生态学双语教学大纲.doc

（双语教学）生态学教学大纲一、主要内容本课程从个体生态、种群生态、群落生态、生态系统生态、景观生态和全球生态等水平介绍生态学的基础理论、基本原理、基本研究方法，生态学的发展历史及现代生态学的进展，生态学在工、农业生产、资源和环境保护等方面的应用。二、教学目的和要求本课程的教学目的与要求: 使学生掌握生态学的基本理论、基本知识、基本实验技能, 了解生态学的新发展和在生产、生活、环境保护等的应用。 毕业后能胜任有关生态学和环境科学方面的教学和科研工作，能开展生态学方面初步的研究工作。三、教学方法生态学是一门综合性较强的学科。教学上，要求重点讲授好生态学的基本理论、基本知识、基本实验技能，使学生打下较牢固的专业基础。同时，生态学又是一门发展十分迅速，在可持续发展中具有重要指导意义和广阔应用的学科，教学中必须注意生态学的新发展和新动态，十分注意理论联系实际。因此，尽可能安排专家学术报告或讲座及外出参观，使学生能更好地了解学科的新发展和在实践中的应用。本门课程牵涉的知识面较广、概念、原理、理论较多，它在工农业生产、生活、环境保护、可持续发展中应用广，成功的例子很多。把理论的讲授和实践应用结合好，是本课程教学的关键。双语教学使用的美国优秀生态学教材，其重要特点是对研究方法的较详细的介绍，对理论的探索和发现过程的详细介绍。这对培养学生的创新思维是很有好处的。因此在教学中应注重落实这一特点。由于生态学牵涉的学科面较广，要求学生具备一定的生物、地理、数学、物理、化学、气象等学科知识。在三年级开设。四、考核方式闭卷笔试。五、使用教材及依据Aulay Mackenzie, Andy S. Ball and R. Virdee. Instant Notes in Ecology. Bios Scientific Publishers Limited, 1998.使用本教材的依据：本书是教育部重点推荐的国外优秀大学教材，高等教育出版社有影印版，购书有保障，价格合适。六、主要参考书和网站1. 李博. 生态学. 北京，高等教育出版社. 2000.2. 孙儒泳. 动物生态学原理（第三版）。北京：北京大学出版社，2001。3. 孙儒泳 李庆芬 牛翠娟 娄安如. 基础生态学. 北京：高等教育出版社，2002.4. Odum E P. 生态学基础。孙儒泳 钱国桢 林浩然 等译。北京：人民教育出版社，1981。5. Rickleps R. E. The Economy of Nature (5th Edition). W H Freeman and Company, New York. 2000.6. Manuel C. Molles. Ecology: Concepts and Applications (2nd edi). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1999. 影印版，高等教育出版社，2002。7.金岚主编, 环境生态学. 高等教育出版社, 1998.一些较好的生态学网站，如:、、、、、 七、教学内容与学时分配1总学时数总学时数34学时。其中讲授32学时，作业2学时。2课程内容Section A Introduction to ecology（1h）I. What is Ecology?A definition of ecology.Individuals, populations, communities and ecosystemsII.Ten rules in ecology本章重点：生态学的定义，生态学的研究的四个层次：个体、种群、群落和生态系统。Section B Adaptation to the environment (2h)I. AdaptationFitnessNatural selectionAdaptationGenotype and phenotypeII. Coping with environmental variationConditionsResources Environmental variationInternal regulationHomeostasis Negative feedbackTolerance.The NicheNiche HabitatMultidimentional niche spaceFudamental niche Realized niche本章重点：适应;自然选择;生态位。Section C Climate (1h)I. Solar radiation and climateSolar radiationGlobal wind patternThe circulation of oceansRainHavocII. MicroclimateLocal variation in climateHeat Temperature profileRelative humidity本章重点：气候因子与微气候。Section D The properties of water (2h)I. The properties of waterChemical properties of waterPenetration of light through waterWater and temperatureEnergy transfer and water phasesII. Plants and waterSoil waterThe uptake of water by roots Aquatic plants and waterWater availability and plant productivity.Animals and waterWater balance in fish Water balance in amphibiansWater conservation by terrestrial animalsWater conservation by mammalian kidneys本章重点与难点：水对生物形态、生理、行为的影响和生物对水分条件的适应。Section E Temperature(1h)I. Temperature and MetabolismHomeotherms and poikilothermsEcotherms and endothermsHeat exchangeTemperature thresholdsII. Responses to temperatureTemperature and rates of enzyme reactionEvolved response to temperature. Temperature and Species distributionSpecies distribution and temperatureEvolved response to temperature本章重点与难点：温度对生物形态、生理、行为的影响和生物对温度条件的适应。Section F Radiation (1h)I. Solar radiation and plantsRadiant energy and photosynthesisEfficiency of radiant energy conversionC3 and C4 plantsChanges in the intensity of radiationStrategic and tactical response of plants to radiationControl of photosynthesisMeasurement of photosynthesis本章重点与难点：辐射对生物形态、生理、行为的影响和生物对辐射条件的适应。Section G Nutrients (2h)I. Sources and cyclesNutrient sourcesNutrient budgets in terrestrial communitiesNutrient budgets in aquatic communitiesGeochemistryGlobal biogeochemical cyclesII. Plants and consumersThe fate of matter in the communityProducers ConsumersDecomposes.Soil formation, properties and classificationSoil formation The soil profilePrimary classification: the great soil groups本章重点与难点：养分的来源、循环社会性及其对生物的影响。