专业英语八级作文写作技巧.doc

各类型大作文写作技巧 第二章大作文写作各类型大作文写作技巧一、 命题作文命题作文又叫提纲式作文，是1996年考研及以前使用的模式，现在再考的可能性已非常小了，但是它是各种写作的基础。这类作文主要可分为观点类与办法类。1观点类写作包括三个重要的方面：内容、结构与语言。相对说来，考研英语写作对内容要求并不是很高-只要围绕主题阐述，不跑题，对问题谈得是否深与透，并不是特别关注，而提纲式作文就更是如此。语言体现在词、句、段、篇各个方面，重在积累。我们要帮助大家快速提高的是结构方面。概括说来，观点类分为三种情形：第一种是议论，即对现存观点（通常是两种）做一选择；另一种是立论，即直接提出一种观点，然后来论证它；第三种是驳论，即对现有观点进行批驳，这种文章出现的几率不大。第一种文章所占的比例最高，现存的观点一般说来是两种对立的观点，通常我们会斩钉截铁地选择其中的一种观点，有些时候也可以将两者巧妙地结合起来。这种文章通常有三种构成方法，最常见的情况是在第一段叙述第一种人的观点，第二段叙述第二种人的观点，第三段做出自己的选择并下结论。还有两种情况很类似，都是在第一段简要叙述两种人的观点，在第二段将两种人的观点展开，再在第三段给出自己的观点；也可以直接在第二段就给出自己的观点并加以论证。这两种情况的区别在于现有的两种观点与自己的观点所占的篇幅长短不同。这里我们对几个重要的问题再说明一下。首先是主题句的问题，如在叙述两种人观点时，通常在段落中应该有这样的句子，例如：* Different people have different views on opportunity.* Peoples opinions are always different once they talk about family tutoring.其次是段落间衔接的问题，也就是要有过渡句。大家细细地研究一下范文，就能发现大多数时候过渡句是在后一段的段首，但也有在前一段段末的情况。比如说，如果第一段原来只有一句话，那么原本多放在第二段段首的句子可能被提至第一段的第二句话。至于论据到底应分几点来说，一般分三点。但也有变化的时候，比如是先说两点，然后举个例子-这样也很有可能取得很好的效果。但是要注意，举例子一定要注意两点，即典型、精练。观点类的第二种情况是立论，在很多时候是对事物本质的论述。此事物可以是一项制度、一种现象甚至是一种观点。通常分三段写作，首段先对这一现象或观点作一介绍，第二段表明自己的观点，第三段下结论。这里最重要的问题之一就是第一段和第三段的写法，这两段极有可能都是两句话：第一句是段落的主题句，第二句表示递进、解释或者例证，当然绝大多数情况下是递进-可以是时间上的自然接续，也可以是逻辑上的顺接关系，在实际写作中后一种情况占多数。观点类的第三种情况是驳论，比较少见。这类文章大多分为三段，第一段说明一种现象、一种做法或者一种观点，第二段进行批驳，第三段下结论。这里有两个重要问题，一是批驳句出现的位置，二是批驳句的性质问题。批驳句绝大多数情况下出现在第二段的首句，但也有出现在第一段末句的情形。批驳句有第一人称作主语的主观批驳，如I cannot agree with the above opinion；还有非人称主语句，即客观批驳，如It is not the real case。2办法类办法类文章的题目通常是以How to开头的，这一类的文章数量相当多。办法类文章分为三类：第一类是社会生活中的重大问题；第二类是令人担忧的社会问题；第三类是与大学生活紧密相连的问题。这类文章通常都有提出问题-列举具体的解决办法-总结的写法。办法类文章可以写得极其工整，即第一、二、三段均分三个方面来说，达到相互呼应的情形，比如说第一类和第二类可分政府、科研工作者与大众来说。当然有的时候文章也可以只说两种人-即政府和大众，文章就更清晰了，但此时要避免单调或篇幅太短。第三类可以从学校、老师与学生三个方面来说。办法类文章的变化极多，首先末段的写法极其灵活：可以是一句话戛然而止，但这种情况并不建议大家多用；个别情况下还可以没有作为结论段的第三段，这时的结束句必然只有一句话，放在第二段末尾。这个句子一定是一个长且复杂有力量的句子，并与上述若干点结合紧密。末段大多数时候包含两个句子，规律性很强。首句多说问题严重或重要，后句则总结必须采用上述的方法才能达到目的-这个句子可以是个倒装句、否定句、双重否定句甚至反问句。总之，这时我们是想通过调整句子结构来达到加强语气的目的。在办法类中还可能出现个性化段落或混合模板这些复杂的情形。个性化段落就是提纲中要求在先说了多种办法（通常是三种）后再说到个人（即我）的写法。这里一个值得关注的问题就是，我们在说到自己时是选择上述办法之一，还是将两种办法融合。比较可行的做法是选择其中的一种办法。其后的问题就是，在说明理由时，这段是否会与前面重复呢？实际上这里只要注意将自己的独特之处写出来就行了。混合类模板既包括办法类模块又包括原因或后果模块，我们一定要看清提纲，严格按照它来写。在学习过程中，我们应先熟悉单一模板的写法，再在融合时多思考，多练习，这样就一定能提高了。二、 图表作文图表作文在考研中总共只出现过两次，分别是1997年与1999年，它是一种介于命题作文和图画作文之间的写作形式，再考的可能性不大，但是却对图画式作文的学习非常有益。图表作文至少包含描述图表与解释原因两个部分，而当前的图表作文大多还有第三个段落。图表作文的规律性很强，不像图画式作文那样富于变化。1首段的写作图表作文有表格（table）、柱形图（bar chart）、饼状图（pie chart）和折线图（diagram）之分，后三种都是属于图表的范畴（chart）。不管是chart还是table，都需要进行描述，一般放在文章的第一部分，长度宜适中。描述数据我们要首先看看是几个变量（A），每个变量有几个数据（B），不妨以A*B表示。如果只有一个变量，有三个数据，可以描述如下：From the chart we can see clearly that the average number of hours a student spends on Internet per week has increased from less than two hours in 1998 to nearly four hours in 2000, and then to 20 hours in 2004. 如果是最常见的是2*3的情形，可以描述如下：From the chart, we can see clearly that in a big city in China, stateowned houses declined from 75% in 1990 to 60% in 1995 and then to 20% in 2000, while private houses rose from 25% to 40% and then to 80% during the same period. 这里用了while引起从句来突显对比，是一种非常好的办法，如果用两句话来描述，也完全可以。如果是1*n（n3）的情形，将头与尾描述出来即可，比较好的方法就是在句中描述最后一个与第一个相比变化了多少。碰到多变量、每个变量多数据的情形，大家应首先进行分类，分成上升、下降两类，或者上升、下降、不变三类，这样问题就迎刃而解了。2 第二段的写作第二段是解释原因的段落。我们谈谈两个问题。首先是过渡句这个问题。这里不大可能放在第一段，因为第一段不可能象有的命题作文那样简洁（如只有一句）-例如提纲式作文中的批驳类文章中除二段首句批驳之外还有首段末句批驳，效果很强烈。其次就是此段的主题句(topic sentence)的问题。此句或主观或客观并无拘束，只要上下文风格统一即可。主观：We believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon.I believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon.In my mind, the reasons why the overseas students are on the rise are as follows.