迪拜的设计 土木专业英语翻译.doc

Design, Construction & Structural Details of Burj DubaiBurj al Dubai - Now known as Burj KhalifaThe goal of the Burj Dubai Tower is not simply to be the worlds highest building: its to embody the worlds highest aspirations. The superstructure is currently under construction and as of fall 2007 has reached over 160 stories. The final height of the building is 2,717 feet (828 meters). The height of the multi-use skyscraper will comfortably exceed the current record holder, the 509 meter (1671 ft) tall Taipei 101. The 280,000 m2(3,000,000 ft2) reinforced concrete multi-use Burj Dubai tower is utilized for retail, a Giorgio Armani Hotel, residential and office. As with all super-tall projects, difficult structural engineering problems needed to be addressed and resolved.迪拜塔的目的不仅仅只是成为世界上最高的建筑：而是象征着世界上最高的抱负。那个庞然大物目前正在建设当中，而到了2007年秋就已经超过了160多层。最后的高度将达到828米。这栋混合结构的摩天大厦将轻轻松松超过目前最高纪录的保持着台北101大厦。这栋拥有280000立方米混凝土的混合结构迪拜塔将投入商用，最为一个宾馆，商品房还有办公用所。和其他超高工程一样，复杂的工程意味着面临一大堆的工程问题要解决。Structural System Description结构系统说明：Burj Khalifa has refuge floors at 25 to 30 story intervals that are more fire resistant and have separate air supplies in case of emergency. Its reinforced concrete structure makes it stronger than steel-frame skyscrapers.迪拜塔每隔25到30层便设置一个“避难层”，这些层跟普通楼层比起来更加能抗火而且备有独立的空气提供系统以防事故。钢筋混凝土结构使得它比全钢结构摩天大厦更坚实。Designers purposely shaped the structural concrete Burj Dubai - Y shaped in plan - to reduce the wind forces on the tower, as well as to keep the structure simple and foster constructibility. The structural system can be described as a buttressed core (Figures 1, 2 and 3). Each wing, with its own high performance concrete corridor walls and perimeter columns, buttresses the others via a six-sided central core, or hexagonal hub. The result is a tower that is extremely stiff laterally and torsionally. SOM applied a rigorous geometry to the tower that aligned all the common central core, wall, and column elements.设计者有意的将混凝土结构的迪拜塔设计成“y”形状的来减少风荷载对它的影响，同时也简化结构提高施工的可行性。结构系统可以用“板根状”核心。每一翼上面的高性能混凝土走廊和周围的柱子通过位于核心的六边形集合板和其他的翼相连。这个特点使得迪拜塔具有十足的抗水平荷载和抗扭刚度。Som应用严格的几何来使得塔内的中心和墙柱得以均衡受力。Each tier of the building sets back in a spiral stepping pattern up the building. The setbacks are organized with the Towers grid, such that the building stepping is accomplished by aligning columns above with walls below to provide a smooth load path. This allows the construction to proceed without the normal difficulties associated with column transfers.建筑的每一层都设置了螺旋形的垫层。这种装置是通过塔的布置格式设定，这样那个垫层就能准确的被安置通过矫正柱子和相面的墙来提供一个联系顺滑的路线。这样就可以使得建设不用碰到柱子运输过程中所碰到的种种问题从而顺利进行。The setbacks are organized such that the Towers width changes at each setback. The advantage of the stepping and shaping is to confuse the wind1. The wind vortices never get organized because at each new tier the wind encounters a different building shape.迪拜塔的被设置成每一个单元的宽度都是不一样的。阶梯状和尖状的优势是可以削弱分散风力。因为每一层的形状都不一样所以漩涡风不会形成。The Tower and Podium structures are currently under construction (Figure 3) and the project is scheduled for topping out in 2008.整个塔当前还正在建设当中，而这个项目计划在2008年封顶。Architectural DesignThe context of the Burj Dubai being located in the city of Dubai, UAE, drove the inspiration for the building form to incorporate cultural, historical, and organic influences particular to the region.