《英汉翻译理论与实践》课程练习及答案.doc

一英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲 “翻译”溯源第2讲 翻译的本质第3讲 翻译的标准第4讲 翻译面面观 第5讲 翻译必有“失” / 失于此而得于彼 （两讲合并）第6讲 翻译与联想第7讲 翻译与语法第8讲 翻译与语体 第9讲 翻译与语篇第10讲 英汉十大差异第11讲 形合与意合 第12讲 代词的困惑第13讲 Connotation的翻译 第14讲 翻译与词典第15讲 以“模糊”求精确 第16讲 落笔知轻重 译文讲分寸第17讲 翻译最难是口吻 第18讲 翻译与形象思维第19讲 翻译与灵感思维 第20讲 英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）第21讲 翻译中的文化冲击 第22讲 思维是语言的脊梁 （两讲合并）第23讲 翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）二汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录第1讲 汉译英呼唤文字功力第2讲 语篇与翻译第3讲： 英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）第4讲： 理性概译：翻译之坦途 第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句 （两讲合并）第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）第8讲：从 “湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？第11讲：归化与异化-汉语习语的英译一英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习第1讲 “翻译”溯源试将下列文字译成汉语： 1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969) 2/ Translation may be defined as follows: The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) 3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)参考译文 1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。 2/ 翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料。 3/ 译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。译文应和原作同样流畅。第2讲 翻译的本质将下列段落译成汉语：1/ Some professional translation take considerable pride in denying that they have any theory of translation-they just translate. In reality, however, all person engaged in the complex task of translating posses some type of underlying or covert theory, even though it may be still very embryonic and described only as just being “faithful to what the author was trying to say.”（ Nida ） 2/ It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may see it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. The translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. And since this is so, the first business of the translator is to translate. (Peter Newmark) 参考译文： 1/ 一些职业翻译工作者相当得意地称他们没有翻译理论他们只顾埋头翻译。然而，事实上，所有从事翻译这项复杂工作的人都具有或隐或掩的理论，尽管这种理论尚处在萌芽状态，或者被轻描淡写地说成“忠实于作者想要说的”。（奈达）2/ 翻译，就是像原作者把思想变成文字那样，把一个文本的意思译成另一种语言。常识告诉我们翻译应该是简单的，就如一个人能够用一种语言自如表达，也能够用另一种语言自如表达一样。但从另一方面来说，你也许会觉得翻译是复杂的、做作的以及虚假的，因为在使用另一种语言的时候，你实际上在扮演一个非你的角色。翻译不可能是简单的复制，或者，也不可能是如出一辙的原本。既然如此，译者的第一任务就是翻译。(纽马克)第3讲 翻译的标准请将下列段落译成汉语： Translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describe them here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified; Secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage; Thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation; Lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preference are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences. (Peter Newmark) 参考译文： 首先，翻译是一门科学，它需要对事实的认知、核查，需要懂得描述这些事实的语言 - 错误的内容，错误的事实，应该得以鉴别。 第二，翻译是一种技巧，它需要恰当的语言和约定俗成的用法。 第三，翻译是一门艺术，它识优辨劣，是一种创造性的、凭直觉的，有时是闪烁灵感的翻译。最后，翻译是一种风格，它弥合了分歧，显示了个人的偏爱，形形色色精彩纷呈的译文折射了译者的特点。（纽马克）第4讲 翻译面面观 试将下列句子译成汉语：1/ No hand can make the clock strike for me the hours that we are passed.2/ It is very difficult to know people and I dont think one can ever really know any but ones own countrymen. 