毕业设计中英文比较与翻译及翻译实践

毕业设计任务书姓名 班号 院（系） 指导老师 指导教师职称 1、 课题名称及来源Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese2、 课题内容The English-Chinese Translation article mainly explained the Lisbon Strategy, the development strategy of the European Union, form several aspects. And discussed what china can learn from the EU strategy. The Chinese-english translation article discussed the internet word-of-mouth of destination and its traits, and the influence of IWOM on tourists.The last article mainly summarized the harvest and experience on translation practice. It firstly expatiated the differences between English and Chinese from the aspect of morphology, sentence structure and grammar, and expressing habit. In terms of morphology, Chinese is a typical analytic language and english is mostly a synthetic language, transitioning to analytic language. From the aspect of sentence structure and grammar, english belongs to compact-structure language, while Chinese is more diffusive. Bedsides, english sentence is hypotactic structure sentence and more complicated. While Chinese sentence is paratactic structure sentence and more simple than english. In addition, there are many differences between the two language in expressing habit. Then the article analyzed the right translation process and some specific translation approaches. Comprehension, representation and proofreading are necessary when translating . Whats more, its better to use proper translation approaches, such as literal translation, liberal translation and literal-plus-liberal translation. Considering the language and culture difference, we can use foreignizing translation and domesticating translation which are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerations. At last, the article listed the personal thoughts and gains from the translation practice.3、 课题任务要求翻译心得立论正确，论据确凿；翻译记得及译文语言通顺、流畅，无或少有语法错误。计算机打印。4、 同组设计者5、 主要参考文献1王力, 1984. 中国语法理论M, 第一卷：山东教育出版社。2Peter Newmark. 2001. Approaches to TranslationM. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.3刘宓庆. 1998.文体与翻译M, 北京：中国对外翻译出版社。中英文比较与翻译及翻译实践摘要英译汉的文章主要从多个方面讨论了欧盟的里斯本战略，并探讨中国可以从这些战略中能学习什么。汉译英的文章主要阐述了旅游地网络口碑的特点和它对消费行为的影响及营销对策。最后一篇心得体会性文章主要总结了翻译实践中的经验与收获。首先阐述了英语和汉语在语言形态学、语句结构和语法以及表达习惯上的差异。在语言形态学基础上，汉语属于描述性语言，而英文更倾向于综合性语言。从语句结构和语法上来说，汉语语句是流散的，多用意全法组句，因此汉语句子以简单句为多。相反，英语语句子在组句时多用形合法，注重语法结构。其语句是聚集型的且以长复杂句为主。此外，在表达习惯上，汉语和英语也有多的不同之处。接着本文分析了翻译的正确步骤和一些具体的翻译方法。正确的翻译步骤应该是先理解再表达最后校对。在表达的过程中，应该讲究使用一些好的翻译方法。总体上来讲，英汉互译的翻译方法有直译法、意译法和这两种翻译方法的合用。此外，考虑到语言及文化的差异，使用异化和归化译法有时也是很有必要的。直译法、意译法有各自的优点，应在具体的翻译时适当的选择。而异化和归化译法在翻译修辞格、谚语、习语等具有文化背景的翻译时是很有效的翻译方法。不管用哪一种翻译方法，都要都要符合忠实、通顺的标准。最后本文讲述了笔者在翻译实践过程中的心得体会与收获。关键词：英汉语差异 翻译步骤 翻译方法 iTranslation practice and Comparison and Translation between English and ChineseAbstractThe English-Chinese Translation article mainly explained the Lisbon Strategy, the development strategy of the European Union, form several aspects. And discussed what china can learn from the EU strategy. The Chinese-english translation article discussed the internet word-of-mouth of destination and its traits, and the influence of IWOM on tourists.The last article mainly summarized the harvest and experience on translation practice. It firstly expatiated the differences between English and Chinese from the aspect of morphology, sentence structure and grammar, and expressing habit. In terms of morphology, Chinese is a typical analytic language and english is mostly a synthetic language, transitioning to analytic language. From the aspect of sentence structure and grammar, english belongs to compact-structure language, while Chinese is more diffusive. Bedsides, english sentence is hypotactic structure sentence and more complicated. While Chinese sentence is paratactic structure sentence and more simple than english. In addition, there are many differences between the two language in expressing habit. Then the article analyzed the right translation process and some specific translation approaches. Comprehension, representation and proofreading are necessary when translating . Whats more, its better to use proper translation approaches, such as literal translation, liberal translation and literal-plus-liberal translation. Considering the language and culture difference, we can use foreignizing translation and domesticating translation which are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerations. At last, the article listed the personal thoughts and gains from the translation practice.Key words: differences between English and Chinese translation process translation approachesiiContents摘要iAbstractii1 Comparison and Translation between English and Chinese1 1.1 Differences between English and Chinese1 1.1.1 Synthetic and analytic language1 1.1.2 Differences in sentence structure and grammar2 1.1.3 Expressing habit differences3 1.2.1 Translation Process3 1.2.2 Translation Approaches3 1.3 Personal Thoughts about the Translation Practice52 Effects of Internet Word-of-mouth of Destination on Customer Behavior and Marketing Strategy6 2.1 IWOM and its Traits6 2.1.1 IWOM is the WOM based on writing and photos.7 2.1.2 IWOM have wider influence and faster speed of spread7 2.1.3 IWOM has stronger reliability and empathy7 2.1.4 IWOM avoid information asymmetries and promote customer power8 2.2 the influence of IWOM on tourists8 2.2.1 The amount of IWOM information is the indicator of the popularity of tourist destination.8 2.2.2 The type of IWOM influence tourist attitude and perceived expectation to products9 2.2.3 The experiencing charactereristics of tourist products enhance tourists effort to actively search for information.93 EU Experience: