What to learn in the course of English Grammar? Please attach importance to three main points: grammatical, logical, acceptable.1) Grammatical Which one is (ones are) ungrammatical?(1) There are many ways to kill (skin) a cat.(2) There are more ways than one to kill a cat.(3) Theres more ways than one to kill a cat. (4) Here are some keys.(5) Heres some keys.(6) There is more ways than one to kill a cat. 2) LogicalWhich one is illogical?(1) A gorilla squished the cockroach. (2) A chimpanzee stomped the roach to death.(3) An ant has swallowed the elephant.3) Acceptable (sometimes ungrammatical or even illogical)(1) They asked me all kinds of / all types of / all sorts of / all manner of questions.(2) As sure as eggs are / as eggs is eggs.(3) A friend of mine is moving into a new house / moving into a new flat / moving house / moving flats. 二、词类(Parts of Speech / Word Class) p2另外:限定词(Determiner) p2三、句子定义 p5 四、句子成分 p6另外:同位语(Appositive), 插入语(Parenthesis), 呼语(Vocative), p6补充:主语补足语(Subject Complement),e.g. (1) The floor should be kept clean. (2) He was elected mayor last year.宾语补足语(ObjectComplement)e.g (1) We should keep the floor clean. (2) We elected him mayor last year.五、句子分类(Classification of Sentences) p6-81按目的分类:p6-7, 6511)陈述句(Declarative Sentences / Statements),2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences / Questions),3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences / Imperatives),补充:注意下面陈述句与祈使句,含有主语的肯定与含有主语的否定祈使句的比较:(p318)(1) Someone opens the door. / cf. Someone open the door, please. OR Someone open the door.(2) Go ahead! / You go ahead! / cf. Dont forget to mail the letter. / Dont you forget to mail the letter. 4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences / Exclamation)2. 按结构分类:p7简单句(Simple Sentences),并列句(Compound Sentences),复合句(Complex Sentences)3. 疑问句分类:p7-8一般疑问句(General Questions),特殊疑问句(Special Questions),选择疑问句(Alternative Questions),附加疑问句(Tag Questions)补充:4. 附加疑问句分类:(p238-239)反意疑问句(Disjunctive Questions),共感疑问句(Sympathetic Questions),准反意疑问句(Quasi-disjunctive Questions)1) 反意疑问句是指陈述部分与附加部分各自采取否定或肯定相反的谓语形式的问句。2) 共感疑问句是指陈述部分和附加部分都采取谓语的同一肯定或否定形式,这种附加疑问句通常不要求对方回答(句末多用降调)故可称为修辞性疑问句。这类附加疑问句可带有So、Oh等词。3) 准反意疑问句的谓语形式与反意疑问句的相同,但附加部分的主语与陈述部分的主语却不一致。5. 附加疑问句应注意的若干问题(p239-250)1) 意义是“有”的附加疑问句形式: 当have (had)表示“有”的意义时,附加疑问句可以用have (had),也可以用do (did)。但是,如果陈述部分是否定式,那么附加疑问用have (had) 还是用do (did) 要与陈述部分保持一致。A 肯定句B 否定句2) 意义不是“有”的附加疑问形式:当have (had) 表示其它行为动作意义时,只能用do (did)。3) 陈述部分带have (had) to:当陈述部分带have (had) to时,附加疑问可用have (had) 或do (did),但以do (did)为常见,尤其在否定句中,不宜用have (had)。A 肯定句B 否定句4)陈述部分的谓语是have sth. done:当陈述部分的谓语是have sth. done时,附加疑问部分要根据陈述部分的时态来决定其恰当的形式。5) must表示推测意义:当must表示推测意义时,附加疑问部分的形式必须根据must之后的不定式、时间状语选用相应的动词形式。must之后是be就用be的一般现在时(am, are, is),若是带有具体过去时间的不定式完成式就用一般过去时助动词(did),如果是没带具体过去时间状语的不定式完成式就用现在完成时助动词(have, has)。