建筑设计迪拜塔坐落于迪拜的市中心，Uae，驱动着城市的文化历史，并且对局部区域产生了重大影响。Structural Analysis and Design结构分析和设计The center hexagonal reinforced concrete core walls provide the torsional resistance of the structure similar to a closed tube or axle. The center hexagonal walls are buttressed by the wing walls and hammer head walls which behave as the webs and flanges of a beam to resist the wind shears and moments.位于中心以六边形分布的核心墙为给结构所提供的抗扭力相当于一个套管或者车轴，在结构的外表提供一个坚实结构。正六边形的墙体是通过翼缘板和hammer head walls来加固的，而这也是作为梁的用于抵抗剪力和偶然荷载的翼缘板和凸出部分。Outriggers at the mechanical floors allow the columns to participate in the lateral load resistance of the structure; hence, all of the vertical concrete is utilized to support both gravity and lateral loads. The wall concrete specified strengths ranged from C80 to C60 cube strength and utilized Portland cement and fly ash.在机动层的桁架使得柱子可以一起抵抗位于结构的侧向上的荷载。因此，所有的垂直的混凝土在水平和重力两个方向上都有得到了应用。特种水泥的强度能达到c80到c60立方体强度，原料包括用波兰水泥和火山灰。Local aggregates were utilized for the concrete mix design. The C80 concrete for the lower portion of the structure had a specified Youngs Elastic Modulus of 43,800 N/mm2 (6,350ksi) at 90 days. The wall and column sizes were optimized using virtual work . La Grange multiplier methodology which results in a very efficient structure (Baker et ah, 2000). The reinforced concrete structure was designed in accordance with the requirements of ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.而混凝土是用当地的搅拌器搅拌的。占少数比例的C80的混凝土在第90天的初期弹性模数有43,800 N/mm2。墙体和柱子的最佳的尺寸都是用L综合方法算出来的，而这时使得整体结构被利用得很充分合理。混凝土结构的设计是根据 aci318-02混凝土建筑标准规范的要求设计的。The wall thicknesses and column sizes were fine-tuned to reduce the effects of creep and shrinkage on the individual elements which compose the structure. To reduce the effects of differential column shortening, due to creep, between the perimeter columns and interior walls, the perimeter columns were sized such that the self-weight gravity stress on the perimeter columns matched the stress on the interior corridor walls. The five (5) sets of outriggers, distributed up the building, tie all the vertical load carrying elements together, further ensuring uniform gravity stresses: hence, reducing differential creep movements. Since the shrinkage in concrete occurs more quickly in thinner walls or columns, the perimeter column thickness of 600mm (24) matched the typical corridor wall thickness (similar volume to surface ratios) (Figure 5) to ensure the columns and walls will generally shorten at the same rate due to concrete shrinkage.墙的厚度和柱子的尺寸是互相协调的，较少了各个构件因为滑移和收缩而产生的不良影响。为了减少因为滑移所造成的不同柱子缩短的影响，周边的柱子的尺寸是这样制定的：结构自重在周边柱子产生的压力加上建筑在内走廊的墙所产生的压力。分布于建筑内的5榀桁架把所有的承受竖向荷载的构件联系了起来，进一步保证了整体的竖向承载力，因此。The top section of the Tower consists of a structural steel spire utilizing a diagonally braced lateral system. The structural steel spire was designed for gravity, wind, seismic and fatigue in accordance with the requirements of AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (1999). The exterior exposed steel is protected with a flame applied aluminum finish.塔的顶部是由运用一个斜向支撑侧向系统的钢塔尖。这个钢结构塔尖是根据美国钢结构协会关于钢结构建筑的荷载规定和抵抗因素设计说明的相关要求去设计的，用来抵抗重力，风力，地震和疲劳的破坏。