3/ They never fail who die in a great cause.4/ A lie can be halfway round the world before the truth has got its boots on.5/ So swift was the advance that the German did not have time to destroy the harbor facilities at Antwerp.6/ The record was considered soft since it was set last May.7/ Work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. 8/ Then she saw her husband and two middle-aged men who looked like brokers siting at a table in the corner. 9/ We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.10/ Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.11/ As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. If handwriting reveals character, writing reveals it still more.12/ Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably.参考译文：1/ 光阴如流水，一去不复返。2/了解人不是一件容易的事；我觉得一个人除掉他本国人以外，很难说真正了解什么人。3/为伟大事业而死，决不是失败。4/ 真话未出门，谎言行千里。5/ 盟军进展神速，德军来不及破坏安特卫普的港口设施。6/ 这个记录是去（今）年五月创造的，人们并不认为这是什么无法超过的记录。7/ 工作是医治人间一切疾病和厄运的良药。8/ 不一会儿，她瞧见丈夫跟两个经纪人模样的中年人在屋角的一张桌子边坐着。9/我们可以读道关于5000年前近东的情况记载，因为在近东，人们首先学会了写字。10/ 石头不会腐烂，因而远古年代的石器遗留了下来，尽管制作这些器具的人的尸骨早已荡然无存。11/ 警察有句话：只要你开口，证据就在手。字如其人，文尤如其人。12/ 不管追求什么目标，都应该坚持不懈。第5讲 翻译必有“失” / 失于此而得于彼 （两讲合并）1试将下列这段文字译成英语，注意黑体字部分： It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. “Built-in obsolescence” provide the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get thinner and thinner. You no sooner acquire this years model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage pocket. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and “fringe benefits” are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind of have led to the “brain drain”, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the higher bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer. 参考译文 不仅是在富裕社会中人们会被多多赚钱的想法弄得不能自拔。对消费品处处有需求，而现代工业则着意要创造新市场。工业品被作得永久耐用的日子已经一去不返了，工业必须时刻更新换代，保持向前发展，而商品的“内设废弃性”则为此提供了途径：制造一件商品，就意味着将来要废弃这件商品。轿车作得越来越单薄。你刚买下今年的新车型，可能就得考虑如何替代它了。 这种实利主义的观念已严重波及教育。如今，越来越少的年轻人为了求知本身的乐趣而求知。每门课程都必须带来实际的好处，比如说更丰厚的工资。由于对技能人才的求远大于供，大公司竞相在学生尚未完成学业之时就先录用他们，为他们提供的是诱人的薪水和附加福利。这样的人才录用策略已导致“人才流失”，也就是高技能人才流向出最高价码的雇主。富国如此这般地从与它相邻的穷国掠走了他们最富才干的公民。在对财神的膜拜已经史无前例的今天，富则更富，穷则更穷。2试将下列文字译成汉语，特别注意黑体字部分： 1/ The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith. 2/ I took home a briefcase full of troubles. As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain. So I picked up a book, settled into a comfortable chair and applied my own special therapysuper-slow reading. 3/ To the end, the Emperor, like an eagle deprived of its wings, remained submissive to his aunt. Ignorance added to a strong character was a double curse; stupidity joining hands with stubbornness was twice stupid.4/ The stage of mental comfort to which they had arrived at this hour was one wherein their souls expanded beyond their skins, and spread their personalities warmly through the room.参考译文： 1/ 世上的莫逆之交可能反目为仇。倾心呵护抚养成人的儿女到头来可能不念养育之恩。我们的至爱亲朋，我们以幸福与名声相托的人，也许会背叛其当初的誓词。 2/ 我带着满满一皮包伤透脑筋的问题回到家里。黄昏时分，既闷热，又潮湿，我坐下来，满脑子翻腾起伏的问题似乎找不到解决的办法。我只好拿起一本书，坐在舒适的椅子里，施展自己的特殊疗法了那便是超慢速阅读。 3/ 皇上象个剪去双翅的仓鹰，一直对这位大权在握的老伯母必恭必敬，百依百顺。