小马备考包笔记、参考答案 1.doc

占据了约四分之一地球表面的沙漠，在最近几十年里正以不容忽视的速度继续扩大。那些原本不存在，现在正在向类似沙漠情况发展的区域被称为沙漠化。预计地表约有另外四分之一的土地正在受到沙漠化的威胁。沙漠化首先是由于稳定的自然植被的缺失以及之后由风和水引起的土地侵蚀作用。有时松散的土壤被直接吹走，留下多石的表面，有时较好的土壤颗粒被移走，沙粒大小的则积累成移动山丘和沙粒山。即使在某些区域仍然保持有土壤覆盖，植被的减少也会引起土壤蓄水能力的削弱。雨水的冲击使松散的土壤从良好的黏土颗粒变成只留有微小空间的状态，这就形成了只允许少量水分渗入的封印式土壤层。水分吸收大量减少，流逝大量增加，加快了土壤侵蚀的速度。土壤渐渐变得干燥，吸收水分的能力不断削弱，最终使得植被减少，如此就形成了累进的地表状况恶化的恶性循环。在某些地区，气候状况的干燥倾向也是增加的沙漠区域的原因。持续的渐进的全球变暖在过去的几千年间引起了某些区域的干燥气候，如果全球变暖是由大气污染引起，这种过程还将加剧。无疑在绝大多数区域沙漠化都主要由人类活动而非自然进程引起。与沙漠接壤的半干旱地区处于非常脆弱的生态平衡中，抵抗环境压力的潜力也被限制。不断扩大的人口数量为了获取食物和能源而给自然施加压力。在湿润的时期，土地也许还能适应这些压力，而在干旱的已经接近沙漠边缘的时代，土地承受的压力远远超越了他不断削弱的能力、和沙漠化困境中所能承受的极限。有四个特殊的人类活动被界定为沙漠化进程的主要原因：过度耕种、过渡放牧、柴火收集以及过度灌溉。随着人口密度的增加耕种活动扩展到了日益干旱的区域。这些区域尤其容易经历干旱时期，所以失败的耕种活动也很普遍。耕种活动的展开势必会需要移除自然植被，而失败的耕种则留下了大片全无植被的，更易受风雨侵蚀的区域。在半干旱地区，畜牧业是最主要的经济活动。那里草场是最广泛的天然植被。过多的放牧活动造成的后果就是植被减少，和对土壤的毁灭性伤害。这通常伴随着土地的更加干燥和进一步的侵蚀。柴火是许多国家用于烹饪和取暖的主要燃料。人口扩张的压力使许多城镇不得不采伐周围的植物结果大片的区域处于了完全缺乏树木环绕的状况。使用干燥的动物粪便作为补充燃料同样损伤了土壤因为这些土壤的调解器无法将植物营养重新还给土地。最后一个人为造成的沙漠化原因是过度灌溉引起的土地盐碱化。过多的水分渗透下去，如果没有良好的排水系统，水位就会升高，将未能溶解的颜色带至地表。水分蒸发后盐分流在地壳形成了白色的盐碱层，从而组织了空气和水分向地下土壤的传输。沙漠化的严峻性在于它由由于大片区域的巨大数量的人类活动引起，以及，要逆转甚至减缓沙漠化进程都是极端困难的。一旦土地被侵蚀和移动，必须再经过千百年才能重新形成新的土壤。在那些仍可被认为保留有土壤的地方，严厉的强制性的保护活动和植被重新覆盖才可能在表面上逆转现在的沙漠化。1完全的黑暗，相当于地表百倍的压力，对人类来说深海海底就是这样危险敌对的环境。某种意义上，它就像外太空一样可怕和遥不可及。Subject to使隶属 受制于 使服从、遭受Forbidding 可怕的 难以亲近的Hostile 敌对的 怀有敌意的Intense 非常 紧张 强烈2装备着专为海上油气工业开发的技术，DSDP的钻油船XX号可以牢固而持续地停留在海面上并钻进很深的海水中，析取海底岩石和沉淀物的样本。Offshore向海面吹的, 海面上的, 离岸的Drill 钻Extracting n. 榨出物, 选粹, 精汁v. 摘录, 吸取, 析取Ocean floor 海底3深海的沉淀物可以提供追溯至上亿年前的气候记录，以为它们与机械腐蚀、化学侵蚀、生物活动完全隔离，而这些活动能在短期内摧毁关于过去气候证明的陆地上证据。Mechanical adj. 机械的, 力学的, 机械性的4似乎加拿大也步入了规模家庭的队伍，就像工业革命后发生在西方世界其它国家中一样。fall into step 步调一致5虽然这些说法并未被科学的证据所证实，但由于大量文章仍然支持了这种意见：使得普通群众难辨真伪Although most of these claims are not supported by scientific evidence,the preponderance of written material advancing such claims makes it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction.claim klemn. 要求; 要求权; 权利; 所有权v. 要求; 声称; 认领preponderance preponderance | prpndrnsn. 重量的优势, 优越, 优势6在二战后的20年里，加拿大给人的最基本印象就是人口的增长。Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth.对于二战后20年间加拿大的基本了解就是该国惊人的人口增长。7结果，关于完全食用有机食物可以预防治疗疾病或者提供其他有益健康优势的论断被广泛宣传，形成了传说。Consist v. 组成, 构成; 一致, 符合; 在于, 存在于entirely entirely | -ladv. 完全地; 彻底地organically adv. 有机耕作地; 施有机肥地publicize publicize | pblsazv. 宣传; 广告; 公布8有大量未经证实的报道，比如天然维生素胜过合成的，受精鸡蛋强于未受精的，没被处理过的谷物比精谷物更好等等。未经熏蒸消毒过的谷物 fumigated grainsAnd the likes 诸如此类numerous numerous | numrs /nju-adj. 很多的, 多数的, 数目众多的unsubstantiated adj. 未经证实的; 未事实根据的synthetic synthetic | snetkn. 合成物质adj. 综合的; 假想的, 虚构的; 合成的, 人造的; 虚伪的fumigate fumigate | fjumgetv. 烟熏, 熏蒸; 用香熏9因为这些原因，消费者，尤其是收入并不多的消费者，不信任普通的食品却只买昂贵的有机食品来替代。So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods.如果消费者们，尤其是收入有限的消费者们，怀疑传统食品而只购买更昂贵的有机食品，那就值得担忧了。particularly particularly | prtkjl(r)l /ptkj-adv. 独特地; 显著地distrust distrust | dstrstn. 不信任v. 不信任10通常，他们像演员一样，通过穿着特制服装和戴上面具来模仿扮演其他的人、动物，或者超自然的生灵，模仿出他们想要的东西狩猎成功或是战争获胜，豪雨降临或太阳复活就像演员们所作的一样。costume costume | kstjumn. 装束; 服装v. 给.穿上服装; 为.设计服装; 为.提供服装impersonate impersonate | mprsnet /-ps-v. 