实用英语语法讲座.doc

实用英语语法讲座 （I）时态（Tense）SarahLane过去完成时/过去完成进行时现在完成时/现在完成进行时将来时现在进行时过去时/过去进行时I. The Definition of Tense any of the forms of a verb that show the time and continuance or completion of the action or state expressed by the wordII. 16种时态1.一般现在时5.现在进行时7.现在完成时现在完成进行时2.一般过去时6.过去进行时8.过去完成时过去完成进行时3.一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时无4.一般过去将来时无无无III. 各个时态的构成法: 一般时态：a) 一般现在时用原形，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s;b) 一般过去时一般用V.+ed表示；c) 一般将来时用shall/will+V.原形；d) 一般过去将来时用should/would+V.原形; 进行时态：助动词be+主要动词的现在分词； 完成时态：助动词have+主要动词的过去分词; 完成进行时：助动词have+been+主要动词的现在分词。IV. 时态形式:一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在write /writes am/are/is writinghas/have writtenhas/have been writing过去wrotewas/were writinghad writtenhad been written将来shall/will writeshall/will be writingshall/will have written无过去将来should/would write无无无1一般现在时(present tense) 构成： 由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后+s，be/have有特殊的人称形式。一般动词动词to be动词to haveI know it.I am a student.I have a bike.You know it.You are a student.You have a bike.He (She) knows it.He (She) is a student.He (She) has a bike.We (You, They) know it.We (You, They) are students.We (You, They ) have a bike. 疑问式 Do/Does + 主要动词原形；be动词只需与主语位置对调就行了。e.g. Do you know it? Is she a student? 否定式do(es)+not+主要动词（动词be则在后+not）e.g. You do not know it. She is not a student.使用范围：表习惯的，永久或反复发生的动作。常与often, sometimes, always, twice a month, every week, on Sundays, occasionally, usually一些频度副词连用。e.g. Birds fly.(永久) She always takes a walk in the evening.（习惯）表特征，能力或状态：e.g. She loves music.(特征) Contradictions exist everywhere. (状态)e.g. We were taught at school that the earth ( is/ was) round. (is)表普遍真理，事实，也用在格言中： e.g. No man but errs. (人非圣贤，孰能无错。)表现在瞬间（常用于体育报道，戏法演说，技术表演等的解说）：e.g. Now , look, I open the box. He sits down, shivers a little. Clock outside strikes 12.（舞台说明）表一个按规定，计划或安排发生的情况。（这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语）e.g. The plane takes off at 11a.m. The delegation arrives here tomorrow.但这只限于少数的动词：begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, open, close, be, etc.在时间和条件状语从句中，将来动作或状态多用一般现在时表示。e.g. Tell her about that when she comes. We can catch the bus if we hurry up.有些状态和感觉的动词可用一般现在时：be, love, like, hate, want, hope, feel etc.e.g. I feel a sharp pain in my chest. The soup contains too much salt.2一般过去式(past tense)构成： 一般是：V.+ed; be-was/were 疑问式：did+V.原形(Was/Were提到句首) 否定式：did+not+V.原形(was/were+not)使用范围：表示过去某个特定的时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。（这种用法的过去时间可以是指明的，也可以是不指明的）。e.g. The foreign guests visited Nanjing last year. He never smoked.表过去的习惯动作。e.g. When she was in Nanjing, she often went to the Central Supermarket.3一般将来式(future tense)构成： 一般是：shall(第一人称) / will(第二、三人称)+V.原形 疑问式：Shall/Will+ 主要动词 否定式：shall/will+not+主要动词除U.K.以外说English的国家，在陈述句中，即使是第一人称一般也用 will，在 U.K. 也有这种趋势。口语为Ill使用范围：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g. He will graduate from Kangda college next year.表示反复发生的动作或惯性动作。e.g. The students will have 6 English classes per week this term.本学期学生每周将要上6节英语课。 Spring will come again.除了shall/will外，还有另外一些结构可表一般将来时。be going+不定式（表打算，准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事）。e.g. We re going to put up a building here.be +to(不定式) 表示按计划，安排要发生的事或用来征求对方的意见。e.g. Am I to take over the his work? I think I am to faint.（误） I think I am going to faint.（正）如果不是人，人世所能安排或控制的动作一般就不能用be to这一结构表将要发生。