6)表示否定猜测:表示否定猜测(从应试角度来说)不宜用mustnt be而要用cant be。附加疑问部分的形式必须根据cant之后的不定式、时间状语选用相应的动词形式。cant之后是be就照用can,若是带有具体过去时间的不定式完成式就用一般过去时助动词(did),如果是没带具体过去时间的不定式完成式就用现在完成时助动词(have, has)。 7)陈述部分带used to:当陈述部分带used to时,附加疑问可用use(d)nt或didnt,在口语里多用didnt。8) 陈述部分带need:当陈述部分带need时,附加疑问部分要与陈述部分need的词性保持一致。即need是情态动词就用need,若need是实义动词就用do / does (did)。A 情态动词B 实义动词9)陈述部分是肯定祈使句:当陈述部分是肯定祈使句时,附加疑问部分可以有两种形式,可根据语气选用will you, wont you, would you, can you, cant you, could you, why dont you等。如用please 加上will you或would you可使语气更加缓和。但是,当陈述部分是否定句时,附加疑问部分不宜用否定形式,常用will you或can you。A 肯定句B 否定句10) 陈述部分带有否定意义的词:当陈述部分带有否定意义的词时,附加疑问的谓语总是用肯定形式。这类否定意义的词常见的有seldom, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, never, little, few, nobody, no one, no等。11) 陈述部分带有否定前缀:当陈述部分带有否定前缀的词时,附加疑问部分的谓语总是用否定式。12) 陈述部分是I am :当陈述部分是I am 时,可用正式的英语形式am I not,也可用口语体的英式英语arent I,或美式英语aint I。aint I原为教育程度不高的人之用语,但现已用得相当普遍,尤其在美国,许多受过良好教育的人也用aint I于疑问句里。13) 以引导词There开始的句子:附加疑问部分重复用there。14) 以指示代词This, That, These, Those作主语的句子:附加疑问部分的主语不能重复前面的代词This, That, These, Those,而要根据单、复数意义选用it或they。 15)动词不定式短语、动名词短语、介词短语、从句等作陈述部分的主语:以动词不定式短语、动名词短语、介词短语、从句等作陈述部分的主语时,附加疑问部分的谓语形式一般都是与主句的对应相反,附加疑问的主语一律用it。16) one作陈述部分的主语:以one作陈述部分的主语时,附加疑问部分的主语可用正式语体one,在非正式语体里,英国英语用you,美国英语既可用you也可用he。如果在前面的陈述部分中已经用了he 或his,那么在后面的附加疑问里只能用he。17) one作陈述部分的主语:以Each of / Every one of作陈述部分的主语时,附加疑问部分的主语可用he强调个体,或用they强调全体。当陈述部分的限定范围是you或 us时,附加疑问部分必须对应使用you或we。但是,以everything作陈述部分的主语时,附加疑问部分的主语用it而不宜用they。18)不定代词作陈述部分的主语:以不定代词everybody (everyone), anybody (anyone), nobody (no one), none作陈述部分的主语时,附加疑问部分的主语既可用he,也可用they,但在现代英语中一般都倾向于用they,尽管用they与数的原则不一致。19)强调句作陈述部分的主语:以强调句作陈述部分的主语时,附加疑问部分的主语照用it。II. 构词法(Word Building / Word Formation)p11-40一、构词法的类型1.转化(Conversion),2.派生(Derivation),3.合成(Compounding),4.截短(Clipping),5.混成/混合(Blending),6.缩写 (Abbreviation)7.反转 (Backformation) 二、现代主要构词法 1.合成(Compounding) (p33-38)补充例词: keyboard online offline update upgrade homepage download upload cybercaf website input output2.混成/混合(Blending) (39-40)补充例词: netizen (internet +citizen) blog (web + log) webcam (web + camera) staycation (stay + vocation) orature (oral + literature) liger (lion + tiger) tigon (tiger + lion) universiade (university + olympiad) emoticon (emotion + icon) ringxiety (ringtone + anxiety) agritainment (agriculture + entertainment)glocal (globe + local)modem (modulator + demodulator)3.缩写 (Abbreviation) p40 (p60-61)1)缩合词 Initialism (p40)补充例词: WPS (Word Processing System) P-P (Plug and Play) OS (Operation System) GPS (Global Positioning System) DIY (Do It Yourself) EMS (Express Mail Service) GDP (Gross Domestic Product) ROK (the Republic of Korea) DPRK SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization)2)缩拼词 Acronyms (p40)补充例词: neet (Not educated, employed, trained) BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) VAT (Value Added Tax) SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) ECFA (Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement) ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)III. 