暴露在外的钢构件是用焊接在外的铝箔来保护的Analysis for GravityThe structure was analyzed for gravity (including P-Delta analysis), wind, and seismic loadings by ETABS version 8.4 (Figure 6). The three-dimensional analysis model consisted of the reinforced concrete walls, link beams, slabs, raft, piles, and the spire structural steel system. The full 3D analysis model consisted of over 73,500 shells and 75,000 nodes. Under lateral wind loading, the building deflections are well below commonly used criteria. The dynamic analysis indicated the first mode is lateral side sway with a period of 11.3 seconds (Figure 7). The second mode is a perpendicular lateral side sway with a period of 10.2 seconds. Torsion is the fifth mode with a period of 4.3 seconds自身重力受力分析结构的重力（非几何线性分析），风，地震荷载是通过8.4版本的结构软件来分析的。三维模型的组成包括：混凝土墙体，连系梁，板，筏板，桩，还有钢塔尖系统。全部的三维结构分析有共有73500个板件和75000个节点。在侧向风荷载作用下，建筑的偏斜程度被控制在正常规定下。结构的动态分析显示了第一振动周期为11.3秒。而第二振动模型的振动周期为10.2秒。涉及扭转的第十五个模型的振动周期为4.3.Site Test and AnalysisThe Dubai Municipality (DM) specifies Dubai as a UBC97 Zone 2a seismic region (with a seismic zone facior Z = 0.15 and soil profile Sc). The seismic analysis consisted of a site specific response spectra analysis. Seismic loading typically did not govern the design of the reinforced concrete Tower structure. Seismic loading did govern the design of the reinforced concrete Podium buildings and the Tower structural steel spire.选址评估分析。迪拜当局政府制定迪拜为一个（美国97抗震规范）2a地震区（）。地震分析包括指定的地点回应光谱分析。地震荷载一般不能主导整个钢筋混凝土塔结构的设计。但是地震荷载却能够左右钢筋混凝土台和塔式的钢结构的设计。Dr. Max Irvine (with Structural Mechanics & Dynamics Consulting Engineers located in Sydney Australia) developed site specific seismic reports for the project including a seismic hazard analysis. The potential for liquefaction was investigated based on several accepted methods; it was determined that liquefaction is not considered to have any structural implications for the deep seated Tower foundations.Dr. Max Irvine（澳大利亚悉尼的结构原理和动态结构资讯工程师顾问）撰写了该地址的包含一次地震所可能带来的灾难情况的地震预测分析报告。各种潜在的液化液体通过几种被广泛认可的方法调查研究。在这里这些液化的液体被认为是对塔深部基础在结构上的没有任何的影响的。In addition to the standard cube tests, the raft concrete was field tested prior to placement by flow table (Figure 10). L-box, V-Box and temperature.除了标准立方体试块实验，筏板混凝土在被送至安装之前也在流动性试验台上通过了局部的强度测验。Foundations and Site Conditions地基基础和选址条件。The Tower foundations consist of a pile supported raft. The solid reinforced concrete raft is 3.7 meters (12 ft) thick and was poured utilizing C50 (cube strength) self consolidating concrete (SCC). The raft was constructed in four (4) separate pours (three wings and the center core). Each raft pour occurred over at least a 24 hour period. Reinforcement was typically at 300mm spacing in the raft, and arranged such that every 10lh bar in each direction was omitted, resulting in a series of pour enhancement strips throughout the raft at which 600 mm x 600 mm openings at regular intervals facilitated access and concrete placement.塔的基础由筏形桩台构成。这坚硬的钢筋混凝土筏板有3.7米厚，并且采用的是c50的加强混凝土。筏板分成独立的四块灌溉而成。每一块筏板都要花费24个小时才能完成灌溉。