定语从句详解.doc

高中英语语法详解（定语从句）一.概念在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句二.相关知识点精讲 1.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 2.关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer?2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago. 3.判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词（ where 地点状语when 时间状语why 原因状语） 。4.限制性和非限制性定语从句 1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：This is the house which we bought last month.（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.（非限制性）2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。5.介词+关系词 1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如： This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?6.as, which 非限定性定语从句 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。7.先行词和关系词二合一 1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）8. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如： What you want has been sent here. Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2）who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：3）that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：I think（that）you will like the stamps. What we need is more practice. 9.关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况 a）引导非限定性定语从句时。例如： （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b）介词后不能用。例如：We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2）只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b）在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c）先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。 d）先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e）先行词既有人，又有物时。例如： All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 专项练习二whose 用于代替表示人或物意义的先行词，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。Whose常表达某人的、某物的之意。 例如： Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate ? Water whose boiling point is at 100 degree Centigrade has no color, no flavor. which 用于代替表示事物意义的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。 例如： Views which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept . That was a fault which could not be forgiven . that 既用于代替表示人的意义的先行词，也用于代替表示事物意义的先行词；在从句中既可以作主语，也可以作谓语动词的宾语，但是不能作介词的宾语。在一定范围内，that = who / whom / which 。 例如： Views that (which ) are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept . Salaried people that ( who) earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government . Who is the girl to that you talked just now ? （错误） 要点提示： 定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略;假如关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略例如： This is the book ( which ) you were looking for yesterday .I dont like the novel ( that ) you are reading . Who is the man ( whom ) youre talking about ? 定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。 例如： Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon . （先行词Those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，） This is the magazine which was sent to me by post .（先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，关系代词that 和which的区别 that 和which在一般情况都可以用于代替表示事物意义的先行词，在从句中作主语、宾语。但在下列情况下一般只用that而不用which ： 1、 先行词本身是all , everything , something , nothing , anything等不定代词时， 例如： Anything that can burn is a source of heat energy . There must be something that happened to you . They had nothing that could cure of his disease . 2、先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或all,any,no, much,little,the last, the only,the very(恰好、正好是.的)等作定语修饰时，或先行词是 who / which 或先行词在从句中充当表语时。 例如： This is the most impressive TV theater that has never been put on show before . That is the only way that leads to your success . We have to consider the first thing that starts our work . 然而，在下列情况下却只用which而不用that： 1、当先行词表示事物意义，并且在从句中作介词的宾语，那么就只能用which 。当然，假如在口语或非正式文体中，介词没有提前，也就没有这点要求了。 例如： The world in which we live is made of matter . Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow . The world that we live in is made of matter. （正确。因为关系代词虽然在从句中作介词的宾语，但是介词没有提前，所以没有这点要求。） The world in that we live is made of matter. （错误。因为关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而且介词已经提前，所以必须遵从这点要求。） 2、在非限定性定语从句（关于这一点随后就要讲解）中，当关系词表示事物意义时, 只能用which 。这是语法所规定的，没有任何解释。 例如： The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow . The most important form of energy is electrical energy , which is widely used in our daily life . as可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句。 例如：限定性定语从句 （常用于such as和the same as 等句式中） Such points as youve mentioned are really important in solving the problem . People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays . This computer has the same functions as that one has . 非限定性定语从句 （as可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时，as是指全句：也就是说，将整个主句看成一件事或是一个事实；并对其进行补充、说明。这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。） As I know , she hasnt got married . They won the first place in the game, as could be expected. Professor Li is extremely popular among students , as is known to all of us 2)关系副词：when , where , why 等。在定语从句，关系副词 = 介词 which 。也就是说，每个关系副词里本身就已经含有了一个介词：when = 在什么时候，where = 在什么地方，why = 为什么原因，等。至于在英文中用哪个具体的介词，就得依具体情况而定了。 when 代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语,例如： People will always remember the time when Hong Kong and Macao returned to our motherland . He came at a time when we needed help . We dont know the exact time when the English Evening will be held . where 代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。 例如： The place where were to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet. He is living in a newly-built house where there used to be a pond . That is a beautiful campus where I made a lot dreams . why 代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当状语。 例如： He didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy . The reason why she was late is not so acceptable . They explained the reason to us why they had misunderstood us before . 介词 关系代词 在这种结构中，关系代词若是表示人的意义，就只能用whom ；关系代词若是表示事物的意义，就只能用which 。而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题，因为这个问题的解决取决于多种因素： A）动词与介词的搭配 B）名词与介词的搭配 C）形容词与介词的搭配，等等。 总之，要依从句的具体需要而定。 例如： A）动词与介词的搭配 He has found a good job for which he is qualified .（ qualify 名词 for 使具有资格 ） The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow . （ talk to 名词 与某人谈话 ） He is bargaining with the landlord over the monthly price at which the apartment rents .名词 rent at 表示价 格的词 某物以某价格出租 ） B）名词与介词的搭配 They are still living in the little house in which theyve been lived for 15 years . （ in the house 在屋子里 ） Weve worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large scale.( by a method通过某种方法) She didnt realize the extent to which she had been distracted .（ to extend 到某种程度 ） C）形容词与介词的搭配 The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency . (happy with 对表示满足) Ive found the job for which Ive been eager for a long time.（ eager for 渴望得到 ） He is a learned man with whom we are familiar . (familiar with 熟悉) 2）定语从句的种类 在英文中，有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别： 限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。假如将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。 例如： Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located . Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点，隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。 由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：Earlier