离合器常见问题课程毕业设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

外文资料原文 1 Clutch Common Problems From the 1950s to the 1970s, you could count on getting between 50,000 and 70,000 miles from your cars clutch. Clutches can now last for more than 80,000 miles if you use them gently and maintain them well. If not cared for, clutches can start to break down at 35,000 miles. Trucks that are consistently overloaded or that frequently tow heavy loads can also have problems with relatively new clutches. The most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the disc wears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction material on the pads of a disc brake or the shoes of a drum brake - after a while, it wears away. When most or all of the friction material is gone, the clutch will start to slip, and eventually it wont transmit any power from the engine to the wheels. The clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. Its only when the clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So, if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, youll wear out your clutch a lot faster. Sometimes the problem is not with slipping, but with sticking. If your clutch wont release properly, it will continue to turn the input shaft. This can cause grinding, or completely prevent your car from going into gear. Some common reasons a clutch may stick are: Broken or stretched clutch cable - The cable needs the right amount of tension to push and pull effectively. Leaky or defective slave and/or master clutch cylinders - Leaks keep the cylinders from building the necessary amount of pressure. Air in the hydraulic line - Air affects the hydraulics by taking up space the fluid needs to build pressure. 外文资料原文 2 Misadjusted linkage - When your foot hits the pedal, the linkage transmits the wrong amount of force. Mismatched clutch components - Not all aftermarket parts work with your clutch. A hard clutch is also a common problem. All clutches require some amount of force to depress fully. If you have to press hard on the pedal, there may be something wrong. Sticking or binding in the pedal linkage, cable, cross shaft, or pivot ball are common causes. Sometimes a blockage or worn seals in the hydraulic system can also cause a hard clutch. Another problem associated with clutches is a worn throw-out bearing, sometimes called a clutch release bearing. This bearing applies force to the fingers of the spinning pressure plate to release the clutch. If you hear a rumbling sound when the clutch engages, you might have a problem with the throw-out. Clutch Diagnostic Test If you find that your clutch has failed, here is an at-home diagnostic test that anyone can perform: 1. Start your car, set the parking break, and put the car in neutral. 2. With your car idling, listen for a growling noise without pushing the clutch in. If you hear something, its most likely a problem with the transmission. If you dont hear a noise, proceed to step three. 3. With the car still in neutral, begin to push the clutch and listen for noise. If you hear a chirping noise as you press, its most likely the clutch release, or throw-out bearing. If you dont hear a noise, proceed to step four. 4. Push the clutch all the way to the floor. If you hear a squealing noise, its probably the pilot bearing or 外文资料原文 3 bushing. If you dont hear any noise during these four steps, then your problem is probably not the clutch. If you hear the noise at idle and it goes away when the clutch is pressed, it may be an issue in the contact point between the fork and pivot ball. Biomaterials Manufacturers are starting biomaterials to reduce CO2 emissions throughout the vehicles lifecycle Manufacturers are starting to concentrate more closely on cutting carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles lifecycles. That means looking at the carbon dioxide production and disposal of the vehicle, not just the pollutants that come out of the tailpipe. European vehicle recycling laws are making carmakers that sell cars in Europe take more responsibility for the effect their vehicles Honda and Mitsubishi are the latest to develop new materials. Recycling the metal that makes up majority of the vehicle is not the hardest pert; the plastics plastics present a far greater challenge. Interiors pose a particular recycling problem as they use a lot of plastics. Honda has developed a plant-based fabric with excellent durability and resistance to sunlight for use a surface material in automobile interiors. Bio-fabrics are the most likely solution as they are derived from plants that absorb carbon dioxide ad they grow. When vehicle is scrapped and the fabrics incinerated, only some of the released carbon dioxide has come from a fossil source. Despite this benefit, plant-based fabrics have not yet been used commercially for automobile interiors. Interior quality is too important to take risks with and there have been concerns about the limited durability and aesthetics of biomaterials. 