名词 Nouns p42一、 一、三类集体名词的单、复数 p44 (p282-284) 1.只用单数谓语的集体名词 p44(p282) 2.只用复数谓语的集体名词 p45 (p282)3.可用单、复数谓语,但意义或强调点有一定改变的集体名词 p44 (p282-284)二、表示“1”个群体量词 p47-48, p133-135补充:a pack of wolves / dogs / hounds / hoodlums / fools / thieves / liesa swarm of ants / bees / flies / mosquitoes / insects / students / peoplea shoal (school) of fish / shrimps / whales / porpoises (dolphins) a flock of sheep / goats / chickens / ducks / geese / birds / sparrows / parrots / birds / sparrows / parrotsa flight of wild geese / swallows / swans补充:三、比较a heap of, a stack of, a pile of (p83)表示零乱的一堆用heap,整齐的一堆用stack,中性意义的一堆用pile。四、合成词的复数形式 p52-53 (p65)合成词从单数变复数的一般原则是将主要成份,即表示“人”的意义部分变为复数,如果分不出哪个成份重要,就将末词变成复数。五、单、复数同形的名词 p53-54 (p62-63)1.无论单、复数意义总用单数形式的名词p53,(p62)two / one aircraft (hovercraft, spacecraft, sheep, fish, bison), 补充:head, yoke, dozen, score注:用复数时则表示笼统数量。2.无论单、复数意义总用复数形式的名词p54,(p63)a / two species (means, works) 补充:barracks, headquarters, crossroads, lazybones, series, the newlyweds (可指一对或若干对新婚夫妇)六、名词所有格 p56-61 (p68-70)1.模糊关系(主动/被动)(p68)2.部分与整体关系(与of属格连用) p60 (p68)补充:(非部分与整体关系)(3) Do you know the name of the girl standing at the gate? /Do you know the girls name standing at the gate?(4) the king of Spains daughter = the Spanish kings daughter(4) Might I ask for a photo of Mr. Strakov? p244(5) This is a photo of Smith. / cf. This is Smiths photo. This photo is Smiths. This is a photo of Smiths.3.强调情感 p60,88,94,(p69)补充:4.并列名词所有格 (p69)表示各自所属关系时,要在各个限定名词后用所有格。如表示共同的属性,则仅将最后的限定名词变成所有格。5.复合名词所有格 (p69)(1) He is my brother-in-laws friend.(2) They are my two brothers-in-laws friends.6.不定代词 + else的所有格 (p70)七、名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别 p65 (自学)一般原则:名词表示“材料或本身属性”,形容词表示“描绘性”。IV. 冠词 Articles p66-81 (p71-75)一、概说,冠词的基本用法,各类名词前的冠词用法,不用或省略冠词的情况 (自学)二、类指 p69, (p72-73)类指是指不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词都可以表示某一类人或物,常能通用。注:但是,有时还要考虑逻辑或事实是否合理,因此有时不能通用。补充:表示诞生或灭亡时只用定冠词加单数名词例外:(6) Man cant live without air.V. 代词Pronouns p82-122 (p72-73)一、代词的分类(九类) p82 (自学)1. 人称代词 (Personal Pronouns)2. 物主代词 (Possessive Pronouns)3. 自身/反身代词 (Self Pronouns) / (Reflexive Pronouns)4. 相互代词 (Reciprocal Pronouns)5. 指示代词 (DemonstrativePronouns)6. 疑问代词 (Interrogative Pronouns)7. 连接代词 (Conjunctive Pronouns)8. 关系代词 (Relative Pronouns)9. 不定代词 (Indefinite Pronouns)二、部分代词用法比较1.相互代词 each other, one anotherp91-92 (p75-76)2.疑问代词 which, whop96-97 (p76)补充:3.不定代词 p107-122 (p78-82)1) everyone (everybody) / every one; anyone (anybody) / any one 的用法比较 (p78)everyone (everybody) 和anyone (anybody) 只能指人不能指物,可用、也可不用介词短语作定语(但of介词短语除外,即不能用of介词短语);every one或any one指人时必加上of短语;指物时可加、也可不加介词短语。