第九讲 宾语从句.doc

第九讲 宾语从句宾语从句的三要素：引导词、陈述句语序、时态一致1、宾语从句的引导词（1）由陈述句变成的宾语从句，用that引导，语序不变。that在句中无实际意义，可以省略。如：He is a teacher. He said (that) he was a teacher. I have already seen the film. He said that he (had) already seen the film.（2）由一般疑问句变成的宾语从句，用if或whether引导，表示“是否”，原来一般疑问句的语序要变为陈述句语序。如：Does the boy like English? The teacher asked me if the boy liked English. Are they students?I dont know if they are students. 注意：当宾语从句中出现“or not”或“or + 供具体选择的内容”时，就只能用whether来引导。例如： I dont know whether he will come back soon or not. （3）由特殊疑问句变成宾语从句时，疑问代词或疑问副词作宾语从句的引导词，并在宾语从句中充当成分，表示对不清楚的人、事物、时间、地点、方式等的询问。原来特殊疑问句的疑问语序要变为陈述语序。如：Who is that boy? Miss Li wants to know who that boy is. What does the girl want to buy? He asked what the girl wanted to buy. Where have they gone? I didnt know where they had gone. When did you leave? He asked when I left. 2宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序，即宾语从句的主语前不可有be动词、情态动 词或助动词do, does, did, have, has, had等。3时态一致性，即若主句时态是现在时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定；若主句是过去时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），宾语从句的时态也用过去时态，如：We know he is a teacher at a school. We know he lost his son last year. We know he will come here soon. He said that he was ill. 宾语从句：在复合句中做主句的宾语。宾语从句有三种情况。1表示陈述意义的宾语从句。由从属连词that引导。that本身没有意义，在非正式文体中和口语中常常被省略。e.g. He says (that) he is going to be an actor. 他说他将要当一个演员。My mother told me (that) she liked English very much when she was a student. 我妈妈告诉我说当她是学生时，她很喜欢英语。由that引导的宾语从句最为常见，能接that引导的宾语从句的动词有：say, think, wish, hope, see, believe, agree, hear, feel, know,等。2带有“是否，有否，对否，能否”等一般疑问意义的宾语从句，由从属连词whether或if引导。如果要突出“究竟是还是不”，常有whether后面加or not:e.g. He asked me if (whether) I knew John. 他问我是否认识约翰。I want to know whether (if) he lives there. 我想知道他是否在那儿住。 Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能不能来，请告诉我一声。3带有“谁，谁的，什么，哪个，什么时候，什么地方，怎样，为什么”等特殊疑问意义的宾语从句，由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, how, why引导。e.g. Tom wants to know where Nine lives. 汤姆想知道Nine住在哪里。Can you tell me what your name is? 你能告诉我你叫什么名字吗？ I dont know how she gets to school. 我不知道她是怎么上学的。宾语从句要注意以下几点：1宾语从句要用陈述句的语序。2当主句的时态是过去时时，从句中通常只能用过去时的某种时态。 但宾语从句中如果表示的是客观真理、自然现象等，则不受此限。e.g. Our teacher told us that Changjiang is the longest river in China. 老师告诉我们说长江是中国最长的河。 初识宾语从句：宾语从句位居四大名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）之首，是学习英语不可遗漏的语法项目。本篇将着重介绍有关宾语从句的概念，以及由that引导的宾语从句的特点等。 问一：什么叫宾语从句？ 答：顾名思义，能够充当宾语的句子即宾语从句。如： She says（that）she will leave a message on his desk Do you know where we can stay on the island？ 问二：宾语从句除主要作及物动词的宾语外，还可以充当以下几类词的宾语： 1、作形容词的宾语。此类形容词主要有 sure，afraid，glad，sorry，happy，surprised， pleased等。如： Im glad that you have come你来了，我很高兴。 2、作介词的宾语。如： She agreed with what I said at the meeting 她同意我在会上的发言。 3、作不定式的宾语。如： The boy liked to find out how things worked这孩子喜欢搞清楚各种事物是怎么回事。 4、作动词ing形式的宾语。如： Knowing that I studied well，my parents were very pleased我父母知道我学习好很高兴。 问三：课本上讲“宾语从句常由that引导，that在口语中常省略。”情况是不是总是如此呢？ 答：在由that引导的宾语从句中，由于连词that只起引导功能，无具体意义，不担当任何成分，因此在口语或非正式的文体中常可省略。然而，大凡规则总有例外的情况，在下列由that引导的宾语从句中，that则不宜省略： 1）主从句之间有插入语时，that不宜省略。如： It says here，on this card，that it was used in plays卡片上写着，它是古代演戏用的。 2）从句的主语是that时，that不宜省略。如： He says that that is a real kings hat他说那是一个真的王冠。 3）若that从句中含有主从复合句时，则 that不宜省略。如： Im afraid that if youve lost it，you must pay for it 4）若出现两个或两个以上的that宾语从句，且由并列连词连接时，只有第一个连词 that可以省去，其余须保留。如： She said（that）she would come and that she would also bring her son 她说她要来，还要带她的儿子来。 