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初中英语语法辅导讲义1、 词法(1) 名词(n.)1. 判断可数名词与不可数名词 可数名词表示的事物有固定的整体,不可再分开。可数(名词)不可分! 不可数名词表示的物质没有固定的外形,可任意分开。不分不可数(名词)!2. 可数名词的用法 可数名词又分个体名词和集体名词。个体名词有单数形式和复数形式。 使用个体名词时,不穿鞋子(-s)便戴帽(在名词前有冠词a/an)。如: I have a book. Books are used for reading.3. 不可数名词的用法 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词。使用不可数名词时,前不用a/an,后不 加-s。表达不可数名词的量时,用a glass/bottle/cup/piece/kilo/bag.of +不可数名词。区分:a pair of shoes(鞋子)/pants(裤子)/glasses(眼 镜)。不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。4. 名词所有格(名词的名词) 1)s/s 所有格(用于有生命的事物名词,主要是人名及指人的名词),如: Michaels father; Li Mings friend; students book 2)of 所有格(用于无生命的事物名词),the + 所有物 + of + 所有者 。 如:the wall of the classroom; the name of our school 3)双重所有格:a friend of my fathers 4)共有所有格:Lucy and Lilys parents 5)并列所有格:Jims and Kates rooms are on the second floor.(二)冠词(art.) - a/an, the 1. a/an的用法:1)表示“一”的概念;2)表示一类人或事物 3)用在一些固定词组中:as a result; wait a moment;for a while; in a hurry;have a good time; have a talk/walk/rest/look2.the的用法:1)前面已提到的名词,再次提到时,在前面加the; 2)用在序数词、形容词最高级前和表示方位的名词前; 3)用在表示乐器名称的名词前; 4)与形容词连用,表示一类人或事物 5)用于固定词组中:by the way; at the end; in the sun; in the morning/afternoon/evening; go to the cinema/theater3.不用冠词的情况:1)表示泛指的复数名词前; 2)一日三餐名称的名词前; 3)表示球类运动、棋类运动、月份、星期、季节、节日、 语言、学科等名词前; 4)有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词修饰的名词前 5)用于固定词组中:by bus/bike/plane/air/sea/ship; at night/noon; at home; after school; in fact; in danger; in time; go to school/work/bed; from morning to night; day and night (3) 代词(pron.) 1.人称代词:作主语用主格,作宾语用宾格; 2.物主代词:形容词性物主代词 + 名词, 后面没有名词时用名词性物主代词; 3.返身代词:主语对自己做动作(作宾语) She enjoys herself every day. 指主语或宾语本身(作同位语) He can do it by himself. 4.指示代词:this,these;that,those (近指与远指并有单复数之分) 5.相互代词:each other “相互” (代替主语的个体) 6.不定代词:A.修饰可数名词的专用语-many,few,a few; B.修饰不可数名词的专用语-much,little,a little; C.可数名词与不可数名词前的共用语-a lot of/lots of, some, any, no;(4) 数词 (num.)1.基数词“表示数量”,计数词-hundred, thousand, million, billion; 1)表示年份:in 1975, in 1992, in 1980s, in 1990s 2)表示年龄:He is thirteen years old. He began to learn English in his fifties .(在他五十几岁时) 3)表示时间:分钟数小于或等于30时,half past two; twenty past nine 分钟数大于30时,a quarter to ten, five to eleven 4) 表示顺序:名词 + 基数词:No.1; Room 918; Class 3, Grade 92. 序数词“表示顺序” 3.hundreds of (好几百,许许多多), thousands of (成千上万), millions of ( 数百万);4. 分数、百分数、小数的表达法: 1)分数:分子用基数词,分母用序数词转化来的名词。1/2 one second (a half); 1/4 one fourth; 2/5 two fifths; 4/7 four sevenths 2)百分数:70% seventy percent; 15% fifteen percent 3)小数:4.5 four point five; 3.14 three point one four(五)形容词(adj.)和副词(adv.) 1.比较等级:原级, 比较级, 最高级; 1)原级句型: very/so/too/quite/rather+原级; 无比较用原级; as+原级+as; not so/as + 原级+ as ; 2)比较级句型: much /a lot /a little + 比较级 + than . ; 比较级and 比较级 “越来越.” ; the + 比较级,the + 比较级 “越.,越.”3)最高级句型: the + 最高级 + of/among/in . one of the 形容词的最高级 + 复数名词 “其中之一” 2.