Development or Equity?11 3.1 Historical Logic of the Development Model of the European Welfare State.11 3.2 Logical Thinking of Europeans12 3.3 The Development Strategy of the European Union13 3.4 What can China Learn from the EU Experience?14Bibliography14iii1 Comparison and Translation between English and ChineseThrough the two translation practice, that is, translation between english and Chinese, I have learned much knowledge about the two languages and gained several translation skills. First, I summarized the difference between english and Chinese, which is the basis of good translation. Second, I mastered some language translation approach.1.1 Differences between English and Chinese1.1.1 Synthetic and analytic languageIn terms of morphology, language is divided into two parties: the synthetic language and the analytic language.The characters of the synthetic and analytic languageA synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. （Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary）These inflected forms including tenses, voice, number, gender, and degree of comparison, etc. Compared with the synthetic language, the analytic one is relatively fixed in word order without inflexion. A analytic language is“characterized by relatively use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”(The Random House College Dictionary).Difference between English and Chinese on this aspectChinese is a typical analytic language and it always make use of function words, changes in word order or auxiliary verbs to express different meanings. For example, 不怕辣，辣不怕，怕不辣（not afraid of peppery food). By changing the order of the three words, the degree of standing peppery food is greatly changed, as well as the meaning of the sentence. However, english is mostly a synthetic language, transitioning to analytic language. Its obvious that the inflected forms is usually used in english in order to follow the grammar. For example, the degree of comparison of english has the comparative degree and the superlative degree. The forms of words always changed when they are in comparison grammar.1.1.2 Differences in sentence structure and grammarCompact and diffusive language sentenceForm the perspective of sentence structure, english belongs to compact-structure language, while Chinese is more diffusive. Most english sentences have rigorous subject-predicate structure, which is composed of verbal prase and nominal prase. In the structure, subject is absolutely necessary, and predicate verbs are the cores of sentences, with which other compositions are related. Besides, the subject and predicate verbs should be coordinate to make up a series of sentence structure. As a result, the english sentence structure is compact structure.However, Chinese is not bound by forms and grammatical voice. There is a lot of diversity, complexity and flexibility in the subject-predicate structure of Chinese. Chinese sentence is focused on the coherence of meaning rather than the surface form. So Chinese is the diffusive structure language. Just as Wang Li said, “in terms of structure, english is controlled by the rule of law and Chinese is ruled by people.”(Wang Li, 1984:35)Hypotactic and paratactic languageHypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives (The American Heritage Dictionary). English pay attention to the sentence form and its integrity in grammar. Its hypotactic sentence. English frequently use overt cohesion to clarify the relations between words, phrases or clause, such as relatives, prepositions, connectives, etc.Parataxis is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them (The American Heritage Dictionary). Chinese focused on the expression of meaning, the temporal or logical sequence, which id not limited at grammatical level. In most cases, the different sentences are connected by sense but not connectives. So its paratactic structure. Chinese more frequently resorts to covert coherence and context. The word order, contracted sentences, four-character expression are important in composing Chinese sentences.Complex and simplex languageSubordination, the placing of certain elements in modifying roles, is an important feature of english. With lots of subordinate phrases and clauses, english sentences are comparatively longer and more complicated than Chinese. On the contrary, Chinese is marked by its coordination, minor or loose sentences, elliptical sentences, composite sentences, run-on sentences and contracted sentences. Its more simple.1.1.3 Expressing habit differencesOther than the differences discussed above, Chinese and english are also different in some expressing habit.First, the information focuses of english always lie in the beginning of a paragraph or an article. On the contrary, in Chinese article, the most important information always appear at the end, following by lots of arguments.Another difference between english and Chinese is the impersonal subject tendency in english and the personal tendency in Chinese.At last, in Chinese, active voice plays an important role, while passive voice is more commonly used in english.1.2 Translation process and Translation Approaches1.2.1 Translation ProcessIn order to complete a good translation, the method of translation is important as well as the translation process. Following by a proper translation process, we are more likely to do a good job. I think the right process of translation mainly includes the following steps.Firstly, comprehension of the article is important. We should learn the type of the article, its language feature, and the background knowledge of it, which