外文资料原文 4 Honda says it has a fabric that can overcome these issues, achieving a soft and smooth material appropriate for the surface of automobile interiors. It has high durability and its color does not fade after prolonged exposure to sunlight. Honda will use the material for seats, the interior surface of doors, roof linings and for floor mats. Series production is still some way off , however. The firm will install the bio-fabric interiors in 2009 in a fuel cell vehicle and then expand the application. The bio-fabrics basic material is a polyester called polypropylene terephthalate (PPT). PPT is produced through the polymerization of propaneiol, which is produced from corn and terephthalic acid, a petroleum-based component. In order to improve the fabrics stability, Honda has applied a multi-thread structure for the fiber. “The fiber is very flexible, achieving unprecedented aesthetic properties,” says Honda. The bio-fabric does not require changes to existing fabric production processes and is suitable for mass production .Using it instead of the traditional petroleum-based polyester materials reduces the amount of energy consumed in the process by between 10 and 15 percent.“The use of a plant-based ingredient can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 5Kg per vehicle,” says Honda. Mitsubishis environmentally friendly plastic is a little closer to production. It will be used in a concept car next year. But despite its early development stage, the firm is confident it will be used in car interiors. Mitsubishi has developed a material that uses a plant-based resin, polybutylene succinate (PBS), reinforced with bamboo fibers. They began developing the materials with the Aichi industrial technology institute, Japan in 2004. “To help stop global warming and slow the depletion of oil reserves, we plant to substitute plant-based resins and quick-growing plant fibers for materials such as petroleum-based resins and wood hardboards used in car interiors,” says Mitsubishi. PBS. The main component of the material. Is a plant-based resin composed 外文资料原文 5 mainly of succinct acid and 1.4-butanediol.The succinct acid for the material comes from the fermentation of sugar extracted from sugarcane or corn? The new material combines bamboo fiber with PBS in order to increase its rigidity. According to tests. The PBS/bamboo-fiber prototype achieves an estimated 50 percent cut in lifecycle CO2 emissions over petroleum-based polypropylene plastic. Volatile organic compound levels are also reduced drastically over processed wood hardboards; roughly 85 per cent in testing. Bamboo grows to its full height in just a few years, compared with the tens of years required for traditional timber. And as such may be called a potentially sustainable resource.”We expect the research to lead to further breakthroughs in the use of bamboo.” says Mitsubishi. 外文资料译文 6 离合器常见问题 从 20 世纪 50 年代至 70 年代，你可以依靠离合器行驶 50000 公里到70000 公里。如何过你对离合器使用和保养好的话，离合器现在可以使用达到 80000 公里。如果保 养的不好的话，离合器的性能可能在总里程达到 35000公里时开始下降。一贯超载或经常拖重物的卡车，其新离合器也会发生许多问题。 离合器最常见的问题是摩擦材料的实效。离合器从动盘上的摩擦片与盘式制动器上的摩擦材料及鼓式制动器制动蹄比较类似，过一段时间后，它们就实效了。当大部分或所有的摩擦材料都失效了，离合器将开始打滑，并最终将不会传送任何动力，从 发动机 到 车轮 。 当离合器从动盘和飞轮不是以同一个速度旋转时，离合器只是磨损。当它们被锁定在一起时，摩擦片将会紧紧的贴在飞轮上，并且一同旋转，仅仅当离合器从动盘和飞轮不同步时，磨损才会产生，所以，如果你是那种经常让离合器打滑的驾驶员，你将会加快离合器的磨损。 有时，问题不在于打滑，但与坚持。如果您的离合器将不会公布得当，它将继续把输入轴。这可能会导致磨削，或完全防止您的汽车从进入齿轮。 断掉的或拉伸的离合器拉索 -拉索需要正确的拉紧力，来进行有效的推拉。 漏泄或有缺陷的离合器主或副缸 -泄漏保持液压缸拥有必要数值的压力。 空气中的液压管路 -空气影响水力以空间流体需要建立的压力。 不合适的连接件 -当您的脚踩在踏板上时，连接管件将传递错误的压力。 不匹配的离合器组件 -并非所有的售后的零件与您的离合器匹配的。 “硬”离合器也是一种常见的问题。所有离合器都需要一定的力来充分压紧。如果你必须很“硬”压下离合器踏板，可能会有些麻烦。坚持或有约束力的在踏板的联系，电缆，交叉轴 ，或枢轴球是常见的原因。有时堵塞或外文资料译文 7 磨损密封在液压系统也可能导致硬离合器。 另一个与离合器相关的问题是一个磨损的要丢弃的 轴承 ,有时被称为离合器释放轴承。这关系到适用的力量，分离指的压力板释放离合器。如果您听到低沉的声音，当离合器工作时，您可能有一个问题，。 离合器的诊断测试 如果您发现您的离合器已经失 效 ，这是一个在家的诊断测试，任何人都可以执行： 1. 启动汽车，设置停车休息，并把汽车 设 在 空档位置 。 2. 在 汽车空 转时 ，听取了咆哮的噪音， 不要让 离合器接合 ，如果你听到 什么声音 ，它最有可能 是变速器的问题。 如果您没有听到噪音，进行步骤 3 。 3. 仍然保持汽车在空档，开始推动离合器和听噪音。 当 您 踩 下 时 ， 如果您听到啁 啾的噪音，它最有可能的离合器释放，或投掷出轴承。 如果您没有听到噪音，进行步骤 4 。 4. 推动离合器 一直到 地上。如果您听到 刺耳的 噪音，这可能是试验轴承或衬套。 如果您没有听到任何噪音，在这四个步骤，那么您的问题可能是没有离合器。 如果您听到噪音，闲置不用离开时，离合器压，它可能是一个问题，在接触点之间的交岔路口枢轴球。 外文资料译文 8 生物材料 汽车制造上纷纷通过采用生物材料来减少车辆整个生命期内的二氧化碳排放。 汽车制造商纷纷开始对车辆在整个生命期内，即从生产到报废的全过程中产生的二氧化碳排放，而不仅是排气 管中产生的二氧化碳予以重视。 欧洲的汽车回收法规迫使汽车行业经营者对车辆的环境影响担负更大的责任。日本汽车制造商日产和三菱最近开发出了一些新型的材料。 对构成汽车主体部分的金属材料进行回收并不是最难的，塑料的回收要难得多。特别是大量使用塑料的内饰材料。 本田开发出一种