L59虚拟语气.doc

关于虚拟语气（仅作参考）l “式”(MOOD)是个语法范畴，它是表示语气的动词形式。英语动词有三种式：陈述式(INDICATIVE MOOD),祈使句(IMPERATIVE MOOD)和虚拟式SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD)。陈述式一般用来叙述事实或提出疑问，广泛用于陈述句、疑问句、感叹句。可以说百分之九十五的英语句子用的都是动词陈述式。所介绍的动词时、体、态等形式都是就陈述式而言的。祈使式主要用于祈使句，是说话人向对方下达命令、指令、提出要求、劝告等所用的动词形式。例如：Go back to your seat, please.Take a ten-minute break now.Dont walk on the grass.Dont write in your book.Lets rest for a while now.Lets not watch TV tonight.l 虚拟式是说话人为表示一种假设的情况、一种主观的愿望，即认为动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实或仅是主观设想时所用的动词形式。虚拟式在现代英语中不是以个重要的语法范畴。现代英语表达虚拟式的口气可采用多种多样的语法手段，如采用一般过去时、过去进行体，过去完成体：Its time we had a rest.I was wondering if you would let me use your car.How I wish I had gone there with you!还可采用情态助动词的过去时形式加动词不定式或不定式完成体：I should / would be there by now if I had started earlier.He would have been there by now if he had not missed the train. 动词原型虚拟式的主要用法如下： 用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中有以下三种情况：a) 用在decide, demand, insist, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote等动词之后的that分句中。例如：He ordered that all the books be sent at once.She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday. The doctor insisted that he not eat meat.b) 用在decision, demand, Instruction, order, requirement, resolution等名词之后的that-分句中。例如： Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable.Their decision was that the school remain closed.His order that the troops not be sent at once was carried out.在这一用法中，动词原型虚拟式能与“should +不定式”交替使用，也能与不定式被动语态交替使用。例如：He ordered that the books be sent at once. = He ordered that books should be sent at once.= He ordered the books to be sent at once.It is important that she be placed in an appropriate job. = It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job. = It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job. 用于某些公式化语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。例如：Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!God damn you! (该死的)Heaven forbid!（天理不容）Devil take him! (混蛋)So be it. (但愿如此 / 就这样吧。) l Were只有一种形式，即不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用were, 如 I were, you were, he were；如果动词为进行体或被动态，其助动词也一律用were,如 I were going, you were going, he were going；又如 I were sent, you were sent, he were sent, 主要用法如下。1. 某些状语分句中常用由if, if only ,as if, as though, though引导条件状语和让步状语分句，表示非真实的条件或让步。例如：If I were you, I should wait till next week.If it were to rain, the game would be put off.If only I were not so nervous. (要是不那么紧张就好了。)He spoke to me as if I were deaf.He behaves as though he were better that us.Though the whole world were against me, I would do what I consider as right.2. 用于某些名词性分句中 在wish, would rather, suppose, imagine之后的that-分句中，表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的)情况。例如：I wish it were spring all the year round.Id rather I were not at the site of the accident.Suppose the earth were flat.Just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.上述were在第一、三人称单数主语之后可为was所取代。例如：If it was to rain, the game would be put off.If only I was not so nervous!I wish it was spring all the year round.Id rather I wasnt at the site of the accident.但是，在if I were you 这一句中，通常只用were，不用was。另外在某些倒装结构中也只用were，不用was。例如：Were I to do it (= If I were to do it), I should rely on you.还有，在 as it were (作 so to speak解，即“宛如”、“好比”)结构中也只用were，不用was。例如：He is my best friend, my second self, as it were.如前所