大纲样题四——概括大意.doc

考研新题型概括大意Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community Choose the most suitable heading from the list AF for each numbered paragraph（4145） The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered There is one extra heading which you do not need to use Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 （10 points）又是direction 第一句告诉你文章的主旨大意。 Plagiarism 剽窃。文章和学院里面的剽窃现象有关。第一步，读一下文章的首段，了解这个文章的大意。Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another persons ideas In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of ones ideas Simply stated, plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as ones own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another”读完这个段落，我们也能知道一个我们不认识的单词Plagiarism的意思是剽窃。也知道了文章和剽窃有关。第二步，还是读小标题，得到核心含义，这个时候找核心含义就非常简单了。A What to do as a student? 作为学生应该做什么。 核心词汇是studentB Various definitions of plagiarism剽窃的各种定义 C Ideas should always be sourced Be sourced source 来源 发起人 D Ignorance can be forgiven 无知可以被原谅。E Plagiarism is equivalent to theft 剽窃等于偷窃F The consequences of plagiarism 剽窃的后果。第三步，是看各个备选段落的首句，尾句，和第二句，迅速的寻找我们的核心含义。好看一下，41题。下面的段落。Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another persons ideas In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of ones ideas Simply stated, plagiarism is“the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as ones own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another”41The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources看见了 我们的第一句里面有一个单词是penalties 第二个句子又有我们的punishment惩罚对应于什么？对应于剽窃的后果吧。所以41的答案是F.42Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self critical in their use of other scholars ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students inexactness in identifying sources properly They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention学生应该避免各种类型的plagiarism 这里出现了两个题目的核心概念就是A和B到底选哪个？有思路的话，应该是students 为什么，第一，must avoid 必须避免。就对应于学生应该做什么吧。第二因为如果你想说various types 你应该直接说分类的问题，而不是避免，更没有必要提到students。而谈论学生做什么时候，当然可以提到学生要避免各种类型的剽窃。所以正确答案就是A 选项。43看首句 尾句Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writers inability to decide or remember where the idea came from He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished先出现的概念是偶然的抄袭， 作者的无能 后面是可以be exempt from免除豁免惩罚。 对应于那个小标题。D Ignorance can be forgiven 无知可以被原谅。这个题目也出来了。44Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources The techniques for documentationnote-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliographyare easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references Although “there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,”the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged看第一句出现的是acknowledge their sources，最后一句又是when his sources for ideas are challenged这个段落里面，出现的唯一的一个核心概念是source ，所以优先考虑的是C Ideas should always be sourced 想法必须说明来源。 这里我强调一点，我们考试就是为了获得分数，根据sourced 已经能判断出这个题目的答案了，就可以了。这个题目，如果你用我们的方法非常的简单，但是如果不用方法，有一点基础又不是有很高英语水平的同学就麻烦了，因为be sourced 很多同学会错误的理解为原创。这样的话，这个题目就做错了，不是原创的意思，是必须指出来源。一定要说明是引用谁。 充分理解这个意思，也能做出一个题目。根据联合国教科文组织的知识产权法，只有教师在授课的时候可以不说明知识的来源，剩下的情况全要说明知识的来源。45The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention第一句里面出现了一个重要的概念叫 academic thievery 学术偷窃，用这个东西就能判断出，对应于哪个选项。选什么？E Plagiarism is equivalent to theft 剽窃等于偷窃有同学说，老师thievery 我不认识怎么办？两个方法：第一 字母变换 p=b=f=v 第二， 根据最后一句immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable 或者是第二句的steals。一样能判断除正确答案是E选项。The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to do