2) no one (nobody) / none; p109nothing / none的用法比较 (p79)no one (nobody) 指人不指物,可用或不用介词短语作定语(一般不用No one + of短语,但是There is no one of but 的句式表示双重否定除外)。none可指人或物,可加或不加of介词短语。 注1:none作主语时,如果指可数名词,其谓语形式可用单或复数。若指不可数名词则谓语形式用单数。此外,如果后面有一个比较范围,则要根据被比较对象的数概念来决定其谓语形式。注2:在回答who提问时要用no one或nobody, 回答其余的问题则用none;若回答what提问则用nothing,而回答其它问题就用none。p1093) each / every的用法比较(p80)each指两个或以上概念,every指三个或以上概念;each强调个性,every说明共性。 补充:三、both 的正确用法 (p80-82)1.保持平衡2.避免冗语(1) The twins both appeared in the film. (2) The twins appeared together in the film. (3) The twins both appeared together in the film. X)3.不改搭配(1) Both his brother and his sister are painters. (2) His brother as well as his sister are painters.(3) Both his brother as well as his sister are painters.4.注意位置 p117-118,(p81-82)both在be动词、助动词之后,在行为动词之前。如果带有否定词not,则both位其后并表示部分否定。5.合乎逻辑(1) Both proposals (Either proposal) will have my support. / Both of us are (Either of us) is willing to help you.(2) You may park your car on either side (on both sides X) of the avenue before you enter the convention and exhibition hall. 6.both与all的区别四、another, other, the other p119-120VI. 数词与量词 Numerals and Quantifiers p123-136 一、基数词(Cardinal Numerals)与序数词(Ordinal Numerals)(自学)二、不定冠词加序数词的用法 p127 (p83) 表示意料之外、计划外或无可奈何的次数要用不定冠词加序数词。三、分数词 Fractional Numerals p129-1301. Numerator being 1, its denominator is of singular form. cf. one-fifth, one-seventh2. Numerator being two or over, its denominator is of plural form. cf. two-thirds, five-ninths四、数量词 Quantifiers p133-135(Already mentioned above)VII. 动词概说 The Generality of Verbs p137-178一、动词的种类 1.及物动词 Transitive Verbs2.不及物动词 Intransitive Verbs3.兼有及物和不及物的动词 Ergative Verbs4.双宾动词 Ditransitive Verbs5.成语动词(短语动词)Phrasal Verbsp147-152 / cf. 动词短语 Verbal Phrases (Verb Phrases) p339-340 (p92)6.系动词 Link Verbs (Copulas Copulae)7.助动词和情态动词 Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Verbs补充:二、系动词appear、look、seem的用法比较 p153, 156, 158 (p84-90)1.共同点 (p84-88) (自学)2.不同点 (p88-90)1)可用appear to be或seem to be加名词作表语,但不用look to be加名词作表语。如有形容词修饰名词,也可以省略to be。2)如果表示主观意愿,只用appear而不能用look或seem。3)常说look like,seem like,几乎不说appear like。4)appear, seem之后可跟that引导的从句,但不用look引导that从句。to me或that均可以省略。5)appear, seem可后跟to do(或to have done),但不用 look to do(或look to have done)。6)有appear (seem) not 正式语体,也有not appear (seem) 非正式语体的形式。7)appear, seem 通常不用进行时,而look可用,但用进行时一般不宜与不定式连用。8) look后可直接加年岁或基数词age, years,thirty, seventy等,但appear,seem不宜。9)appear, seem 可与there连用,但look不能。10)appear, look侧重从外观、外表看起来像,而seem主要是根据说话人的自身经验、感想等看起来像。11)常用seem而不是appear或look来表示说话人自身的感觉,除非是自己想要在表面上刻意表现出来,或表面上像但其实不然,这时要用appear。VIII. 时态 Tenses p173-174, 179-219 (p98-113)一、时态的概念与种类 p1731.时间:现在、过去、将来、过去将来2.行为:一般、进行、完成、完成进行二、时态的名称与时态的时间不一致的用法 p181-190(p98-100)1.一般现在时表示过去 p181-182 球赛解说、剧情介绍、书信材料、标语通告、图片说明等内容常用一般现在时表示过去行为动作。p2642.一般现在时表示将来 p182-183, p193 按预先规定、计划安排或时间表要进行的事件,无论口、笔语均可用一般现在时。3.