新托福词汇分类突破

1 1.Basic building materials include: timber, mud, stone, marble, brick, tile, steel, and cement concrete. Masonry walls are built with stones or bricks, cohered through the use of mortar, first composed of lime and sand. The profusion of aluminum and its anodized coatings provided cladding material that was lightweight and virtually maintenance free. Glass was known in prehistory and is celebrated for its contributions to Gothic architecture. o timber n. 木材 o marble n. 大理石 o tile n. 饰面砖，瓷砖 o cement concrete n. 水泥混凝土 o masonry wall n. 砖墙，砖瓦墙 o cohere v. 粘合 o mortar n. 砂浆，灰浆 o lime n. 石灰 o profusion n. 大量(a profusion of: 大量的) o aluminum n. 铝 o anodized coating n. 电镀层，电镀膜(anodize v.阳极氧化: 用电解方式给(金属面)镀上一层保护性或装饰性的氧化物) o cladding n. 覆层：在高温高压下结合到另一金属上的金属外层 o celebrated adj. 著名的 o Gothic adj. 哥特式的 o architecture n. 建筑, 建筑学 Two basic approaches of spanning over masonry walls are post-and-lintel construction and arch, vault, and dome construction. o span v. (桥,拱等)横跨 o post-and-lintel n. 抬梁式(在立柱上架梁，梁上又抬梁, 在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑中普遍采用)，框架(结构) o arch n. 拱(连柱的) o vault n. 拱(不连柱的) o dome n. 穹隆(结构)：类似于穹隆或圆屋顶的结构 The Chicago architect Louis Sullivans career converges with the so-called Chicago School of architects, whose challenge was to invent the skyscraper or high-rise building, facilitated by the introduction of the electric elevator and the abundance of steel. The buildings skeleton could be erected quickly and the remaining components hung on it to complete it, an immense advantage for high-rise buildings on busy city streets. o architect n. 建筑师 o converge v. 聚合于，集中于一点 o school n. 学派 o skyscraper n. 摩天大楼 o facilitate v. 提供便利 o electric elevator n. 电梯 o abundance n. 充裕 o skeleton n. 框架结构，整体框架 o erect v. 树立，建立 o component n. 零件，构件 o immense adj. 极大的 Interior design of apartments and houses, that is, dwellings, usually involves both practical and aesthetic decisions. Choices have to be made for almost every elements, ceilings and lamps, curtains and blinds, corridor and doorway, niches and ledges, grate and ventilations, terraces and staircases, even sewers or drainers. Sometimes such designs are extended to the faadeof the building, and even to a fountain, or a gardening yard. 2 o interior design n. 室内设计 o dwelling n. 住处，居住空间 o involve v. 包括 o aesthetic adj. 美学的 o ceiling n. 天花板 o curtain n. 窗帘 o blind n. 窗帘（尤指固定在卷轴上能够拉下来的布质窗帘） o corridor n. 走廊 o doorway n. 门口 o niche n. 壁橱 o ledge n. 壁架 o grate n. 壁炉 o ventilation n. 通风设备 o terrace n. 阳台 o staircase n. 楼梯 o sewer n. 排水沟 o drainer n. 下水道装置, 滤水器 o faade n. (建筑物的)外立面，尤指正面 o fountain n. 喷泉 o yard n. 庭院 The lease is a contract of rent under which one party, called landlord or lessor, grants possession and use of the property for a limited term to the other party, who is called tenant or lessee. o lease n. 租约 o rent n. 租金 o landlord n. 房东 o lessor n. 出租人 o grant v. 授与(权利); 让与(财产) o possession n. 占有，拥有 o property n. 财产，所有物 o tenant n. 房客 o lessee n. 承租人 A big city, or metropolis, is often accompanied by suburbs.Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban sprawl, creating large amounts of business commuters. Once a city sprawls far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. o metropolis n. 大城市 o suburb n. 城郊(缩写:sub) o be associated with v. 与相关 o metropolitan adj. 大城市的 o urban adj. 城市的 o sprawl n. (城市的)无计划扩展 o commuter n. 通勤者(定期从一地到另一地旅行的人，如从郊区到城市并回来) o deem v. 视为 o conurbation n. (连带卫星城镇和市郊的)大都市 o megalopolis n. 