太原理工大学土木工程10年专外试题与答案.pdfVIP

一 句子翻译一 句子翻译 1 An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the city completely and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape even though schools fulfill the same function seal 封装 一个城市学校可能会通过使用围墙来完全封闭于城市之外 以营造自己的环境 而一个乡村学校也许会发展为景观的一 个必需部分 尽管这些学校也能实现同样的功能 2 Though the related architectural forms shaped by their purpose governed by the material proportioned and given scaleandcharacterbythedesigner buildingsbecome expressions of the ideals and aspirations of the generations that built them proportioned 比例的 尽管相关的建筑形式由目的定型 由设计者控制比例 规模 及风格 建筑物成为了建造他们的一代人表达强烈情感的 3 Wooden beams may be relatively longer than stone beams and wooden posts slender and widely spaced A horizontal rectangle wider than it is high results from the natural properties of wood as may seen in Japanese architecture slender 苗条的微弱的horizontal 水平的properties 特性 属性post 柱 木梁比石梁相对要长些 木柱比较细且间距宽 由于木材的 天然性能 而形成了宽度大于高度的水平矩形建筑 就如在 日式建筑中看到的那样 4 Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway that in turn to the height colonnade and finally the colonnade to the whole structure balustrade 栏杆 扶手doorway 门口 门道 colonnade 石 柱廊 柱列 楼梯和栏杆提示着门道的大小 门道又提示着柱廊的大小 柱廊最后又提示着整个结构物的大小 5 Civil engineers build roads bridges tunnels dams harbors power plants water and sewage systems hospitals schools mass transit and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations sewage 污水 土木工程师修建道路 桥梁 隧道 大坝 港口 发电站 水系统与污水系统 医院 学校 公共交通系统 以及现代 化社会和大量人口集中处所必需的其他公共设施 6 Using computers structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist its own weight wind and hurricane forces temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials earthquakes 利用计算机 结构工程师计算一个结构所必须承受的力 建 筑物自重 风力和飓风力 温度变化而引起的建筑材料胀缩 应力 和地震作用 7 Engineering management Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management Others are able to start their careers in management positions 工程管理 许多土木工程师都选择最终通向管理的职业 其 他人也可以从管理职位开始他们的事业 8 The design of a foundation depends on many soil factors such as type of soil soil stratification thickness of soil layers and their compaction and groundwater conditions stratification 层理性 基础的设计取决于于许多土质因素 如土的类型 土壤的层 理 土层的厚度和它的压缩性 以及地下水的状况 9 Tube in tube system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area 筒中筒系统由柱距很小的外框架与围绕中心设备区的刚性 剪力墙筒组成 10 Concrete construction consists of several operations forming concrete production placement and curing 混凝土结构由一些操作组成 支模 混凝土浇捣 定位 养 护 二 段落翻译二 段落翻译 1 The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities From time of the cave dwellers to the present one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements In a more general sense the art of building encompasses all of man s efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs This art includes in addition to building all the civil engineering structures such as dams canals tunnels aqueducts and bridges encompasses 包围 完成 建筑的目的就是为人们的活动提供躲避处 从穴居人时代到 现在 人类的一大需求就是躲避处 从更一般意义上来讲 建筑艺术包括了人们控制环境和引导自然力满足需求的所 有努力 这些艺术包括 大坝 运河 隧道 沟渠以及桥梁 等 2 The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function its environment and various socioeconomic factors An apartment building an office building and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill In an apartment building every habitable space such as living rooms and bedrooms must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building In office buildings on the other hand artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light outgrowth 自然结果interior 内部 建筑形式是它的功能 周边环境和各种相关因素的自然结 果 公寓建筑 政府性建筑 学校建筑在形式上不同是因为 它们要完成不同的功能 公寓建筑的客厅 卧室等居住性空 间必须有透过窗户的自然光 而卫生间和厨房只需人造光 因而可以设在公寓内部 这种特定的需求对公寓建筑的深度 形成了自然限制 在政府性建筑中 然而 人造光大多是可 以接受的 因此 建筑的深度并不受自然光需求的限制 3 Finally the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors including land costs tenancy building budget and zoning restrictions High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings while low land costs in the country result in low buildings A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a low cost housing project A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted for than other office buildings The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions In all these examples buildings with similar functions take on different forms tenancy 租赁prestige 威信 威望bulk 大块 体积 最后 建筑形式受地价 租赁 建造预算和区域限制等各种 相关因素的影响 