现在进行时表示平时 p188-189,60 现在进行时与always, constantly, forever, perpetually连用表示平时的情况时,一般是表达说话人的某种态度或情绪,但是,那未必是事实。三、be going to do、be to do、be about to do、be due to do的用法比较p192-195 (p100-101)补充:四、现在完成时since从句或短语的正确理解,即现在完成时含有since从句或短语所表示的行为状态的终止性或延续性 (p104-105)since作连词引导状语从句,无论该从句的谓语是终止性动词、还是持续性动词的过去时,或since作介词引导名词短语,since从句或since短语所指的时间意义通常都表示该动作或状态的结束而不是延续到现在。换句话说,1)since之后如跟终止性动词,则按字面原意理解,即终止;2)如跟表示时间概念的名词或数词,则表示开始;3)如跟事件名词、地点名词、4)持续性动词、状态动词,则均表示结束,这时往往都从“否定方面或原义反面理解”。 (李永生实用英语语法疑难解析p35-36; 颜钰英语语法难点例解p17-18,p277; 薄冰英语语法指南p391, 407-408, 817-818; 赵振才英语常见问题解答大词典p1293, 1295;陆谷孙英汉大词典p1870;牛津高阶英汉双解词典 p1632)1.since之后跟终止性动词,按字面原意理解。2.since之后跟表示时间概念的名词或数词,则表示从此开始。(1) He has always loved labor since childhood. 他从童年起就一直热爱劳动。(2) I have known him well since we were boys together. 我们从小在一起以来,我就很了解他。(3) Nobody has seen him since last week. p208(4) I have changed my address since last year.(5) Shes been off work since Tuesday.(6) Ive been wearing glasses since I was three. 我从三岁起就一直戴眼镜。(7) I have known him since 1976. 我从1976年起就认识他了。3.since之后跟事件名词, 表示该事件已结束;跟地点名词,表示已离开该地点。(1) He has lived here since World War Two. 自从第二次世界大战结束以后,他一直住在这里。(2) I havent eaten anything since breakfast. 自早餐以后我还没吃过任何东西。注1:如果要表示该事件“开始”,则要用上since the beginning (the start) of e.g. He has lived here since the beginning (the start) of World War Two.(3) I havent had a taste of that dessert since New York. 自离开纽约后,我就没有尝过这种甜食了。(4) Hes been working in a bank since (leaving) school.4.since之后跟持续性动词或状态动词, 表示该行为或状态已结束。注2:在since引导的状语从句中,如果谓语是持续性动词的完成时(特别是动词为be时),那么所表示的动作或状态就意味着延续而不是已经结束。p205五、与现在完成时有关的几个主要谓语形式及其意义has (have) gone to、has (have) been to、has (have) been in、It is the first time sb. has done p205-206 (p107-108) / cf. It was the first time sb. had done p212补充:注意just now所用的时态:(107)Just now可用于现在时或过去时,但不用于现在完成时。六、现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 p208-209 从完成性和连续性两方面进行比较七、表示愿望未实现所用的时态、句式p201, 212, 254-255, (p101, 109-110, 139)1.was (were) about to do.when.p2012.was (were) to have done. but.p2543.具有愿望意义的动词如hope、intend、mean 、think、expect、plan、wish、desire 、long、want、suppose等用于过去完成时。p212e.g. had hoped to do补充:4. 具有愿望意义的动词如hope、intend、mean 、think、expect、plan、wish、desire、long、want、suppose等用于过去时+完成不定式(英)。 (p109-110)e.g. hoped to have done5. intend 和mean用于过去时+一般不定式 (p110)e.g. intended to do, meant to do八、时态的呼应与不呼应 p217-219 (p111-112, p287)补充:九、let alone (much less、still less、even less)之后接的动词形式 (p112-113)let alone (much less, still less, even less) 之后接的动词形式要与前面句子最后的动词形式保持一致,其意义等同“to say nothing of (not to speak of) + 名词或动名词”。 注1:若let alone后接的动词与前面句子最后的动词一样,通常将其略去。注2:let alone后接的名词结构部份要跟前面句子的主语结构保持平衡一致。IX. 被动语态 Passive Voicep220-235 (p113-117)一、被动语态的基本形式 p220 be + 过去分词二、被动语态常用时态p176, 223-224 主要用于除了“将来进行时”和“过去将来进行时”以外的12个 时态。即通常没有这两种形式: will be being done would be being done三、带情态动词的被动结构 p225e.g. can / could / may / might be+ done四、各种非谓语动词的被动结构 p229-232e.g. to be done being done get done / become done 注:在不影响理解的前提下,口语中常见以主动形式代替被动形式。