形容词+ly 变成 方式副词 3.连系动词 + 形容词; 行为动词 + 方式副词(六)介词(prep.) 1.掌握学过的介词短语介词+名词 at night, at first, at last, in time, in the end, in English, on foot, on time, on Monday, on the playground, near your home, by bus, by the river, by the way, under the tree, behind the door, before lunch,after school/work/breakfast,from one to one hundred, from 9:00 to 11:00, without breakfast/money/air or water, with ones help, on ones way to2.记住学过的介词固定搭配 A.动词+介词 agree with, arrive in/at, come from, depend on, get to, hear from, knock at, laugh at, listen to, learn from, look at, look for, look after, play with, pay for, prepare for, stand for, wait for, talk about, think about, think of, worry about B.be +形容词+介词 be afraid of, be angry with, be busy with, be different from, be good at, be good/bad for, be/become interested in, be pleased with, be satisfied with, be surprised at, be excited about, be worried about, be filled with, be late for, be made of, be famous for, be/get ready for, be strict with, be far from3.注意介词的习惯用语 in/on the tree, in/on the wall, in/on the chair, in/on/at the corner, in/to the east/south/west/north of, in the sun, in two days(七)连词(conj.) 1.并列连词:and, or, but, so连词词组:as well as(也);both.and.(.和.都);either.or.(或者.或者.);neither.nor.(既不.也不.);not only.but also 2.从属连词 (不但.而且.)A) 引导时间状语从句:when, while, as, before, after, until, as soon asB) 引导条件状语从句:if, unlessC) 引导原因状语从句:because, as, since, forD) 引导让步状语从句:though, although, even ifE) 引导目的状语从句:so that, in order thatF) 引导结果状语从句:so.that, such.thatG) 引导比较状语从句:than, as.asH) 引导让宾语从句:that, if/whether(8) 动词(v.)1.动词的分类:行为动词、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。 行为动词 + 方式副词(作状语) 连系动词 + 形容词(作表语) 情态动词 + 另一动词的原形2.谓语动词按时态和语态要求使用 “主语执行动作”即主语亲自做谓语动作,用主动语态; “主语承受动作”即谓语动作对主语做,用被动语态。 (初中学习了8种时态及其被动语态) 一般现在时(主动:do/does; 被动:am/is/are +done )、 一般过去时(主动: did; 被动:was/were +done ); 现在进行时 (主动:am/is/are +doing ; 被动:am/is/are + being +done ); 过去进行时(主动:was/were+doing ; 被动:was/were +being +done ) ; 一般将来时 (主动:will do; 被动:will be +done ); 过去将来时 (主动:would do ;被动:would be +done ); 现在完成时 (主动: have/has done ; 被动:have/has been +done ); 过去完成时(主动:had done ;被动:had been +done ).3.非谓语动词按句型使用 1)动词不定式肯定式:to do sth. 否定:not to do sth. A)作主语:It is+adj.+to do sth. Its important to learn English well. Its very kind of you to say so.(of前的形容词也修饰of后的人) Its difficult for us to finish the work in two days. B)作宾语:vt.+to do sth. * 疑问词 + to do 作宾语 I dont know what to do next. They cant decide where to go. C)作宾语补足语:宾语sb.+ to do sth. (动词不定式的动作由其前 宾语执行) ask sb. (not) to do sth. 请求某人(别)做某事 tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫/吩咐某人(别)做某事 want/like/advise/order sb. to do sth. 要 / 希望/ 劝告/ 命令 某人 做某事 * let/make/have sb. do sth. 宾语补足语用(省 to 动词不定式)do / v-ing形式的动词句型有: see /hear/watch/ notice /look at/listen to sb. to do sth. 