问四：怎样理解Today we think it important that we should learn a foreign language well 这句话的结构？其中it起什么作用？ 答：该句为一复合宾语结构，其中it为形式宾语，代替后置的真正宾语that从句，important是宾语补足语。在英语中，动词think，make，find，hear等接复合宾语（宾语宾语补足语）时，为了平衡句子结构或避免句子结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真实的宾语从句后置，从而形成“动词（如think，make等）it宾语补足语that从句”结构。再如： I made it clear that I would have no time to do that tomorrow 我已讲明了明天我没有时间做那件事。 问五：这里有一道同义句转换题，不知该怎么做？ He hopes that he will be back very soon He hopes _ _ _ very soon 答：这是一道涉及宾语从句简化的问题。 1当主句谓语动词是hope，agree， choose，wish，decide等，其后带（that）宾语从句，若主从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如： He decided that he would visit our school He decided to visit our school 2主句的谓语动词为see，watch，hear， find等时，宾语从句常简化为“宾语宾语补足语”结构。其中宾语由that从句的主语转化而来，宾补多为不带to的不定式或Ving分词。如： I heard that some children sang some songsI heard some children sing some songs因此，所提问题的答案应是：to be back。 巩固练习： A）同义句转换，每空一词。 1Tom s father saw that he was sitting on some egg s Tom s father saw _ _ on some eggs 2He agreed that he could help m e with m y English He agreed_ _ me with my English 3She didnt know the other peoples ideas because she didnt come to the meeting She didnt know what _ _ at the meeting B）根据汉语完成各句。 1.恐怕我不能回答这个问题。 Im afraid _ 2我们觉得他不帮助她是不对的。 We think _ wrong _ Key: 初识宾语从句 A）1him sitting 2to help 3was were said B）1（that）I cant answer this question 2it；that he didnt help her1 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时，用that来引导从句，其中的that无具体意义，一般可以省略。如： I hear (that) shes going to give me a call. Li Tao thought (that) the TV play was interesting. 2 当宾语从句由一般疑问句变化而来时， 可用if 或whether 来引导从句，意为是否。如： David asked her if/whether she slept well last night. 3 当宾语从句由特殊疑问句变化而来时，用连接代词who/whose/what/which 或连接副词when/where /why/how 来引导。如： Do you know where we can stay on the island? I dont know why Jane was late for school this morning. 二、 注意正确使用语序 在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序，即：引导词+主语+谓语+其它，还要注意原来的助动词或情态动词要符合相关的时态。如： When did the train leave? I want to know. I want to know when the train left. Does the shop close at six every day? Do you know?Do you know if/whether the shop closes at six every day? 三、注意正确使用时态 1 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，宾语从句时态不受限制，可以根据实际表达的需要来确定。如： I hear he is here today/he was here yesterday/he will be here tomorrow. 2如果主句是一般过去时， 宾语从句应与主句保持一致，即使用过去时态的某种形式。如： He said he was watching TV/he had swept the floor/he would play football after school. 3 如果宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象、科学真理等时，从句不受主句限制，用一般现在时。如： Everyone answered there are sixty minutes in an hour. 四、 注意否定提前 当主句的谓语动词为think, believe, suppose 等动词时，且主语为第一人称，从句的否定提前。如： I dont believe he is a doctor, is he? 五、 注意复合结构 在 find, make, think 等一些可带有复合宾语的动词后，为保持句子平衡，常将实际宾语（主要是that 引导的从句）后置，而使用形式宾语it。如： I think it important that we should learn English well.如何学好宾语从句？一、宾语从句的概念与位置：所谓宾语从句是指在复合句中充当宾语的句子，宾语从句紧随在主句动词、介词、间接宾语或形容词之后。1）动词之后：He says that he cant come tomorrow.2)介词之后：She isnt interested in what he is doing.3）间接宾语之后:Can you tell me who he is?4）形容词之后:Im afraid he is ill.二、宾语从句的连词1）宾语从句为陈述句。由that引导，这时that没有词义，只起引导作用，不充当句子成分，在口语或非正式文体中常常省略。eg. She says (that) she wants to go home now. I dont know(that) he is American.2）宾语从句为一般疑问句时，由连词if或whether引导eg .Do you know if/whether he has been to Japan?He asked if/whether I could help him.3）宾语从句为特殊疑问句时，由连接代词或连接副词引导，这时连词有词义，且在宾语从句中充当句子成分，常见的连接代词有：what, who, whom, whose, which;连接副词有:when, where, how, why, how many, how much, how old, how long etc.eg. Can you tell us what they are doing?