The talk is about to begin. （正）The talk is about to begin soon. （误）be about to 表示即将发生的动作，句中不可用未来时间的状语。一般现在时可表示计划或时刻表要发生的事。这一用法只限于某些动词：be, come, go, begin, leave, sail, arrive, return, start, stop, end, open, stay, etc.e.g. The plane leaves at six. I am not at home tonight.某些动词的现在进行时可以表示计划或安排要发生的事。常用的有：join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, meet, move, sleep, have, do , stay, arrive, leave, speak, start, come, etc.e.g. Im meeting Jack at the station at four tomorrow afternoon.我明天下午4点要去火车站接杰克。（含有约好的含义） We are having a meeting this morning.我们上午要开一个会。（计划）4.一般过去将来时(past future tense).构成:should(第一人称)/would(其他人称)+V (在美国，甚至在英国，第一人称也常用would.)使用范围：表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或存在状态。这个时态也是一个相对的时态，立足于过去某时，从过去的观点看来： 时间 过去某时 那时预见的情况 现在 （用过去将来时）e.g. He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy. （他68岁了，再过两年就70了。） He said that he would wait for us at the bus stop. going to V.（过去打算） was/were + to V.（曾计划干什么，如计划的动作没实现，to后要用动词的完成时）about to V.（过去即将发生的 事）e.g. They were going to have a meeting.他们曾经打算开个会。She said she was to have taken up the position, but later she changed her mind.她曾经说过打算接受这份工作，但后来改变主意了。I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.表示过去的某种习惯性行为，只用would，此时相当于used to。e.g. Whenever we had trouble, he would come to help us.5.现在进行时(present progressive tense).构成:is/am/are+现在分词-V.ing.使用范围：表示现在进行的动作或发生的事。e.g. The students are listening to the grammar lecture in the A.V.Room.表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事。e.g. She is learning English at college.她目前在大学里学英语。My father is generally going to bed at 11p.m.表示某个最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始的或结束的动作。常用的这类词有：go, leave, come, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, do, dine, give, have, pay, join, punish, spend, sleep, take etc.e.g. He is meeting the manager tomorrow.The sun is setting. (即将开始)He is dying. (即将结束)现在进行时表将来有时还有表“决心”的意思。e.g. I am not leaving tomorrow.I am taking part of it.动作动词与always, forever, continually, constantly etc.连用，表示重复的动作，这种动作可能使人感到厌倦或不合理。e.g. Nothing can please him. Tom is always complaining.She is always reading novels。(花的时间太多了)care, mind etc.表示感觉，精神活动等的状态动词一般不用进行时。e.g. She is resembling her mother.(误) resembles（正）I am knowing he is wrong. (误)know(误)现在进行时与一般现在时得用法比较：1.暂时性动作和经常性动作：e.g. For this week we are starting work at 7:30. (临时安排)We start work at 7:30.（经常性）2.持续性动作和短暂性动作：e.g. The bus is stopping.（渐渐地停下来）The bus stops.（迅速停车）3.暂时性动作和永久性动作：e.g. She is living in Guangzhou.（短时间居住）She lives in Guangzhou. (永久性)4.带有感情色彩和不带感情色彩：e.g. Jane is doing fine work at college.(赞扬)Jane does fine wok at college. (事实)6.过去进行时(past progressive tense).构成：was/were +现在分词V.ing.使用范围：表示过去某一时刻或某阶段发生的动作。e.g. We were expecting you yesterday.（贯穿整个昨天）We were talking about your book this morning. The book is really great. (用来打开话题)不与时间状语连用可以表示逐渐的变化或发展。e.g. The wind was rising.(起风了。）It was getting dark. (天渐渐暗下来。)在条件或时间状语从句中表示过去将来正在进行的动作。e.g. She told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.表示按计划安排过去将要发生的动作。e.g. They were leaving for New York for a few days later.(他们曾打算晚几天去纽约。)She was departing the next month.与forever, always, continually, constantly etc.连用，带有某种感情色彩。e.g. She was always changing her mind.(不满)My mother was constantly praising her.（赞扬）表示最近过去的事。e.g. I was hearing Jane had entered the college.Jane was telling me about it this morning.表示过去未实现的愿望或打算。