特大城市 Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes, either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease, which includes human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), etc. Hygienic means of prevention can be practiced by using simple technologies (e. g. latrines, septic tanks), or by personal hygiene practices. 3 o sanitation n. 公共卫生 o hygienic adj. 卫生学的(hygiene 卫生学) o microbiological adj. 微生物学的 o agent n. 媒介 o feces n. 粪便 o domestic adj. 家庭的 o sewage n. 污水 o sullage n. (房屋,街道等排出的)污物 o greywater n. 生活污水 o latrine n. 公共厕所 o septic tank n. 化粪池 o personal hygiene practice v. 个人卫生习惯 A public utility(usually just utility) is a company that maintains and provides the infrastructure for a public service. Although utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned, they often involve natural monopolies. o public utility n. 公用事业 o infrastructure n. 基础设施 o privately owned adj. 私有 o publicly owned adj. 公有 o monopoly n. 垄断 The field of transport has several aspects: infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals(such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). Vehicles travelling on the networks will include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains and aircraft. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on the network and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environment (Laws, Codes, Regulations, etc.) Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of the operations. o operation n. 运营 o canal n. 运河 o pipeline n. 管道, 输送管道 o node n. 中转站 o terminal n. 终点站 o seaport n. 港口 o vehicle n. 交通工具 o law n. 法律 o code n. 法规 o regulation n. 规章制度 o toll n. 通行费 o gasoline n. 汽油 Rail transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles specially designed to run along railways or railroads. Typical railway tracks consist of two parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured to crossbeams, termed ties. The ties maintain a constant distance between the two rails; a measurement known as the gauge of the track. To maintain the alignment of the track it is either laid on a bed of ballast or else secured to a solid concrete foundation. Rail transport is an energy-efficient and capital-intensive component of logistics; in contrast, a traditional wagon can carry no more than several tons of freight. o rail transport n. 铁路运输 o conveyance n. 运送 o by means of prep. 通过方式 4 o consist of v. 由. . . 组成 o secure to v. 固定在 o crossbeam n. 横梁 o tie n. 枕木 o gauge n. 轨距 o alignment n. 直线排列 o ballast n. 道碴 o concrete n. 混凝土 o energy-efficient adj. 能源节约的 o capital-intensive adj. 资本密集型的 o logistics n. 物流 o wagon n. 四轮马车 o freight n. 货物 Developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects of traditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricity retailing, telecommunication and postal services have become competitive in some countries and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation and privatization of public utilities is growing, but the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely monopolistic. o erode v. 侵蚀 o retailing n. 零售 o postal service n. 邮电业 o competitive adj. 竞争的 o trend n. 趋势 o liberalization n. 自由化 o deregulation n. 撤销(价格,费用方面的)管制规定 o privatization n. 私有化 o infrastructure n. 基础设施 o distribute v. 分配 o monopolistic adj. 垄断的 An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from apprentice to journeyman before he could be elected to become a master craftsman. He would then have to produce a sum of money and a masterpiece before he could actually join the guild. o aspiring adj. 有志向的 o master n. 大师 o pass through v. 经过 o apprentice n. 学徒 o journeyman n. 