（在宾语从句中作宾语）We dont know whose pencil this is.（whose在宾语从句中作pencil的定语并与pencil一起作表语）She asked who was the tallest in our class.（作主语）We dont know when the train arrives.（作时间状语）Please tell me how I can get to the post office. （作方式状语） Do you know how old she is?（作表语)三、宾语从句的语序陈述句语序：主句+连接词+陈述句语序的句子宾语从句四、宾语从句的时态：和主句一致1、当主句为现在时态时，宾语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制，可用所需的任何时态，如：Lily has gone to Beijing.I hear (that) Jim arrived two days ago.She will go there by plane.2、当主句为过去时态时，宾语从句的时态受主句时态的限制，一般只能用表示过去的某种时态，即：一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时 现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时1) She said,“We hope so.” She said（that） they hoped so.2) Jean said, “He will go to see his friend.” Jean said he would go to see his friend.3) She said, “I told her the news yesterday.” She said she had told her the news the day before.五、注意：1、主句：过去时态宾语从句说明的是客观真理或客观事实时，宾语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制，即时态不变。eg. Our teacher said that lights travel faster than sounds.我们老师说光比声音传播得快。The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth. 老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转，月球绕着地球转。2、主句：宾语从句中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语：时态不变。eg. Xiao Wang said, “I was born on April 21,1980.” Xiao Wang said he was born on April 21,1980.3、原句如果是祈使句，宾语从句应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等)sb.(not)to do sth句型。eg. 1) “Dont make any noise.” she said to the children.She told the children not to make any noise. 2) “Bring me a cup of tea, please,” said she. She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.4、宾语从句的否定：一般情况下，宾语从句的否定与一般句子的否定一样，但动词think, believe等后跟宾语从句时，宾语从句的否定通常前移至主句中 eg. I dont think you are right. 我认为你不对。eg. We dont believe she can swim.我们相信她不会游泳。5、宾语从句与反意疑问句连用规律含有宾语从句的反意疑问句有两种形式：1）反意部分和主句谓语动词呼应：He says that he is wrong, doesnt he?2）如果主句的主语是第一人称单数I且谓语动词为think, believe, suppose等,反意疑问句一般和宾语从句的谓语呼应。eg. I think he is right, isnt he? I dont believe that he will come, will he?六、Exercise:（一）单项选择：( )1. I wonder_ .A. Whose bike is it? B. it is whose bike C. is it whose bike D. whose bike it is.( )2. Do you know _?A. What has happened B. what happenC. what is happened D. what happening( )3. I want to know _come tomorrow. A. will she B. whether will she C. she will D. whether she will( )4. The small boy didnt know_ waiting for. A. whom were they B. whom are they C. whom they were D. whom they are( )5. Could you tell me _?A. where is nearest shop B. where is the nearest shop C. the nearest shop is where D. Where the nearest shop is( )6. Mother asked her daughter_ when she grew up.A. what she was B. what she would be C. What would she be D. What was she going to be( D ) 7.The small children dont know _A. what is their stockings in B .where is in their stockingsC. where is their stocking in D. whats in their stockings（ ）8. I dont know _ he will come tomorrow. _he comes, Ill tell you.A. if; Whether B. whether ;Whether C. if; That D. if; If( A )9. Please ask her_.A. whats wrong with him B. why she did that for. C. what the matter is with him D. what her father ( )10. She asked me if I knew _.A. whose pen is it B. Whose pen it was C. whose pen it is D. whose pen was it（二）句型转换：将下列句子变成宾语从句或同义句1. Does Marry work in that hospital? Will you tell me? Will you tell me _ Marry _ in that hospital?2. Has he handed in his homework? Do you know? Do you know_ he has handed in his homework?3. What did they fight about ? Do you know? Do you know what they_ _?4. When shall we have a meeting? Can you tell me? Can you tell me_ we _ _ a meeting?5. “Where do you live?” The policeman asked Tom. The policeman asked Tom where_ _.6. I havent decided where I should go for my holidays.