新GRE高频阅读汇总.doc

英国女演员地位根据寂静“有一个讲 English Actress 的长阅读。 大致是分析为什么 1860(?记不清什么时候了)之后 English Actresses were accepted by the audiences. 第一段都是在讲几种解释，然后一一否定掉。第二段就给出了作者支持 的解释：好像是.差异来着忘了。第三段就记到说 King 通过影响 aristocrats 从而影响了 audiences 对 Actresses 的态度。有个题问道 King 的意义。”原文应该是从Katharine Eisaman Maus的Playhouse Flesh and Blood: Sexual Ideology and the Restoration Actress （1979）中节选的。文章谈到1660年第一个actress登台。尽管是重要的一步，但不是没有先例，e.g., Queen Henrietta Maria。是什么导致了观众观念的转变呢？难道audience突然意识到应该relinquish a set of absurd scruples?The orthodox explanation of the actresses new acceptability is, if not entirely wrong, at least seriously insufficient. Orthodox explanation说actress出现是因为人们不满老用boys来演女人。作者随后说这种论证没有证据，因为多数观众都挺满意男孩演的Juliets, Cleopatras. 另外有人说人们开始追求naturalism，作者也反对，因为the standard of naturalism changes from generation to generation.1660开始的新的戏剧种类教Restoration theater，比之前更public的剧院更加intimate。女演员一直在restoration theater表演，所以已经被一小群人accepted.作者的观点：sexual explicitness。17世纪女人低于男人的hierarchical structure已经过时了. Charles I 喜欢court drama，因为大家都dress up显示地位；然而Charles II喜欢带着面具和一帮aristocrats and rich Londoners一起party. 整个时代都趋向于更平等的社会地位。但是这同时也使人们更注重什么是typically male or female。人们开始觉得女性是非常unique and delicate的，需要独特的actress来present the female personality on stage.发个关于1660年前后actress没地位的机经文章In the past, only men could become actors in some societies. In the ancient Greece and Rome13 and the medieval world, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on the stage, and this belief persisted until the 17th century, when in Venice it was broken. In the time of William Shakespeare, womens roles were generally played by men or boys.14When an eighteen-year Puritan prohibition of drama was lifted after the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. Margaret Hughes is credited by some as the first professional actress on the English stage.15 This prohibition ended during the reign of Charles II in part due to the fact that he enjoyed watching actresses on stage.16 The first occurrence of the term actress was in 1700 according to the OED and is ascribed to Dryden.7In Japan, men (onnagata) took over the female roles in kabuki theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the Edo period. This convention has continued to the present. However, some forms of Chinese drama have women playing all the roles.In modern times, women sometimes play the roles of prepubescent boys. The stage role of Peter Pan, for example, is traditionally played by a woman, as are most principal boys in Britishpantomime. Opera has several breeches roles traditionally sung by women, usually mezzo-sopranos. Examples are Hansel in Hänsel und Gretel, Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier.Women in male roles are uncommon in film with the notable exceptions of the films The Year of Living Dangerously and Im Not There. In the former film Linda Hunt played the pivotal role of Billy Kwan, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In the latter film Cate Blanchett portrayed Jude Quinn, a representation of Bob Dylan in the sixties, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays, such as those of Shakespeare, that have large numbers of male characters in roles where the gender no longer matters in modern times.citation neededHaving an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in comic theatre and film. Most of Shakespeares comedies include instances of overt cross-dressing, such as Francis Flute in A Midsummer Nights Dream. The movie A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum stars Jack Gilford dressing as a young bride. Tony Curtisand Jack Lemmon famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the Billy Wilder film Some Like It Hot. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the thirty Carry On films. Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams have each appeared in a hit comedy film (Tootsie and Mrs. Doubtfire, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman.Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man pretending to be a woman, like Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria, or Gwyneth Paltrow in Shakespeare in Love. In Its Pat: The Movie, filmwatchers never learn the gender of the androgynous main characters Pat and Chris (played by Julia Sweeney and Dave Foley). A few roles in modern films, plays and musicals are played by a member of the opposite sex (rather than a character cross-dressing), such as the character Edna Turnblad in Hairsprayplayed by Divine in the original film, Harvey Fierstein in the Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 movie musical. Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously. Felicity Huffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for playing Bree Osbourne (a male-to-female transsexual) in Transamerica.法国二月革命来自海外新GRE考题，36套中E15大意：二月革命由于成功了所以没有留下有用的资料，以致于被忽视，而失败的反叛运动往往会留下很多资料Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following reading passage.In February 1848 the people of Paris rose in revolt against the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe.Despite the existence of excellent narrative accounts, the Line February Days, as this revolt is called, have been largely 5 ignored by social historians of the past two decades. For each of the three other major insurrections in nineteenth-century ParisJuly 1830, June 1843, and May 1871-there exists at least a sketch of participants backgrounds and an analysis, more or less rigorous, of the 10 reasons for the occurrence of the uprisings. Only in the case of the February Revolution do we lack a useful description of participants that might characterize it in the light of what social history has taught us about the process of revolutionary mobilization.15 Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious.First, the insurrection of February has been overshadowed by that of June. The February Revolution overthrew a regime, to be sure, but met with so little resistance that it failed to generate any real sense of historical drama. Its 20 successor, on the other hand, appeared