学徒期满的职工 o masterpiece n. 杰作 o actually adv. 实际上 o guild n. (中世纪的)行会 A craftsperson who perhaps has at first sold craft items only to friends or at local bazaars may find that increased demand leads to a wider clientele and sales by mail order, at crafts fairs, or through a shop. o craft adj. 手工制作的 o bazaar n. 集市 o clientele n. 顾客 o fair n. 市集 There is a fine line of distinction between crafts produced by amateur hobbyists for their personal satisfaction and those made by gifted artisans with a view toward the use 5 and enjoyment of others. o fine adj. (区别)微小的；细微的 o distinction n. 区别 o amateur hobbyist n. 业余爱好者 o artisan n. 工匠 Fabric weaving involves interlacing warp and weft. The yarn threads of warp are arranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a loom, while the single thread wefts pass over or under the warp threads to create a solid or patterned piece of clothes. To create larger pieces, a treadle loom is usually needed. o fabric weaving n. 纺织编织 o involve v. 包括 o interlace v. 使交织 o warp n. 织物上纵的方向的纱或线 o weft n. 织物上横的方向的纱或线 o yarn threads n. 纺线丝 o parallel adj. 平行的 o tension n. 绷紧状态 o loom n. 织布机 o solid adj. 结实的 o treadle loom n. 脚踏织布机 Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other items through weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques, using materials such as reed, cane, rush, sisal fiber, ash-wood splints, and ropes twisted from strands of hemp. o basketry n. 编篮工艺 o mat n. 垫子 o rug n. 地毯 o plait v. 打褶 o coil v. 缠绕 o reed n. 芦苇 o cane n. 藤条 o rush n. 灯心草 o sisal n. 波罗麻：一种分布在墨西哥和中美洲的植物 o fiber n. 纤维 o ash-wood adj. 梣木的 o splint n. 薄木条 o twist v. 捻 o strand n. 股 o hemp n. 大麻纤维 In ornamental knotting, cotton, linen, or jute cord is used to make bags, wall hangings, and containers. o ornamental adj. 装饰性的 o knotting n. 结形花边(流苏) o cotton n. 棉布 o linen n. 亚麻布 o jute cord n. 黄麻绳 o wall hanging n. 壁毯 In quilting, three layers of fabric (a decorative top layer, filler, and a liner) are stitched or tied together. o quilt v. 缝被子 o quilting n. 被子面料 6 o layer n. 层 o decorative adj. 装饰性的 o filler n. 填充物 o liner n. 衬里 o stitch v. 缝合 Many useful objects can be fashioned from leather, using such special tools as leather shears, punches for carving thick leather, thonging chisels, and lacing needles. o fashion v. 制造 o leather n. 皮革 o shear n. 剪刀 o punch n. 打孔器 o carve v. 切割 o thong v. 给装上皮带子 o chisel n. 凿子 o lace v. 穿线 o needle n. 针 Ceramic objects can be molded completely by hand or thrown on a potters wheel. When the clay hardens, it is fired in a high-temperature oven, or kiln, to strengthen it. To make the object waterproof, glazes may then be applied and the piece fired again. o ceramic adj. 陶器的 o mold v. 塑造 o throw v. 在陶轮上形成 o potters wheel n. 陶轮 o clay n. 粘土 o oven n. 烤炉 o kiln n. 窑 o waterproof adj. 防水的 o glaze n. 釉料 Such basic woodworking techniques as sawing, joining, and finishing can be employed to make a wide variety of useful and ornamental objects, from jewelry boxes to picture frames. o woodworking adj. 木工的 o sawing n. 锯 o joining n. 拼接 o finishing n. 抛光 o ornamental adj. 装饰性的 o picture frame n. 相框 Carpenter tools include saws, planes, flat-edged chisels, semicircular gouge, boring tools such as brace, drills, and measuring tools such as steel rules, C-clamp, squaresand trisquare, etc. o carpenter n. 木匠 o saw n. 锯 o plane n. 刨 o chisel n. 凿子 o gouge n. 半圆凿 o boring n. 钻(孔) o brace n. 手摇曲柄钻 o drill n. 钻孔机 o C-clamp n. C型夹 o square n. 直角尺 o trisquare n. 曲尺 7 The tenon, a rectangular or square projection from the end of one member, fits snugly into the mortise cut in the second member, thus joining the two perpendicularly. o tenon n. 