（同义句） I havent decided _ _go for my holidays. 7. Can you tell me when we shall set off? （同义句）Can you tell me _ _ _ _?8. We all think they are clever. （同义句） We all think _ _.复习内容：宾语从句考点归纳 1掌握引导宾语从句的各种连词2掌握宾语从句的语序主句+连接词+主语+谓语3掌握宾语从句，主句与从句在时态上的呼应。重点：语序和时态呼应难点：语序和时态呼应；疑问词+不定式的转化；与状语从句的辨析考点梳理：一、宾语从句的连接词1连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg. He knew （that） he should work hard.2连词if 、whether，它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，在口语中多用if。eg. Tom dont know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.He asked me whether or not I was coming.一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，但以下3种情况只能用whether：在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.在介词前：It depends on（依靠） whether it is going to rain.与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.3连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which，连接副词when, where, why, how， 它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。eg. The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.I wonder where he got so much money.【注意】1由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。eg. I dont know how I should do with the presents. = I dont know how to do with the presents.2要注意区分判断由if、when引导的从句类型.二、宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，即“连接词+主语+谓语+其它成分”。特别强调：它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述语序，而不是疑问句的倒装结构。Can you tell me who（m） do we have to see?（）Can you tell me who（m） we have to see?（ ）The teacher asked the students what they were doing.（思考: what在从句中的成分）陈述句变为宾语从句时,要注意人称和时态的变化,语序不变。 eg. She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” She said she would leave a message on the desk.一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句时,也要注意人称和时态的变化,后面接陈述语序。Eg. “Where are the tickets?” I asked him. I asked him where the tickets are.三、宾语从句的时态呼应宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受到主句谓语时态的制约，此为时态呼应。如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，从句谓语的时态不受限制；如果主句谓语的时态是一般过去时，从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。eg. I thought （that） you are free today. （）I thought （that） you would be free today. （ ）【注意】当宾语从句叙述的是客观真理时，不管主句谓语的时态如何，从句都用一般现在时。eg. The teacher told us （that） the earth moves around the sun.四其他需要说明的问题1标点由主句决定，如主句是陈述句、祈使句，则用句号；是疑问句则用问号。eg. I heard she had been to the Great Wall. Can you tell me which bus I should take?2要注意个别句子中主从句人称的一致。五宾语从句和状语从句的区分eg. 1） I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.2） I dont know if the train has arrived.句1）中if引导的是状语从句。这个从句表示“条件”，修饰主句。整个句子的意思是如果明天天气好，我就出去。句2）中if引导的是宾语从句，充当谓语动词dont know的宾语。整个句子的意思是我不知道火车是否到达。判断方法：1可以从整个句式看。状语从句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（个别除外），宾语从句只能放在主句谓语动词之后。2从引导词看。if充当宾语从句的连接词时，相当于whether， 词义为“是否”，充当状语从句的连接词时，词义为“如果”。when充当宾语从句的连接词时，意为“什么时候”，充当状语从句的连接词时，意为“当的时候”。3从时态看。if和when作连接词时，引导宾语从句要注意：从句的谓语动词的时态应根据主句的时态作相应的变化。if和when充当从属连词时，引导条件和时间状语从句，若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，则从句的时态应用一般现在时表示将来。同步检测一、用合适的连接词填空1. Wang Hai told me _ he didnt go cycling yesterday afternoon.（how, why）2. Can you tell me _ else is going to be on duty today?（who, whom）3. She said _ it wouldnt matter much.（that, if）4. He always thinks _ he can do better.