愚而妄，其为祸害则加倍的强烈。愚蠢再与刚愎携手，则愚蠢倍增。 4/ 他们那时所达到的欢畅阶段是：神游身外，脱则形骸，满眼生花，一室生春。第6讲 翻译与联想试将下列文字译成汉语,特别注意黑体字部分 1/ At the beginning of a romance, a persons habits may seem unimportant or even endearing, but over the long term his nightly snoring or her thing about never raising the window shades can begin to grate. 2/ The best indication of whether a man or woman is capable of genuine friendship with a mate, social psychologists say, is whether he or she has close, nonsexual friends of the opposite sex. Also important, says Pittman, is whether that person is friends with his parents, since someone still at war with his parents is probably not ready for friendship with a romantic partner. 3/ In a fruitful argument, each partner explains why her or she is mad while the other one listenswith respect. Long-term happy couples also tend to argue calmly. Loss of controlyelling, sobbingseldom helps solve problems. “Couples whose relationship has improved over time usually have learned to keep the lid on arguments,” says Gottman. “They de-escalate anger by suggesting a compromise or solution.”4/ Feelings of love may wax and wane during a relationship, but trust is constant. Infidelity is the most devastating betrayal of trust a couple can experience. That survey found that when one partner had sex outside the relationship, the couple were more likely to break up. Even a little bit of infidelity can set forces in motion that eventually wrech a marriage. Only when we trust our lover to be faithful and know that he or she can trust us do we fell comfortable and at peace with our own conduct and our relationship. 5/ Successful couples dont take each other for granted but work constantly at rejuvenating their good feelings for each other. The most satisfied couples put the thought and energy into their relationship that they put into their children or career.参考译文 1/ 罗曼史伊始,个人习惯似微不足道,抑或还惹人喜爱.但是久而久之,他夜半的鼾声,或是她从不卷启窗帘的小节开始令人不快。 2/ 社会心理学家认为,一个男人和一个女人是否能成为真挚友谊的相托者,其最佳标志是:他或她是否具有亲密而又无性关系的异性朋友.皮特曼说,此人与其父母是否友好也不可忽视。既与父母为敌，也许与情人无友情而言。 3/ 一个富有成果的争论中，双方解释他或她为何激怒，而另一方则洗耳恭听。长久的和睦夫妇惯于冷静地争辩。失去控制吼叫、哭泣无济于事。“经岁月磨合了关系的夫妇通常学会调控争吵。”高特曼说，“他们会用提出让步与解释来息怒。” 4/ 卡拉斯勃龙说：“朝夕相处，爱情会退潮，但是彼此信任却天长地久。”不忠，是一对夫妇所经历的对信任的最大破坏。据一项对6000名夫妇的调查，社会学家菲力普勃鲁斯坦和柏泼斯克华尔兹发现：一旦一方有外遇，夫妇即可能分道扬镳。“甚至一丁点的不忠也能最终导致婚姻的破裂。”斯克华尔兹说，“只有我们确信爱人忠贞不渝，并知道他或她可信赖我们，我们才能对我们自己的行为与关系感到心安理得。”5/ “成功的夫妇不是想当然地彼此相处，而是不断努力让彼此的好感情不断更新。”耶鲁的罗伯特斯坦勃格说，“最感满足的夫妇将其心思与精力投入其关系，又将其关系投入其子女及职业。第7讲 翻译与语法请将下列各句译成汉语，注意黑体字部分： 1/ I must confess that I did not expect a speech about oysters here, I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic cataclysm. 2/ By now I can count the blows again. The only pain I feel is in the lips I have been biting. 3/ I took the hall-porter of the hotel into my confidence, and asked if he had ever heard of Mr.Whiteman. 4/ “So thats it? You were trying to hold out on me, werent you?” She laughed softly. 5/ “My fathers dying,” said Soams between his teeth. “Im going up. Give my love to Annette.” 6/ Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 7/ Moreover, a successful scientist thinks he can improve the existing conditions, whether of pure or applied knowledge.