榫 o projection n. 凸出物 o snugly adv. 紧紧地 o mortise n. 榫眼 o perpendicularly adv. 垂直地 Finishes serve to protect and preserve the wood and to bring out the beauty of the grain. Pieces are finished with rasps, files, and sandpaper. Common finishes include waxes, oils, bleaches, fillers, stains, shellac, varnish, lacquer, sealers, and paints, including enamels. o bring out v. 显示出 o grain n. 纹理图案 o rasp n. 粗锉：一种有锋利，突出，尖锐凸起的钝锉 o file n. 锉刀 o sandpaper n. 沙纸 o wax n. 石蜡 o bleach n. 漂白 o filler n. 填料：，用于在完工前将木头、塑料或其它建筑表面填入孔、裂缝或洞 o stain n. 着色剂：能够渗透表层并着深色的一种液体物质，尤用于木头上 o shellac n. 虫胶清漆：用于涂饰木料 o varnish n. 清漆：用于把表面涂成坚硬的，有光泽的透明的膜 o lacquer n. 天然漆：一种用作表面涂层的光滑的树脂般的物质 o sealer n. (油漆)封底层：一种密封物质，比如用来给平面上胶的油漆或清漆的底层 o paint n. 油漆 o enamel n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层 Paints are formed by mixing a pigment and a binder, a fluid vehicle, such as linseed oil, that solidifies when exposed to air. A varnish is a transparent solution that solidifies into a protective coating. Opaque and colored varnishes are called lacquers. o pigment n. 色素 o binder n. 粘合剂 o vehicle n. 调漆料：与油漆混合在一起以供使用的一种物质，如润滑油等 o linseed oil n. 亚麻油 o solidify v. (使)凝固 o expose v. 暴露 o transparent adj. 透明的 o solution n. 溶液 o coating n. 涂层 o opaque adj. 不透明的 Cookery involves a diverse array of cuisines. Food may be immersed in liquids such as water, stock, or wine(boiling, poaching, stewing); immersed in fat or oil (frying); exposed to vapor(steaming and, to some extent, braising); exposed to dry heat(roasting, baking, broiling); and subjected to contact with hot fats (sauting). o cookery n. 烹饪 o diverse adj. 不同的 o cuisine n. 烹饪法 o immerse v. 浸没 8 o stock n. 浓汤 o wine n. 酒 o boil v.煮 o poach v. 水煮 o stew v. 炖：用小火烧或慢慢地煮沸来烹饪(食物) o fat n. 油脂 o fry v. 油炸 o vapor n. 蒸汽 o steam v. 蒸 o braise v. 炖:先用油炒，然后在有盖容器中炖 o dry heat n. 干热 o roast v. 烘烤 o bake v. 烘焙 o broil v. 烤 o subject to v. 使经受 o contact n. 关联 o saut v. 炒 Essential modern kitchen equipment includes the following: a stove, or range ; sink ; work surface ; various knives, potsand pans ; such utensils as spatulas, whisks, specialized spoons, and rolling pins ; a more highly specialized array of gear for producing pastries and other baked goods; and more recent sophisticated equipment such as blenders, food processors, and microwave ovens. o kitchen n. 厨房 o stove n. 炉子 o range n. 火炉 o sink n. 水槽 o work surface n. 工作台 o knife n. 刀子 o pot n. 锅 o pan n. 平底锅 o utensil n. 器具 o spatula n. (调拌用的)刮铲 o whisk n. 搅拌器 o spoon n. 匙 o rolling pin n. 擀面杖 o gear n. 设备 o pastry n. 点心 o sophisticated adj. 复杂精巧的 o blender n. 搅拌器 o microwave oven n. 微波炉 In ancient times mosaics were a form of floor decoration made of small pebbles and later of cut or shaped pieces of marble, hard stone, glass, terra-cotta, mother-of-pearl, and enamels. The shaped pieces, in the form of small cubes, are called tesserae. The tesserae are embedded in plaster, cement, or puttyto hold them in place. o mosaic n. 镶嵌工艺 o pebble n. 鹅卵石 o marble n. 大理石 o terra-cotta n. 赤陶 o mother-of-pearl n. 珍珠母 o enamel n. 瓷漆：一种玻璃似的，烧制在金属、玻璃或瓷器上通常不透明的、保护性或装饰性的覆盖层 o cube n. 立方体 o tessera n. 镶嵌物 o embed v. 镶嵌 9 o plaster n. 石膏 o cement n. 水泥 o putty n. 油灰 o in place adv. 在适当的位置 Molten glass was tinted in a wide range of colors with metal oxides and then poured on a flat surface such as a marble slab to form a disk of colored glass; this was scored with a sharp tool and broken into strips and cubes. o molten adj. 熔化的 o tint v. 给. . 着色 o a wide range of adj. 广泛的 o metal oxide