（how, who）5. I really dont know _ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）6. They dont know _ we are going hiking.7. She wanted to know _ her coat would be ready the next day.8. I was really surprised at _ I saw.9. I dont know _ so many people crowding round him10. Do you know _ shirt it is?二、句型转换1. When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改为宾语从句） Please tell me _ _ _ _.2. What does he do? Do you know? （改为宾语从句）Do you know _ he _?3. Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. （改为宾语从句） He asked the boys _ they _ fried chicken.4. Was the watch made in Shanghai? I dont know. （改为宾语从句）I dont know _ the watch _ made in Shanghai.5. “Do you want to try something new?” Toms mother asked him. （同义句） Toms mother asked him _ _ _ to try something new.6. I think this is a good idea.（改为否定句） I _ _ this _ a good idea.7. Lucy hasnt decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句） Lucy hasnt decided _ _ _ _ buy.8. I dont know宾语从句在初中英语语法中有着相当重要的地位，几乎每年的中考都有对宾语从句不同角度的考查。笔者认真研读了近年来有关宾语从句的中考题，发现其考查的重点一般都集中在以下几个方面：一、连接词宾语从句的连接词分为三类：1.引导陈述句用that（在口语或非正式文体中常常省略）。2.引导一般疑问句用if或whether。注意：下列几种情况通常使用whether：（1）在具有选择意义又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether；（2）在介词之后用whether；（3）在不定式前用whether等。3.引导特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词。中考题例：Wed like to know _ or not.（2004年山东潍坊）A. whether will the sports meeting comeB. if will the sports meeting comeC. whether the sports meeting will comeD. if the sports meeting will come答案与解析：答案为C项。题干中出现了or not，所以连接宾语从句的引导词要用whether，故选C项。二、语序在含宾语从句的复合句中，不管主句是陈述句还是疑问句，从句一律是用“连接词陈述句语序”，其标点符号由主句来决定。中考题例：- Excuse me，could you tell me _？- Certainly. Its over there along the street on the left.（2005年吉林）A. where the Peoples Park isB. where is the Peoples ParkC. the Peoples Park is whereD. the Peoples Park where is答案与解析：答案为A项。宾语从句一律使用陈述句语序，故选A项。三、时态1.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句的时态可视情况使用任何一种相关的时态。2.如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句必须使用过去相应的某一种时态。3.如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句是用什么时态，从句时态习惯上都用一般现在时。4.情态动词could / would用于“请求”，表示委婉、客气的语气时，从句时态不受主句的约束。中考题例：Do you know _ this time yesterday？ （2005年黑龙江）A. what she is cooking B. what is she cookingC. what she was cooking D. what was she cooking答案与解析：答案为C项。由时间状语this time yesterday可知，宾语从句应用过去进行时态，故选C项。四、否定转移当宾语从句表示否定的意义时，若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think / believe / suppose / expect等时，应在主句上加以否定。中考题例：I dont think _ rain this afternoon.（2005年江苏徐州）A. it wont B. its going toC. if its going to D. whether its to答案与解析：答案为B项。五、简化宾语从句在一定条件下，可以简化为“特殊疑问词+不定式”、“it +形容词+不定式短语”、复合宾语、动词不定式（名词、动名词、形容词或副词、过去分词）短语、名词和过去分词等。中考题例：I dont know what I should do with the letter.（改为简单句）（2005年山东烟台）I dont know what _ _ with the letter.答案与解析：答案为to do.当主句谓语动词是know，learn，forget，remember等，其后接疑问词（连接代词副词）引导的宾语从句，且该从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，宾语从句可简化成“疑问词（连接代词副词+不定式（短语）”结构，故空白处填to do。六、注意点if / when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if / when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if和when引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果”和“当的时候”，此时如果主句是一般将来时，从句部分则用一般现在时。中考题例：Were not sure if it _ tomorrow. If it _，we wont climb the South Hill.（2004年青海西宁）A. will snow；snows B. will snow；will snowC. snows；snows D. snows；will snow答案与解析：答案为A项。题干中前句if引导的是宾语从句，后句if引导的是条件状语从句，故选A项。宾语从句：用一个句子来做主句的宾语，我们把这个句子叫做宾语从句。如.2.We know that the earth goes around the sun.句中that 引导的句子做了宾语，因此，这个句子叫做宾语