练习参考答案: 1/ 不瞒您说，我并没有想到会在这里听到讲牡蛎。我原以为广岛还在经受那场原子灾难的影响。 2/ 现在我又可以计算打的次数了，我唯一的痛感来自一直紧咬着的双唇. 3/ 我向旅馆的行李搬运工吐露了心腹话,问他是否听说过惠特曼先生。 4/ “是这样吗？你刚才想把那事瞒过去，是吗？“她和蔼地笑了。 5/ “我的父亲快要不行了，”沙姆士低声说，“我要上伦敦去了。请替我向南安蒂问好。” 6/ 过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的爱情变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。 7/ 此外，凡是成功的科学家总认为他能够改进无论是基础知识还是应用知识的现状。第8讲 翻译与语体请将下列两段译成汉语： 1/ At a time when a towering personality like Mme. Curie has come to the end of her life, let us not merely rest content with recalling what she has given to mankind in the fruits of her work. It is the moral qualities of its leading personalities that are perhaps of even greater significance for a generation and for the course of history than purely intellectual accomplishments. Even these latter are, to a far greater degree than is commonly credited, dependent on the stature of character.The greatest scientific dead of her lifeproving the existence of radioactive elements and isolating themowes its accomplishment not under the most extreme hardships imaginable, such as the history of experimental science has not often witnessed. If but a small part of Mme. Curies strength of character and devotion were alive in Europes intellectuals, Europe would face a brighter future. 2/ One evening my sister was sleeping in her bedroom upstairs while her eight-year-old son, Jason, was in his room on the first floor. Suddenly she was wakened by a loud crash. A van has run off the road, smacked into the side of the house and come to a stop in the living room. Her first thought was of her son. “Jason!” she yelled outand from downstairs her son yelled back, “I didnt do it, Ma!”参考译文 1/ 在象居里夫人这样一位伟人与世长辞的时候，我们不要仅仅满足于回忆她以自己的科研成果对人类所作的贡献。杰出人物的道德品质，与其纯才智成就相比，也许具有更重大的意义；无论是对于一代人，还是对于历史进程，都是如此。甚至这些才智成就本身也取决于崇高品格，其依赖程度远远超过人们通常所能想见的。她一生中最伟大的科学功绩证明了放射性元素的存在，并把它们分离出来之所以能取得，不仅要归功于她大胆的直觉，而且要归功于她在人们很难想象到的极端艰苦的实践中所表现出来的工作热忱和坚韧毅力，当时条件之艰苦在实验科学史上也是罕见的。居里夫人的坚毅性格和献身精神，哪怕只有一小部分能在欧洲知识分子身上再现，欧洲也就会迎来更加光辉的未来。2/ 一天晚上我姐姐睡在楼上的卧室里，她8岁的儿子杰森在一楼自己的房里。突然，她被一阵巨响震醒。一辆运货车偏离了道路，冲入了房内，在客厅里才停住。她的第一个念头是她的儿子。“杰森！”她大吼道。不料，从楼下传来了她儿子的吼声，“妈，不是我干的！第9讲 翻译与语篇请改译以下译文： Love Is Not like Merchandise爱情不是商品 1/ A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personal experience, writes in to complain “if I steal a nickels worth of merchandise, I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of anothers wife, I am free.”佛罗里达州的一位读者显然是在个人生活中受过创伤，他写信来悲叹道：“如果我偷走了五分钱的商品，我是个贼，就要受到惩罚，但要是我偷走了别人妻子的爱情，我却没事。” 2/ This is a prevalent misconception in many peoples minds that love, like merchandise, can be “stolen.” Numerous states, in fact, have enacted laws allowing damages for “alienation of affections.” 这是许多人心目中普遍存在的一种错觉爱情，像商品一样，可以“偷走”。实际上，许多州都颁布法令，允许索取“情感转让”赔偿金。 3/ But love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, a change in the climate of the personality.但是爱情并非商品；真情实意不可能购买，出售，交易，或者偷走。爱情是意愿之果，感情之向，是个性潮流之变。4/ When a husband or wife is “stolen” by another person, that husband or wife was already ripe for the stealing, was already predisposed toward a new partner. The “lovebandit” was only taking what was waiting to be taken, what wanted to be taken.