主观之变体（使用插入语，突显主语）：Three reasons, we believe, can account for this phenomenon.Three reasons, I believe, can account for this phenomenon.Three reasons, I firmly believe, can account for this phenomenon.注意:插入语的使用属于看似平淡却极富功力的技巧，可以达到很好的效果。主观之变体（使用插入语）：Three reasons, in my mind, can account for this phenomenon.客观：Several reasons can account for this phenomenon.在主题句之后，可以使用连接词分两个、三个或四个方面来写，其中分三个方面来写最为常见。这里就与普通的说明文与议论文一样了-可以由最重要的到最不重要的，也可以由最不重要的到最重要的，也可能平行分布，依具体情况而定，不一而足。3 第三段的写作第三段直接写结论的情况已基本没有了。如果这篇文章讲的是一个令人担忧的问题，那么这一段写解决办法的可能性最大。如果这篇文章讲的是一个好的变化，那么这一段很可能是两种情况-可能写负面的影响或存在的问题，或者写未来趋势或发展方向。咱们看看很象利弊类的情况，如一篇文章的第三段：上述情况均是依提纲而定，提纲中如果没有第三点，那么一般说来，若是问题则写办法，若是好事则写展望，根据具体情况而定。三、 图画作文图画作文在最近八年中考了七次，可谓占据了大作文的统治地位。图画作文可分为图片、漫画与照片等多种。图画作文总体上比图表作文的结构变化更多，更为灵活，因此难度也更大。1描述图画图画作文对图画的描述应在第一段进行，且最好在首句即开始。此类作文大部分是一幅图，也会有两幅图出现的情况。如果出现两幅图，则很有可能是突显对比的情况。图画上可能没有任何文字，也可能在上面出现了一句话，也可以单个人物说话或两个人物对话，也可能在图画外写了总结性的一句话。大家注意，这一句话或两句话一般是非常重要的，应予译出。一般说来，对图画的描写不必过长，应以简练、准确为标准。2图画类作文结构分析从七年的图画作文提纲来看，可以看出，出题越来越合理，越来越符合规律，我们来看一下。年份提纲分析19981. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2. Give your comments.首段描述图画。第二段和第三段分别写原因和危害。20001. Describe the pictures. 2. Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures.3. Suggest your countermeasures.首段描述图画。第二段推测绘画者意图。第三段提出解决办法。20011. Show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,2. Give a specific example, and 3. Give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.首段描述图画、指出图画的象征意义。第二段举例说明主题。第三段指出献爱心的最好办法，深化主题。20021. Describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2. Give your comment on the phenomenon.第一段描述图画。第二段解释含义。第三段对此现象做出评论。20031. Describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2. Point out its implications in our life.第一段描述图画。第二段类比于生活中孩子的教育问题，并分析此现象出现的原因。第三段做结。20041) Describe the drawing2) Interpret its meaning, and3) Support your view with examples.第一段是描述图画。第二段是类比于人类一条永恒的真理。第三段是举例说明。20051) Describe the drawing, 2) Interpret its meaning, and3) Give your comment on it.第一段是描述图画。第二段是类比于孩子不孝敬老人的现象。第三段发表评论。我们想象中的最典型最理想的图画题提纲应该是下面这样：1 描述图画2 推导绘画者的意图3 做出评论对于这一提纲我们来做具体分析，其中第三点更要细致研究。首先由图画引出一种社会现象或社会问题，可以是好的，也可以是不好的。在推导绘画者的意图时多是展开说此现象或问题的表现，以证明其引人注目。还有一种可能性是说此现象或问题产生的原因，提纲可直接列出，或还用上述提纲。这时可把简单意图推导直接放到第一段描述图画之后，而在第二段中说原因。第三段做出评论，有可能只是简单评论、深化主题就结束，但这种可能性越来越小了。这一部分很可能说的是办法，不好的事情就是如何解决的办法，好的事情就是如何进一步发展的方法。通过上述列表，我们可以看出，多年以来，真实的提纲是怎样一步步地向我们想象中的理想模式靠近的。对于提纲里面出现的变化和规律，我们来分析一下。我们仔细分析，会发现历年考研真题基本上都呈现现象或问题-原因解释-解决办法这样的模式，但变化非常多。因为我们谈论的既可以是一件值得弘扬的好事，也可能是一个令人忧心忡忡的社会问题；针对后者我们极有可能需要提出做法；而对于前者，可能解释一下就结束了，也可能要写出相应的做法。综上所述，可以看出，比起图表作文来，图画作文要更灵活，更富于变化。我们一定要多练习，以达到一看到图画（含图中和图边文字）和提纲（有时有文章标题）就能有效地审题解题，构造出合理的具体段落的目的。这里面还有个问题，就是举例子，近年来已明确出现了两次，这一点大家一定要多练习。 应用文写作：备忘录 备忘录1结构要点:备忘录是单位内部传递信息的文件，包括抬头和正文，其中抬头包含四个部分：TO: 收阅者FROM: 撰写者SUBJECT: 主题DATE: 日期Directions 27Suppose you are the secretary of the Personnel Department of a company and are organizing a farewell party for a colleague who is going to retire. Write a memo in about 100 words to inform your colleagues of the meeting. Do not use your own name, using Li Ming instead.Sample:TO: All employees of the Personnel DepartmentFROM: Li Ming, secretary of the Personnel DepartmentSUBJECT: Farewell Party for Liu GangDATE: Dec. 27, 2005Our colleague Liu Gang is going to retire next month. His retiring is really a pity to us all as he is such an amiable man who is always ready to help others, such an honest man who has won trust and respect from around