2009年跨文化复习资料.doc

第一部分1.Culture is the deposit 沉淀of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions,notions of time ,roles ,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.2.Subculture亚文化群 refer to(指的是) a culture that exist within dominant 统治culture,and is ofren based on economic经济 or social class社会进阶,ethnicity种族划分,race种族,or geographic region地理区域.3.Subgroup亚群体,usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as把看做 accumulating累加 values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.4.Cultural identity文化身份 refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group指一些人对特定文化和特定民族的归属感5.Sender refers to the person who transmits传送 a message.6.Channel媒介 (sometimes called the medium)is the method used to deliver送 a message.7.Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.8.Intercultural communication跨文化交际 is communication berween people whose cultural perception感受 and symbol符号 system are distinct清晰 enough to 足以alter改变 the communication event.9.Interpretation解释 refers to attaching附属的 meaning to sense data感觉资料.10.Needs需求 affect影响 what people are more likely to attend to注意.11.Human perception看法 is usually thought of as a three-step process of selection选择,organization组织,and interpretation解释.12.sensation感动 is the neurological process神经过程 by which people become aware of意识到 their environment.13.perception感觉 involves higher-order cognition认识 in the interpretation解释 of the sensory information.感觉信息14.ethnocentrism民族优越感 refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture. 民族优越感是指一个人依据自己民族的判断对另一个民族做出的否定的判断。15.prejudice偏见 refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.偏见是指无理由的厌恶、怀疑、憎恨一个特殊的群体、人群、宗教或者是性取向的人群。16.racism种族歧视is any policy政策,practice惯例,belief信仰,or attitude态度 that attributes把。归咎于 characteristics特性 or status地位 to individuals独立基础 based on their race种族 .17.stereotyping定势 is used to refer to negative or positive judgments正面的和反面的判断 made about individuals based 独立基础on any observable or believed group membership.18.verbal intercultural communication 言语跨文化交际happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.19.pidgin混杂语言 is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposes such as trading.20. dialect方言 is a form of language peculiar to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary 文学language of the whole people.21.taboo禁忌 refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite.22.nonverbal communication非言语交际 refers to the messages sent without using words.23.oculesics视觉 is the study of nonverbal communication sent by the xemics近体学 is the way we use fixed space and personal space.25.kinesics举止神态 includes gestures,body movement,facial expressions,and eye contact.26.chronemics语速 is the study of how people perceive and use time.27.Members in the culture of high uncertainty avoidance 回避不确定因素have a lower tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.28.Individuals from high power distance权利距离 cultures accepr power as part of society.As a result,superiors consider their subordinates to be different from themselves and vice versa.29.people from high masculine男性 cultures tend to see same-sex relationships as more intimate than opposite-sex relationships.30.In collective集体主义 societies such as those in Pakistan,colobia,Venezuela,china and peru,people are born into extended families that support and pretect them in exchange for their loyalty.31.In japan,business is not conducted in Obon盂兰盆节(in mid-august),because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors.32.In India,”the traditional greeting is the namaste合十礼,formed by pressing the palms together,fingers up,below the chin.A slight bow may be added to show respect.”33.In Israel,the Jewish holy day,the Sabbath安息日 begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset on Saturday.Therefore,the business week runs from Sunday through Thursday.Conducting business on the holy day would be highly inappropriate.34.In Saudi Arabia,no business is conducted during the three-day festival of breaking fast at the end of the month of Ramadan斋月.35.Honeymoon蜜月 is the first stage of the intercultural adaptation when everything is new and exciting.36.Segregation 种族隔离occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact with the immigrants.37.Integration集合 is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.38.Assimilation同化 is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture,losing their culture in the process.39.Marginalization 边缘化 occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.第二部分 判断1.T The iceberg model of culture implies暗指 that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly完全的.2.F Culture is innate天生的 as soon as a person is born.3.T People may sometimes get confused困惑 about his or her cultural identity文化身份.4.F Scholars学者们 prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominant culture主文化.5.T A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.6.F Intracultural communication occurs重视 when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.7.T Communication and culture are inseparable不可分离的 and strongly connected.8.F The sender must choose certain某些 words or nonverbal methods不用语言的方式 to send an intentional message故意的信息.This activity活动 is called decoding译码.9.T The process 过程of communication has nine components部分:sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,receiver,decoding,feedback,and context. 寄件人、入码、信息、通道、噪音，接收器，解码，回应、和背景。10.T No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same. Different stimuli can produce the same sensations.没有人能有同样的感觉，但是不同的刺激能产生相同的感觉。11.T The same stimuli can produce very different sensations.12.T Our perception are influenced by who we are, including the accumulation of our experience.我们的感觉被我们自己影响，包括我们个人经验的积累。13.F We give meaning to or “decode” the information that we have selected and organized during the selection stage.在选择阶段，我们给出解释或者对编译出来的信息进行选择和组织。14.T The psychological filters refer to the psychological factors ,including the attitudes, beliefs ,and dispositions of the individual.心里过滤是指心里因素，包含态度、信仰和个体的性情。15.T Ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism are learned.16.T Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive.17.T When communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as”his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is”his way”.18.F Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference.19.F Industrialization is not the reason for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism.20.F An exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures.21.F The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the impotance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities.22.T The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups.23.T Dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group.24.T An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures.25.F Speaking is the only mode of effective communication.26.F Chinese like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their childrens head.27.T Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures.28.T The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures.29.T Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.30.T Industrialized societies like the United States,the masteruy-over-nature view tends to predominate.31.F The harmony-with-nature orientation draws chear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural.32.F Both Americans and British show respect for tradition.33.T A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else. 做定方位包括有能被其他人测量的结果的一个活动的在那些类型焦点。34.T In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does.35.F In Saudi Arabia,greetings tend to be informal.Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving.36.T In Finland,firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women.37.T Americans might regard gift giving as a gorm of bribery.38.F In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver.39.T Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation. 墨西哥的谈判者在真正的谈判之前强调表示关系的担心。40.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.41.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity. 文化冲击的成功管理取决于对它的症状和它的严重的程度的注意。44.F The second stage of intercultural adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage.45.F All the activities of learning ones culture are called acculturation.46.F Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock.47.T Financial matters can result in culture shock.第三部分 简答1. Emotional problems as barriers to intercultural communication?a. Anxiety and uncertaintyb. Assuming similarity instead of difference2. Attitudinal problems as barriers to intercultural communication?a. Ethnocentrism民族优越感b. Stereotyping思维定势c. Prejudice偏见d. Racism种族主义3.Five dimensions of stereotypes?a. Direction倾向性 b. intensity强烈感c. specificity特异性 d. consensus共识 e. accuracy准确性4.Reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism？a. Socialization社会化 b. social benefits社会利益 c. economic benefits d. psychological benefits心理学利益5.Translation problems as language barriers?a. Lack of vocabulary equivalenceb. Lack of idiomatic equivalence习语上的不对等c. Lack of grammatical-syntactical equivalence语法和句法上的不对等d. Lack of experiential equivalence经验上的不对等e. Lack of conceptual equivalence概念上的不对等6.Verbal communication styles?a. Direct and indirect styles直接的和间接的风格b. Self-enhancement and self-e