当丈夫或妻子被他人“偷走”，那个丈夫或妻子被“偷”的条件成熟，已经做好了接纳新伴侣的准备。这位“爱匪”不过是取走等候取走、盼望取走之物。5/ We tend to treat persons like goods. We ever speak of children “belonging” to their parents. But nobody “belongs” to anyone else; each person belongs to himself, and to God. Children are entrusted to their parents, and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right to remove from their parents trusteeship.我们往往待人如物。我们甚至说孩子“属于”父母。但是谁也不“属于”谁。每个个人只属于自己，属于上帝。孩子是托付给父母的，如果父母不善待他们，州政府有权取消父母的托管。 6/ Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheart being taken from us by somebody more attractive and more appealing. At the time, we may have resented this intruder but as we grew older, we recognized that the sweetheart had never been ours to begin with. It was not the intruder that “caused” the break, but the lack of a real relationship.我们中的多数人年轻时也许都有过情人被某个更漂亮、更具魅力的人夺走的经历。当时，我们也许怨恨这位“窃贼”，但是，随年岁的增长，我们认识到：所谓情人，原本就不属于我们。不是“窃贼”“导致”决裂，而是本来就缺乏真实的关系。 7/ On the surface, many marriages seem to break up because of a “third party.” This is, however, a psychological illusion. The other woman or the other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving a marriage that had already lost its essential integrity.从表面上看，许多婚姻似乎是因为有了“第三者”才破裂的。然而这只是一种心理幻觉。那个女人，或者那个男人，实际上掩盖了一个已经失却真正意义的婚姻的解体。 8/ Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, for people are not the captives or victims of others they are free agents, working out their own destinies for good or for ill.因爱情破裂而痛苦，因别人“插足”于自己与心上人之间而生复仇之心，是最没有出息、最自欺欺人的了。这是对事实的歪曲，因为谁都没有给别人当俘虏或牺牲品，他们都是自由的，不论命运是好是坏，都自己来做主。 9/ But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe that his beloved has freely turned away from him and so he ascribes sinister or magical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or a thief or a home-breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however, when a home is broken, the breaking has begun long before any “third party “ has appeared on the scene. 但是，遭离弃的情人或配偶无法相信他的心上人是自由地背离他的，因而他归咎于插足者心术不正或迷人有招。他把他叫做催眠师、窃贼或家庭破坏者。然而，从大多数事例看，一个家的破裂，是早在什么“第三者”出现之前就开始了的。 参考译文：1/ 佛罗里达州的一位读者显然是在个人生活中受过创伤，他写信抱怨：“如果我偷了五分钱的商品，我便是个贼，便要受罚，但是，如果我从别人那里横刀夺爱，却没事。” 2/ 这是一个普遍的误解：爱情，犹如商品，可以“偷走”。实际上，许多州都颁布了法令，允许索取“情感转让”赔偿金。3/ 然而，爱情并非商品；真爱，买不到、卖不了、不能交换、也不能偷盗。爱情，是意志行为，是感情转折，是个性风标的转向。4/ 当丈夫或妻子被“盗”，其实，该丈夫或该妻子被“盗”的时机已经成熟，他/她早已移情别恋，“爱匪”盗走之物，等候盗贼的光顾久矣。5/ 我们往往视人如物。我们总是说孩子“属于”父母。但是，在这个世界上，谁也不“属于”谁。每个人只属于自己，属于上帝。孩子不过是托付给了父母，如果父母不善待孩子，州政府有权取消父母的托管权。6/ 或许，我们中的多数人，年轻时也许都有过这样的经历：情人被某个更漂亮、更具魅力的人夺走了！当时，我们怨恨过这位“入侵者”，但是，随年岁的增长，我们认识到：所谓情人，原本就不属于我们。不是“入侵者”导致决裂，而是本来就缺乏坚实的关系。7/ 从表面上看，许多婚姻好像毁在“第三者”手里。然而，这只是一种心理幻觉。第三者不过是一个表象，它瓦解了一个早就失却了其内在完整性的婚姻而已。8/ 世上最没有出息、最自欺欺人之事莫过于因失却爱情而痛苦，因第三者的“插足”而萌生复仇之念。这其实是对事实的歪曲，因为人，并非他人的“俘虏”或“牺牲品”，他们都是自由的，命运是好是坏，都应该自己作主。9/ 然而，遭离弃的情人或配偶实在无法相信他心爱的人是自觉自愿地离他而去的，因此，他归咎于插足者心术不正或迷人有招。他把他叫做催眠士、窃贼或家庭杀手。然而，从大多数事例看，一个家庭的破裂，远远早于第三者“登场”之前。第10讲 英汉十大差异请将以下短文译成汉语：原文：Americans Eat Out More often and Less Healthfully Although food cooked at home is far more healthful than meals eaten at restaurants,