看见/听见 / 观看 / 注意到 / 看 / 听 某人 doing sth. * keep sb. doing sth. 让某人不停地做着某事 D)作定语:n.+ to do/to do sth. I have a lot of homework to do. We have no time to play computer games. E)作状语:vi.+to do sth./ do sth.+ to do sth. They went to see a movie last night. We come to school to study. *remember/forget to do sth.做某事(未做) 记得 / 忘记 doing sth.做某事(已做) stop to do sth.(停止原来做着的事而去做另一件事) doing sth. (停止正在做的事) F)作表语:抽象名词 + is + to do sth. Her wish is to go to Tsinghua University. The environmental workers duty is to make the environment clean and tidy . 2)有些及物动词如 enjoy, mind, finish, keep, practice , avoid, allow, consider等 后面的动词要用它的 v-ing形式; * 介词后的动词一律用它的 v-ing形式。如: Thank you for helping me. They are used to living in school now. Yao Ming is good at playing basketball. Dont be afraid of speaking English. 3)当一个及物动词作定语时,如果及物动词的逻辑宾语是它前面的名词, 使用它的 v-ed形式,可放在被它修饰的名词之前(前置定语),也可放在 名词之后(后置定语)。如: America is a developed country. I want to talk with the boy named Jim. * 如果动词是前面名词的逻辑谓语时,则该动词用 -ing分词。 A week later Mother took a job selling clothes.2、 句法1. 句子的种类 (陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句);2. 句子的类型 (简单句、并列句、复合句);3. 句子的成分 (主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语);4. 简单句的六种基本句型 1)主语 + 连系动词 + 表语 ) 主语 + 不及物动词 3)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 4)主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 5)主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 6)There be 句型 There is/are + 名词 + 地点/时间。 There was/were + 名词 + 地点/过去时间。 There will be + 名词 + 地点/将来时间。5.祈使句( Be型祈使句、Do 型祈使句、 Let 型祈使句)6.感叹句(What 感叹句、 How 感叹句) 1)What a/an +adj. +单数可数名词 + (主语 + 谓语动词)! What + adj. + 复数名词/不可数名词 + (主语 + 谓语动词)! 2)How + adj./adv. + 主语 + 谓语动词!7. 反意疑问句 1)前面是肯定陈述句,后面用否定简短疑问句; They like English, dont they? 2)前面是否定陈述句,后面用肯定简短疑问句; Jane didnt go to the cinema last night, did she?* 隐形否定词 hardly, few, little, never, no He can hardly speak Japanese, can he? There are few people living there, are there? She is never late for school, is she? 8. 宾语从句 1)连接词 A.主句动词无疑问,that + 完整陈述句,that可以省略。 I think (that) he is a clever student. B.主句动词有疑问,if/whether + 完整陈述句。 I wonder if/whether she will come tomorrow. C.主句动词有疑问,wh-疑问词/how及how 疑问用语不完整陈述句。 Can you tell me what time the plane will take off? 2)宾语从句的语序: 连接词+主语+谓语部分(陈述语序) She told me where she lived. * 连接词(又是主语)+ 谓语部分 Our headteacher wanted to know who broke the window of our classroom last night. 3)宾语从句的谓语动词时态与主句动词时态要统一。如果主句是现在时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时),宾语从句可根据需要用适当时态;如果主句是一般过去时,宾语从句应该用相应的过去时态(即:一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时); *当宾语从句表明的是一个客观真理或客观事实时,无论主句是什么时态,宾语从句都只能用一般现在时。如: The teacher told us that the earth travels round the sun.9. 状语从句(由从属连词引导)

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