Section H Population ecology (2h)I. Populations and population structurePopulationPopulation sizeAge and stage stuctureII. Natality, mortality and population growthNatalityMortality SurvivoshipLife tablesk-Factor analysis The fecundity schedulePopulation growthDensity-independent population growthDensity-dependent growth- the logistic equation.Density and density dependenceDensityEstimating density mark release recaptureDensity dependenceEquilibrium population densityCompensation and density dependence.Population dynamics fluctuation, cycles and chaosExpanding and contracting populationPopulation fluctuationChaos本章重点与难点：种群的变化及其产生的原因、种群分布的机理; 稀少性和灭绝的关系；种群增长模型。Section I Competition (2h)I. The nature of competitionClassifying interactionsCompetitionIntraspecific competitionInterspecific competitionExploitation competitionInterference competitionAsymmetry in the effects of competitonThe Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition modelII. Intraspecific competitionDensity dependenceDispersalTerritorialitySelf-thining.Resource partitioningCompetitive exclusionLimiting similarityCompetitive releaseCharacter displacementSpatial and temporal heterogeneityApparent competitionEnemy-free space本章重点与难点：竞争结果;竞争与生态位的关系。Section J Predation (2h)I. The nature of predationDefining predationCarnivores and herbivoresGeneralists and specialistsThe impact of predation on prey population sizeLotka-Volterra predator-prey modelII. Predator behavior and prey responseProfitability of preySwitching between prey types The effect of prey density-functional responsesSearching and handlingHeterogeneity and prey refugesThe ideal free dsitributionPlant defense本章重点与难点：捕食的性质。Section K Parasitism (2h)I. The nature of parasitismThe diversity of parasitesModes of transmissionHost response t odiseaseComplex life cyclesSocial parasitesII. The dynamics of parasitismParasite-host dynamicsHost-parasite evolutionA model of microparasite diseaseHeterogeneity in parasite populationsHeterogeneity in host populationParasites as a reason for sex- the “Red Queen”本章重点与难点：寄生的性质.Section L Mutualism (2h)I. MutualismMutualism and symbiosisObligate mutualismFacultative mutualismPollinationSeed dispersalSymbiotic mutualists within animal tissue and cellsDefensive mutualismMutualism and evolution本章重点与难点：互利共生的特点.Section M Life History (2h)I. Life HistoryLife history variationEnergy allocation and trade-offsr- and k-selectionReproductive valuesHabitat classificationDispause and dormancyMigrationComplex life cyclesSenescenceII. Social groups, cooperation and altruismCooperationGruoping-benefitsGruoping-costsAltruismEusocial society本章重点与难点：生活史.Section N Behavioral ecology (2h)I. Sex in ecologySexThe cost of inbreedingSelf-fertilizationSexual versus asexual reproductionMating systemsSex ratioSexual selection本章重点与难点：生态学中的性.Section O Population genetics (2h)I. Genetic variationGenes and allelesPolyporphismMeasuring genetic variationGenetic driftGenectic bottleneckFounder effectII. SpeciationReproductive species conceptGene flowBiological species conceptRecognition species conceptAllopatric speciationParapatric speciationSympatric speciation本章重点与难点：物种的形成.Section P Ecosystem processes (2h)I. Components and processesThe concept of ecosystemEcosystem componentsEcosystems and the laws of thermodynamicsTransfer efficiencesEnergy flow through a communityII. Primary and secondary productionPrimary productionRelationship of productivity to biomass Secondary productionThe relationship between matter and energy.Food chainsPathways of nutrient flowInteraction between trophic levelsTop-down or bottom-up?本章重点与难点：生态系统.Section Q Communities (2h)I. The community, structure and stabilityThe commun