The Tower raft is supported by 194 bored cast-in-place piles. The piles are 1.5 meter in diameter and approximately 43 meters long with a design capacity of 3,000 tonnes each. The Tower pile load test supported over 6,000 tonnes (Figure 12). The C60 (cube strength) SCC concrete was placed by the tremie method utilizing polymer slurry. The friction piles are supported in the naturally cemented calcisiltite conglomeritic 聚结calcisiltite fomiations developing an ultimate pile skin friction of 250 to 350 kPa (2.6 to 3.6 tons / ft ). When the rebar cage was placed in the piles, special attention was paid to orient the rebar cage such that the raft bottom rebar could be threaded through the numerous pile rebar cages without interruption, which greatly simplified the raft construction.整个塔的筏型基础是由194根转孔灌注桩支撑。桩的直径有1.5米长度有43米长，每根都能够承重3000吨的重力。而实际上通过测试可以达到6000吨的承载力。而添加聚合物（润滑剂的c60的混凝土时通过是混凝土导管来输送的。摩擦桩是通过混凝土表面和岩石表面的聚结作用来实现承载的，而在底部桩体和岩土的摩擦力能够达到250到300kpa。党钢筋笼被放置入桩孔的时候，这个时候特别注意和确定钢筋笼的位置，这样筏形基础的钢筋就能够背及时放入部分的桩中而无需再特意地去中断混凝土的灌溉，这样可以大大的简化筏型基基础的施工。The site geotechnical investigation consisted of the following Phases:地址的岩土勘探情况如下：1. Phase I; 23 Boreholes (three with pressuremeter testing) with depths up to 90m. 第一阶段：23个转孔，其中有三个佩带有承载力测试，转深到90米。2. Phase 2: 3 Boreholes drilled with cross-hole geophysics. 第二个阶段：3个转孔，通过地球物理勘探。3. Phase 3: 6 Boreholes (two with pressuremeter testing) with depths up to 60m. 第三个阶段：六个转孔，两个通过承载力测试，深度达到60米。4. Phase 4: 1 Borehole with cross-hole and down-hole gophysics; depth = 140m第四阶段：1个转孔，深度140米。3D foundation settlement analysisA detailed 3D foundation settlement analysis was carried out (by Hyder Consulting Ltd., UK) based on the results of the geotechnical investigation and the pile load test results. It was determined the maximum long-term settlement over time would be about a maximum of 80mm (3.1). This settlement would be a gradual curvature of the top of grade over the entire large site. When the construction was at Level 135, the average foundation settlement was 30mm (1.2). The geotechnical studies were peer reviewed by both Mr. Clyde Baker of STS Consultants, Ltd. (Chicago, IL, USA) and by Dr. Harry Poulos of Coffey Geosciences (Sydney, Australia).三维基础沉降量模型是建立在上述的岩土勘探和桩荷载测试结果的基础上的。已有规定长期的最大沉降量为80mm。基础的上部的所有的重量将会使得基础慢慢弯曲。当施工达到了135层时，基础的平均沉降将达到30mm。这个岩土研究由。和。负责严加注意。The groundwater in which the Burj Dubai substructure is constructed is particularly severe, with chloride concentrations of up to 4.5%, and sulfates of up to 0.6%. The chloride and sulfate concentrations found in the groundwater are even higher than the concentrations in sea water. Accordingly, the primary consideration in designing the piles and raft foundation was durability. The concrete mix for the piles was a 60 MPa mix based on a triple blend with 25% fly ash, 7% silica fume, and a water to cement ratio of 0.32. The concrete was also designed as a fully self consolidating concrete, incorporating a viscosity modifying admixture with a slump flow of 675 +/- 75mm to limit the possibility of defects during construction.迪拜的地下水舍得迪拜的地下结构经受的着严峻的环境，地下水的氯聚合物含量达到了4.5%而硫化物含量也达到了0.6%。这比海水中所发现的含量还高。相应的，在设计的时候就要考虑到桩和筏形基础的抗腐蚀能力。桩身的混凝土由25%粉煤灰7%石英粉和水灰比0.32的混凝土浆。这种混凝土还能够自压实，外加参合剂来克服混凝土的一些施工缺陷。Due to the aggressive conditions present caused by the extremely corrosive ground water, a rigorous program of anti-corrosion measures was required to ensure the durability of the foundations. Measures implemented included specialized waterproofing systems, increased concrete cover, the addition of corrosion inhibitors to the conc