him, and such a humorous man who can often add pleasure to our work. We have decided to hold a farewell party for him.We are going to use the assembly room of our department for the party. I have organized several programs for entertainment, but they are not enough. So if anyone is willing to give performances, please let me know as soon as possible. Besides, our general manager and manager will be present, too.All the colleagues of the Personnel Department are invited to attend the party which is scheduled on November 4, next Friday and will begin at 7 oclock in the evening. By the way, all suggestions on the party are welcome.备忘录2语言注意点:备忘录的主要目的是有效、快速地传达信息，应语言简练、层次清楚，易于理解。如有并列信息，可借助项目符号或编号等，使人一目了然。不宜使用华丽的辞藻或复杂的结构来炫耀自己的写作才能。Directions 28Write a memo in about 100 words on behalf of the Student Union to call on students to join in the volunteer activities in Xinhua Community.Sample:TO: All students of Shanghai UniversityFROM: Student UnionSUBJECT: Volunteer activities in Xinhua CommunityDATE: Sep. 13, 2005At the beginning of the new term, we plan to organize a series of volunteer activities in Xinhua Community, which is about 200 meters from our university.The activities are scheduled on September 18, this Sunday and include doing housework for the disabled or old people who live by themselves, teaching English to children, and publicizing knowledge about healthy diet and about preventing common diseases.We believe it is a good opportunity to show our love and know more about the society. 100 volunteers are needed. If you are willing and have time to take part in the activities, please come to the office of the Student Union on the third floor of the Administrative Building, where we would ask you to sign your name in a table and tell us what activity you are particularly interested in. 应用文写作：便笺一 便 笺 1 结构要点:便笺也叫做便条，是一种简便的信函，形式简单，可用于询问、道歉、请假、约会、留言、归还东西等很多事由。Directions 23Suppose you and two of your friends have decided to go on a selftour to Hangzhou and you want to invite another friend Cathy to join you. Write a note in about 100 words to her. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.Sample:Dear Cathy,We have planned a selftour to Hangzhou next Saturday. I wonder if you would like to join us, Sherry, Alice and me. You know, spring is the season when the scenery around West Lake is the most beautiful and it is very convenient for us to go there for it takes only two hours and a half by train or by coach. We are going by the 820 train of Saturday morning and returning on Sunday evening. If you agree to go with us, we plan to book two rooms in the Youth Hostel which cost only 50 yuan a night and from which its only 20 minutes walk to West Lake.Im sure we will have a very good time and find the tour rewarding.Yours,Li Ming 应用文写作：便笺二 便 笺 2语言注意点:便笺语言较简单和口语化，但应注意，说明事由时要简洁、清楚，不需过多的套话。Directions 24Suppose your mother has come to see you and tonight you will sleep in the room she has booked in a hotel near your university. Write a note in about 100 words to inform your roommate Linda of that. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.Sample:Dear Linda,I am afraid that I wont be in our dormitory tonight because my mother has come here to see me and I plan to sleep in the room she has booked in a nearby hotel. I had wanted to tell you that in person but you are not back yet. So I have to leave this note for you. My mother has brought me several bags of beef jerky that are a special product of my hometown. Ive left two of them on your desk. Help yourself and I hope youll enjoy them. Besides I have asked our teacher for a days leave. So I wont be present in tomorrows class. Would you do me a favor by handing in my history assignment to the teacher? It is on your desk beneath the beef jerky. Thanks.Take care of yourself.Yours,Li Ming 应用文写作：感谢信一 感谢信1 结构要点:感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的信件，分为三个部分：1 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢；2 展开叙述这件事；3 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。Directions 7 Suppose you were taken good care of by Doctor Liu when you were in hospital. Write a letter in about 100 words to him to show your gratitude. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.Sample:Dear Doctor Liu,It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere thanks to you for your careful treatment and attendance when I was in hospital this March. On that night, I got acute appendicitis and was sent to your hospital by my roommates. Yet I was very lucky to have you, an experienced and skillful doctor, on duty. You immediately diagnosed my disease, hospitalized me and arranged a timely operation for me. In the following days you took good care of me and talked to me from time to time to release my pain. It was all because of your attendance and perfect professional skills that I could recover so soon. Therefore, thank you again and I wish I would have the chance to pay you back for all your kindness.Yours faithfully,Li Ming 应用文写作：感谢信二 感谢信2语言注意点:感谢信应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。言辞应真挚、得体。Directions 8 Suppose your friend lent you a book and gave you some suggestions when you made preparations for CET6. Write a letter in about 100 words to show your gratitude. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.Sample:Dear Sherry,My thanks to you for your help with my preparations for the CET6 are beyond words.Originally I only wanted to ask you for some advice on the coming test, as you were so good at English. But to my surprise, you gave more help to me than I had ever expected. You not only wrote down ten suggestions for me but also showed me how I could arrange my time and what I should do in each month before the test. Besides, you lent me the book I needed very much when you learned that I had not yet got it. It was really kind and considerate of you.Your unreserved help enabled me to make efficient preparations and at last encouraged me to pass the test. So I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude again.Yours faithfully,Li Ming 应用文写作：简历 简 历 1结构要点:简历是个人经历的书面表达形式，应包含个人信息、教育背景和工作经历。有时还可包含事业目标（objective或career objective）、其他经历（activities）、获奖情况（awards）和特长（special skills）等。Directions 29Suppose you are going to graduate from the university. Write a resume in about 100 words to apply for a job. Do not use your own name, using Li Mei instead. Sample:RESUMEPersonal Data:Name:Li MeiSex:FemaleAddress: Room 602, Dormitory Building 12,Wuhan University Wuhan, Hubei, 430021Date of Birth:June 16, 1983Place of Birth:Zunyi, GuizhouTelephone:(027) 87273548,mail:Hobbies:painting, reading, Internet surfing, dancingForeign Languages:EnglishObjective: To work as a regional sales representative who is responsible for sales activity and coordinationEducation:2002 Present Studying at Wuhan University Bachelor of Arts in finance1999 2002 Studying at Zunyi No. 1 High School1996 1999 Studying at Zunyi No. 7 Junior High SchoolWork Experience: NoneSpecial Skills and Technical Qualifications:I am professionally trained in finance and economics. In addition to Mandarin, I can speak, write and read English fluently. I had two parttime jobs in Taiping Company and Zhida company, which helped me gain some sales operation knowledge and sales planning experience简 历 2语言注意点:简历忌过长或用词空泛，提供的信息应有用、如实，编排须整齐有系统。