e.g. He asks the price of land per one square meter to buy (to be bought). 五、被动语态使用的前提 p232-234补充:六、被动语态的几个问题(p113-117)1.双宾主动结构变为被动结构具有双宾的主动结构变为被动结构,既可将间接宾语(对象)、也可将直接宾语(内容)变成被动句的主语,但前一种情况居多,即将间接宾语变为被动结构的主语,而将直接宾语保留下来作句子的主语补足语(称为保留宾语Retained Object)。1)间接宾语(对象)直接宾语(内容)(1) Most schools award the best students scholarships. (主动)(2) The best students are awarded scholarships.(被动,间宾变主语)(3) Scholarships are awarded to the best students.(被动,直宾变主语)2)动词宾语,介词宾语(1) Most schools award scholarships to the best students. (主动)(2) Scholarships are awarded to the best students.(被动,动宾变主语)2.假主动语态Pseudo Active Voice (p90-91, 116-117) 有些句子的形式是主动结构但意义却是被动,有语法学家称之为假主动语态(Pseudo Active Voice),也可将此类形式看作是一种系表结构。这类句子所用的动词多为wash, iron, write, sell, cut, clean, lock, translate, wear, play, start, peel, cook, keep, burn, last, read, feel, taste, open, shut, close等。X. 虚拟语气 Subjunctive Moodp236-252 (p117-126)虚拟语气从动词的使用形式上大致分为三大类:一、 一、现在虚拟式 p237-238, p245-250 (p117-118)现在虚拟式指的是使用动词原形的形式。(主要是表示祝福或祝愿、诅咒、发誓或是其他惯用语)(1) God bless you! / May God bless you! / God save all living things! / May there never be another world war. / Long live the world peace! / Long live the Peoples Republic of China!(2) The devil take you! / May the devil take you! / God forbid!(3) Heaven forbid that I should ever say nasty things about you. 其他惯用法: p248-252注1:从句中可用be;如果不是固定短语或倒装句,也可用陈述语气p249;主句均用陈述语气。 (4) Though he be / is the president himself, he shall hear us. (5) Whether she be / is right or wrong, we will support her. (6) Whatever be the reasons for his action, / Whatever the reasons may be for his action, we cannot tolerate such disloyalty. (7) Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose.(8) Come what may, we will go ahead with our scheme.(9) Let it be so. = So be it. = Be it so. 就这样吧或那就算了吧。(表示许可或听之任之)/ If you do not wish my friendship, so be it.(10) Home is home be it ever so homely / . though it is ever so homely. (11) Far be it from me to spoil your fun.(12) We suggested that he (should) put off his journey till next Monday afternoon. (13) If need be, well go and have a look. 注2:带有If need(s) be的主句既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气。p252e.g. If need be, I can do extra work at the weekend. / If need(s) be, hed go and consult a doctor. 二、过去虚拟式 p238 (p118-119)过去虚拟式指的是使用动词过去时的形式。(主要是表示愿望或假设的情况与现在或将来的现实相反)(1) If only I were not / cf. had not been so nervous. p238补充:注意if only的不同用法A 表示条件“只要”e.g. If only it clears up, well go.B 表示强烈愿望e.g. If only he arrives in time.C 表示与现在事实相反的假设e.g. If only Dad could see me now!D表示与过去事实相反的假设e.g. If only you had worked with greater care! / If only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. (2) If I were

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