are the basis of translation. Then attention should be payed to the meaning of sentence and the logical relationship between sentences and paragraph. Only understanding well can we translate articles into another language.Secondly, we try to translate sentences into another language one bye one. Its better to use some translation methods, such as literal translation or free translation, etc.At last, in order to avoid some unnecessary error, we should proofread the translation text. We may add what is missed and correct what is mistranslated in the translation text. In this way, we can do a good translation.1.2.2 Translation ApproachesTranslating methods are the main problems we must face when we translate articles. There are many translating methods: literal translation, free translation, the combination of literal translation and free translation, as well as the foreignizing translation and domesticating translation.Literal translation Liu Zhongde defines literal translation as follows:“in the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible”. Some of the western theorists argue that we should give the priority to literal translation when translating articles (Peter Newmark, 2001:15) because literal translation can preserve the original articles. Whats more, the literal translation can make the translated version and the original one have the same appeal.Liberal translation There are some sentences should not be translated literally. Because different countries have different cultures, language, customs and ways to express the same meanings. Liu Zhongde defines the liberal translation approach as that liberal translation is employed for the purpose of expressing the original meaning instead of reproducing the original sentence structure or rhetorical devices. Only when the literal translation approach is not suitable, can the translator resort to the free translation approach. Some of our Chinese theorists insist on using free translation in order to preserve the article lingering charm. For example, Liu Miqing, a famous Chinese theorist, holds the idea that only free translation can fully express the article charm.(Liu Miqing，1998：27)In addition, free translation can fully express the original passage when it is improper to use literal translation. Whats more, it. can make the translation fluent and easy to understand by target language readers. For example, It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱. The sentence is translated liberally.Literal-plus-liberal translationAs for these two basic translating methods, we can not judge which is better without the proper circumstance. In many conditions, the literal translation and free translation are always reciprocal to each other. The literal-plus-liberal translation approach is desirable when reference books are compiled. Some sentences have to be translated both literally and freely because of bilingual differences. Only thus, can they be translated into intelligible versions. So the foreignizing translation and domesticating translation methods can be used sometimes.Foreignizing and domesticating translationWhile literal translation and free translation mainly deal with linguistic reproduction，foreignizing translation and domesticating translation are concerned more with cultural, linguistic and aesthetic considerationsForeignization is a strategy in which a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. This method is “a pressure on target-language cultural values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text，sending the reader abroad” to have alien reading experience (Venuti ,l995：20).Domestication is a strategy in which a transparent，fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers. This method is “an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-language cultural values, bringing the author back home”(Venuti, l995: 20).The two approaches are good in translating rhetoric, proverbs, idioms and other cultural translation materials. For example, Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 The english sentence can be translated into a Chinese idiom, which displays great Chinese culture. In this way, the sentence can be easily understood and accepted by a Chinese reader. 1.3 Personal Thoughts about the Translation PracticeAfter the two translation practice, which is a challenge for me, I have a better understanding of translation. I realized that translation practice is significantly important for translation career in the long run. Fu Lei, a great Chinese translator as well as an outstanding artist, once said that “translation should be stressed on practice”.(Fu Lei, 1995:10). Even though I had taken many lessons on translation, I forget them as long as I walked out of the classroom. I failed to truly understand the theoretical knowledge I had learned in class. However, I really gained a lot this time. Through translation, I have known the differences between english and Chinese in some aspects. Beside, I have mastered some specific translation approaches. Just as the saying goes, experience is the mother of wisdom.2 Effects of Internet Word-of-mouth of Destination on Customer Behavior and Marketing StrategyWord-of-mouth (WOM), called as “NO. zero” media, is the oral communication between the sender and the receiver. The receiver referred it as noncommercial information about production, brand or service. After the 21th century, the influence of WOM is growing stronger with the help of new media, such as Internet and virtual community. According to the statistical data ending December 2008 from the Internet Network In