Directions 30Suppose you are Tan Wen, English teacher at Taiyuan Institute of Technology. Write a resume in about 100 words to apply for a new job in another city. Sample:Tan WenTaiyuan Institute of TechnologyTaiyuan, Shanxi ProvinceTelephone: (0351) 6523787Experience2000 PresentWorking as a lecturer of English at Taiyuan Institute of TechnologyTeaching undergraduate (nonEnglish majors) intensive reading, extensive reading, listening, writingTeaching graduate (nonEnglish majors) writingEducation1997 2000 Studying at Shanghai Teachers University Master of Arts in American Studies1993 1997 Studying at Shanxi University Bachelor of Arts in English Language and Literature1990 1993 Studying at Mianyang Senior High School1987 1990 Studying at Mianyang No. 5 Junior High SchoolPersonal DataSex: FemaleDate of Birth: June 27, 1976Place of Birth: Mianyang, Sichuan, ChinaMarital Status: Married, without ChildHealth: Excellent 应用文写作：建议信二 建议信2 语言注意点:这类信可写给认识的人，也可写给不认识的人。内容与模式都比较灵活。但总地来说，应言辞恳切，理由充分。directions4 Suppose one of your friends is going to take the CET6 and asks you for suggestions on how to make preparation. Write a letter in about 100 words to him/her. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.Sample:Dear Helen,What a surprise it is that you are going to take this Junes CET6 since you are only a freshman in Fudan University! Anyway, your courage and efforts are worth praise.To get fully prepared for the test, I think, you need to first enlarge your vocabulary, which is the basis of all parts. Second, you need more exercises, especially exercises of reading comprehension, in order to improve your test skills. Then you should practise writing constantly. You can email your compositions to me and I will correct them for you in time. In a word, every effort is rewarding. I am looking forward to your success.Best wishes.Yours,Li Ming 应用文写作：介绍信一 介绍信1 结构要点:介绍信是向收信人介绍某人的信件，包含三个部分：1 说明被介绍人的身份；2 提出希望收信人做的事情；3 如果是请收信人关照被介绍人，表示感谢；如果是请收信人与被介绍人共同工作，则对合作表示乐观。Directions 19Suppose that your friend is going to stay at a big city. Write a letter in about 100 words to introduce her to a friend there. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead. Sample:Dear Linda, I want to introduce to you the bearer of this letter, Helen Herbert, who is a diligent and intelligent scholar just like you. She will attend an international conference on economics from August 27 through August 30 at the ShangriLa Hotel of your city.She will have no problem with her accommodation. I am sure a talk will benefit both of you a lot. I have given your mobile phone number to her, and I hope it will not cause any inconvenience for you. Thank you for your kindness and consideration.Sincerely yours,Li Ming 应用文写作：介绍信二 介绍信2语言注意点:介绍信应措辞礼貌得体，对被介绍人的说明应简洁明了、重点突出。Directions 20Write a letter to inform a colleague of a coming visiting scholar in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using Li Ming instead.Sample:Dear Anna,Please allow me to take this opportunity to introduce a visiting scholar, George M