e.g. She was coming.她本来要来的。(She did not come actually.)I was seeing her tomorrow.我本来明天要见她的。与一般过去时的区别过去进行时过去时1).表示反复的动作e.g. She was waving her hand.(她不停的挥手。)1).表示只做一次的动作e.g. She waved her hand.(她挥了挥手。)1) 2).leave, arrive, start, die etc. 2) 在过去进行时表示“快要完成，即将”e.g. The train was stopping.(火车渐渐地停了。)2) leave, arrive, start, die etc. 在过去时表示“已经完成”e.g. The train stopped.( 火车停了。)167现在完成时(present perfect tense)构成：人称形式+过去分词肯定式否定式疑问式I (We, They) have taken it.I (We, They) have not taken it.Have you (they, we) taken it?He (She) has taken it.He (She) has not taken it.Has he (she) taken it?使用范围：表示过去所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果，着眼点在现在现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语连用：yet, just, recently, once, lately etc；也同表示频度的时间状语连用：often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions etc；也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用：now, today, this morning, this month, this year etc.但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用,in 2000, last year, many years agoe.g. She has lost her wallet.(现在没钱花了)He has laid the table.（已可吃饭）Have you eaten? （现在你饿不饿？）It has snowed here every day since last year.every day 是副词短语，即可同一般现在时连用，表示“每天”，也可同现在完成时连用，指从过去某时到现在一段时间的“每一天”。表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可延续下去的动作。常同一段时间的状语连用：so far, up to now, since, for a long time, up till now, up to present, for the past few years, these few days (weeks, months, years)e.g. He has worked here for over twenty years.Up to now, we have received no news from her.Harry has got married for six year.Harry got married six years ago.Harry has been married for six years.某些非延续性动词（动作一开始就结束的动词），在现在完成时中，不能同表示一段时间的状语连用常见这类词有：come, go, begin, start, become, arrive, get, reach, leave, join, end, die, find, lose, fall, jump, knock etc.This is the first time that I (hear) her sing. （have heard）“It (This) is (will be) the first (last) time that” 结构中的从句要求用现在完成时e.g. It is the second time that weve met each other.It is the best film I . (see) （have seen）“It (This) is the best (worst, most interesting)+n.+(that)”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时e.g. This is the most interesting novel that I have ever written.几组时态比较e.g.1) She has gone to Beijing. 她到北京去了。（现在不在这里） She has ever been to Beijing. 她曾经去过北京。（现已返回）2) The door has been closed. 门已经被关上了(动作) The door is closed. 门是关着的。(状态) 3) I have seen her this May.（讲话时还在五月） I saw her this May. （讲话时五月已经过去）4) She comes from Nanjing.她是南京人。(出生于南京)She has come from Nanjing.她从南京来。(不一定是南京人)现在完成时和一般过去时几组句子的差异：e.g1) Have you finished? (如你已经讲完，我想接着讲。) Did you finish? (不知我刚才发言时你是否讲完话了。)2) What I have done to make him so angry? (认真提出问题，而且对方仍在生气。) What did I do to make him so angry? (过去生气，现在则不一定。) 3) She has lived in Beijing for twenty years. (她仍活着，住在北京。) She lived in Beijing for twenty years. (她已逝去。) 8.过去完成时(past perfect tense).构成：had+过去分词.使用范围:表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作或情况。e.g. They had got everything ready before I came.By the end of last week she had written two papers.过去完成时常用在有hardly/scarcely /barely when; no soonerthan等副词句子中,这种结构表示“刚刚就，不等就”。e.g She had hardly (scarcely, barely) gone to bed when the bell rang.No sooner had they left the building than a bomb end, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think etc.动词的过去完成时可以用来表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事。这种用法也可表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有惋惜。