城市中的高地价区域引发了高层建筑 而 在低地价的乡村则是低层建筑 高预算的房建项目也采用与 低造价房建项目不同的形式 权威性官方建筑相比其它类官 方建筑有更慷慨的预算 建筑体量和轮廓也要受区域规划限 制 所有的这些例子中 即使有着相似功能的建筑也呈现不 同的形式 4 The scientific basis for the design of building as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structures for other purposes is identical It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths In a similar manner the master builder concerned with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual instead his work is done by a team of several specialists the planner the architect the engineer and builder The execution of a modern building depends on the collective talents of this team master 优秀的collective 集体的 将建筑设计为躲避处和用于其他目地的土木结构设计都是 相同的 由于现代社会特殊需求 这两个领域沿着不同的道 路发展 相似的 优秀的建筑人视建筑为躲避处不再是单专 业化的 相反 它的工作由业主方 建筑师 工程师 建筑 工人等几种专业的小组来完成 现代建设的进行取决于这个 小组的集体智慧 5 Architecture calls for good proportions a pleasing relationship of voids to solids of height to width of length to breadth Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical formulas such as the golden section These efforts have not found general acceptance however although good results have been achieved through the repetition of dimension for example a module that is half the diameter of a column throughout the design Such repetitions help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave breadth 宽度dimension 维数 尺寸diameter 直径 crave 渴望 建筑需要合适的比例 一个令人满意的空隙与土块 高度与 宽度 长度与宽度的关系 许多人尝试通过数学公示解释这 一合适比例 比如黄金分割 这些努力并没有普遍接受 尽 管 设计全程中通过重复某种尺寸 比如取柱子直径的一半 为模数 已经取得了良好效果 这种重复有助于产生人们头 脑中渴望的可视化指令 6 Civil engineers who specialize in Geotechnical engineering field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth These engineering also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater Geotechnical 岩土的 property 特性属性 专攻于岩土工程技术领域的土木工程师 对支撑结构和影响 结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析 他们计算建筑和其 他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降 并采取措施使之减少 到最小 他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定 性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响 7 Engineering teaching The civil engineer who chooses a teachingcareerusuallyteachesbothgraduateand undergraduate students in technical specialties Many teaching civil engineering engage in basic research that eventually lead to technical innovations in construction materials and methods Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects or on technical boards and commissions associated with major projects 工程教育 选择教师工作的土木工程师 通常教授研究生和 本科生生产技术上的专门项目 许多从事教学的土木工程师 参与到最终导致建筑材料与施工技术革新的基础研究中 许 多人也担任工程项目和涉及到主要项目技术论证的顾问 8 Construction engineering is a specialized branch of civil engineering concerned with the planning execution and control of construction operations for such projects as highways buildings dams airports and utility lines Planning consists of scheduling the work to be done and the most suitable construction and materials on the job to prevent delay to the work Control consists of analyzing progress and cost to ensure that the project will be done on schedule and within the estimated cost 建筑工程是土木工程的一个特殊分枝 涉及到高速公路 建 筑物 大坝 飞机场 和公共线路等建筑工程的规划 执行 与调控 规划包括工作时间表 工程的最适结构形式与材料 以免延误工作 控制包括过程与代价的分析 以确保工程在 预算内如期完工 9 Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building including the load carrying frame skin floor and partitions The building also has mechanical and electrical systems such as elevators heating and cooling systems and lighting systems The superstructure is that part of a building above ground and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground partition 隔墙 材料与结构形式结合构成了一个建筑物的各种构件 包括承 载框架 外壳 楼板层和隔墙等 建筑还具有机械和电力系 统 比如电梯 供暖与制冷系统 以及照明系统 上部结构 是建筑物地面以上的部分 而下部结构和基础则是建筑物地 面以下的部分 10 Their projects help prevent floods supply water for cities and for irrigation manage and control rivers and water runoff and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities In addition they design and maintain harbors canals and locks build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds help design offshore structures and determine the location of structures affecting navigation lock 水闸navigation 航行impoundment 集水 他们的项目有助于防洪 提供城市用水和灌溉用水 调控河 流和水流物 维护河滩及其他滨水设施 此外 他们设计和 维护海港 运河与水闸 建造大型水电站大坝与小型坝 以 及各种类型的围堰 帮助设计海上结构 并且考虑对航行影 响来确定结构的位置 11 The early development of high rise building began with structural steel framing Reinforced concrete an