模仿; 人格化; 扮演mime mamn. 哑剧, 滑稽戏, 笑剧v. 以笑剧形式表演; 以手势表示; 模仿; 作模拟表演; 演哑剧revival revival | rvavln. 苏醒; 再生; 复活; 复兴, 再流行Good evening. My name is Pam Jones, and on behalf of the Modern Dance club, Id like to welcome you to tonights program. The club is pleased to present the TV version of The Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharps rock ballet. This video version of the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production - it includes some animation, slow motion, and stop-action freezes that really help the audience understand the dance.The title of the piece refers to Saint Catherine, who died on a wheel in 307 A.D. Nowadays, a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework - it looks something like a pinwheel. Anyway, the dance is certainly full of fireworks! Youll see how Twyla Tharp explores one familys attempt to confront对抗 the violence in modern life. The central symbol of the work is a pineapple. but exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy争论；论战. As you watch, see if you can figure it out.The music for this piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music. It was composed by David Byrne. of the rock band Talking Heads? And the lead dancer in this version was Sara Rudner, who is perfectly suited to Tharps adventurous choreography.Following the video, dance teacher Mary Parker will lead a discussion about the symbolism Ms. Tharp used. We hope you can stay for that. So, enjoy tonights video. and thank you for your support.By instilling values and morals into the team,he can organize it and motivate people to do their task.An efficient leader is more of a people gathererA leader should be persistent, cause the key to success id endurance, being a non-quitter.Always speak the truth can enhance but sometimes destroy a relationship. depending upon the intent.Important ones such as parents, siblings, close friends, and beloved ones. Maybe theyll hurt by our truth, even when we state it without judgment or blame.Only students from art department are entitled to exhibit their works of art.Prophecy:预言The passage explains a phenomenonself-fulfilling prophecy in portion proportion | prprn /-p-n. 比例, 部份, 均衡v. 使成比例, 分摊, 使均衡inverse inverse | nvrs /-vsn. 反; 逆adj. 倒转的; 反向的; 反逆的 反比the lecture is about the relationship between demands for certain products and their prices in the market. Generally the proportion relationship between them is inverse， that is, when the price goes up, the demand immediately drops down. The higher the price is, the less willingly the consumers pay for. Instead, some former consumers may shift to other alternative products. However, there are also exceptions to this rule. That is, then the price of certain products increases, the demands for them could also rise for a while. However, consumers could still buy the product for storage because it is relatively affordable compared to other kinds of products. Also they wouldnt take the risk of paying the soaring price later on.Some prefer to study alone beca