e.g. I had thought that he had died 10 years ago, but now I know that he is still living.We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasnt home.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的,但发现她不在家。表示“过去的将来”某一时刻之前已经完成的动作。e.g. She made up her mind to go on trying until she had succeeded.The plane would take off as soon as it had stopped raining.表示过去某一时刻之后发生的动作。常同then, in two weeks等连用e.g. Something struck her eyes. Then she had fallen to the ground.表示后来动作的影响。e.g. He had eaten something before taking dinner.(So he had no appetite at dinner.) He ate something before taking dinner. (He might have his usual appetite at dinner.)9.现在完成进行时(present perfect progressive tense).构成:have/has+been+现在分词.使用范围:现在完成进行时表示一个从过某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。e.g. Ive been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come.表示动作刚刚结束（有时指出结果）。e.g. My clothes are wet. I have been walking in the rain.我的衣服湿了，我一直走在雨中。表示某种感情色彩。e.g. You have been deceiving me.(气愤) 表示某种企图或尝试。e.g. He has been advising me.他一直想劝我。表示一个动作对现在的影响或造成的结果（相当于现在完成时）。e.g. He has been doing too much work.他做的工作太多了。（Now he is tired out.）表示重复（指断断续续，而非一直不停）。e.g. We have been discussing the matter several times this year.(我们今年已数次讨论过那件事。)现在完成进行时现在完成时的比较现在完成进行时：现在完成时：1) 强调的是某个刚刚完成的动作，或某个过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，也表示延续性；e.g. His father has been teaching maths for ten years.(并将延续下去)1) 强调动作的延续性，有临时的性质；e.g. His father has taught maths for ten years。（是否延续下去，视上下文而定）2) 可以表示重复的动作；e.g. Have you been meeting him recently?(经常约会吗？)2) 一般不表示重复的动作，但与always, often连用时有时也表示重复的动作；e.g. Have you met him recently?(最近见到他吗？)3）有时含有感情色彩。e.g. I have been waiting for you for two hours. （口语化，可能不耐烦）3）表示一般平铺直叙，但有时也带感情色彩。e.g. I have waited for you for two hours.（说明一个事实）10过去完成进行时（past perfect progressive tense）构成：had been+现在分词V.ing使用范围：表示过去某个时间之前一直进行的动作。这个动作可能延续下去，也可能不延续下去。上下文清楚时，可省略时间状语。e.g. The heavy snow had been falling for three days.一连下了三天大雪，到处是白茫茫的一片。表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况等。e.g. He had been telling you this.=He has told you this many time.他多次跟你说这件事。11将来进行时（future progressive tense）构成：shall/will be+现在分词V.ing使用范围：表示将来某个时刻正在进行的或持续的动作。e.g. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?将来进行时可用来代替一般将来时，表示一种已经决定的或肯定的动作或情况，或表示某动作将要持续而未完成。e.g. I will be seeing (will see) Mr. Jackson tomorrow.12将来完成时（future perfect tense）构成：shall/will have+过去分词使用范围：表示将来某时之前或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作。e.g. We will have made our country one of the medium developed countries in the world by the year of 2050.到2050年我们将我国建设为世界上中等发达的国家之一。表示一个持续到某时或某动作发生之前的动作。e.g .By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years.到下周一,她在这里的学习就要满三年了.表示对现在或将来可能已完成动作的推测。e.g. She will have arrived by now. (=It is likely that she has arrived by now.) 她这时可能到了。13将来完成进行时(future perfect progressive tense)构成：shall/will have been + V.ing使用范围：表示将来某时,某事之前已在发生的动作,一直延续到将来某时间,是否延续下去要视下文而定,常同表示将来某一时刻的状语用。e.g. By the time the sun sets, they will have been working on the farm for six hours.太阳落山时,他们已经在农场上干活就将有6个小时了。可表示推测,含“我料想,大概”的意思，这种用法的will应该是看作情态动词。e.g. It is early spring. Birds will have been flying back.现在是早春了，鸟儿该飞回来了。14过去将来完成时(past future perfect tense)构成：would have+过去分词使用范围：表示从过去某个时刻看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。e.g. He told me that he would have finished typing the letter before I came back.他