to pit key socioeconomic groups in a life-or-death struggle and was widely seen by contemporary observers as marking a historical departure. Through their interpretations, which exert a continuing influence on our understanding of the 25 revolutionary process, the impact of the events of June has been magnified, while, as an unintended consequence, the significance of the February insurrection has been diminished. Second, like other successful insurrections, the events of February failed to generate the most 30 desirable kinds of historical records. Although the June insurrection of 1848 and the Paris Commune of 1871 would be considered watersheds of nineteenth-century French history by any standard, they also present the social historian with a signal advantage: these failed 35 insurrections created a mass of invaluable documentation as a by-product of authorities efforts to search out and punish the rebels.Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848.40 Experiences are retold, but participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities. Those who played salient roles may become the objects of highly embellished verbal accounts or in rare cases, of celebratory articles in 45 contemporary periodicals. And it is true that the publicly acknowledged leaders of an uprising frequently write memoirs. However, such documents are likely to be highly unreliable, unrepresentative, and unsystematically preserved, 50 especially when compared to the detailed judicial dossiers prepared for everyone arrested following a failed insurrection. As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture 55 of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply9. According to the passage, a useful description of participants(lines 11-12) exists for which of the following insurrections of nineteenth-century France?A The July insurrec?on of 1830B The February Revolu?on of 1848C The May insurrec?on of 187110. Which of the following, best describes the organization of the second paragraph?A The thesis of the passage is stated and supporting evidence systematically presented.B Two views regarding the thesis presented in the first paragraph are compared and contrastedC Evidence refu?ng the thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically presented.D The thesis presented in the first paragraph is systematically supported.E The thesis presented in the first paragraph is further defined and a conclusion drawn.11. Which of the following can be inferred about the detailed judicial dossiers referred to in line 50?A Informa?on contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a revolutions participants.B The dossiers closely resemble the narra?ves written by the revolutions leaders in their personal memoirs.C The informa?on that such dossiers contain is untrustworthy and unrepresentative of a revolutions participants.D Social historians prefer to avoid such dossiers whenever possible because they are excessively detailed.E The February Revolu?on of 1848 produced more of these dossiers than did the June insurrection.12. Which of the following is the most logical objection to the claim made (lines 38-39) ?A The February Revolu?on of 1848 is much less significant than the July insurrection of 1830.B The backgrounds and mo?va?ons of par?cipants in the July insurrection of 1830 have been identified, however cursorily.C Even less is known about the July insurrection of 1830 than about the February Revolution of 1848.D Historical records made during the July insurrection of 1830 are less reliable than those made during the May insurrection of 1871.E The importance of the July insurrection of 1830 has been magnified at the expense of the significance of the February Revolution of 1848.Q9. 从前三个年份里选两个就好了；AC; Q10. 第二段第一句“Two reasons for this relative neglect seem obvious”就告诉了我们这是对第一段的支持和解释，E选项是抽象概括的感觉，与文章相反。D; Q11. 定位后，正是因为相比于judicial dossiers，很难做到“establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture 55 of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.”所以就能找到dossiers的特点了。A; Q12. 定位至participants typically resume their daily routines without ever recording their activities.正确答案Bsea cow, sea urchin, sea otter and kelpBiology Letter机经原文“另一篇需要在草稿纸上画关系图的阅读：某岛上的sea cow（神马玩意：海牛）在短短十来年间灭绝了，这是难以仅仅用人类的捕猎来解释的。其实呢，是这样的：人类在捕杀sea cow的同时也在捕杀另一种玩意，这种玩意的主食是U开头的一个玩意sea urchin 海胆。U这些玩意因此得以坐大，吃掉了很多的otter（又是神马：水獭）。Otter可是咱们的sea cow的主食呀，被U们吃光了，亲们就不得不加速灭绝了。（机经原文错成这样了海牛吃水獭，太恐怖了）先把abstract放上来（看完就基本搞定文章大意了）：Stellers sea cow, a giant sirenian discovered in 1741 and extinct by 1768, is one of the few megafaunal mammal species to have died out during the historical period. The species is traditionally considered to have been exterminated by blitzkrieg-style direct overharvesting for food, but it has also been proposed that its extinction resulted from a sea urchin population explosion（海胆增多） triggered by extirpation of local sea otter populations（海獭灭绝） that eliminated the shallow water kelps（浅水褐藻灭绝） on which sea cows fed. Hunting records from eighteenth century Russian expeditions to the Commander Islands, in conjunction with life-history data extrapolated from dugongs（儒艮）, permit modelling of sea cow extinction dynamics. （用记录model海牛灭绝的过程）Sea cows were massively and wastefully overexploited, being hunted at over seven times the sustainable limit, and suggesting that the initial Bering Island sea cow population must have been higher than suggested by previous researchers to allow the species to survive even until 1768.（作者认为是捕猎导致灭绝的） Environmental changes caused by sea otter declines are unlikely to have contributed to this extinction event.（作者不同意食物链说） This indicates that megafaunal extinctions can be effected by small bands of hunters using pre-industrial technologies, and highlights the catastrophic impact of wastefulness when overexploiting resources mistakenly perceived as infinite（作者认为：灭绝可以由一小群捕猎者导致，浪费（即过度捕杀原本以为是无尽的资源）会带来灾难性的后果）.human hunted sea cows = the authors point of viewextirpation of sea otter海獭灭绝 = explosion of sea urchin海胆增多 = eat all the kelps 褐藻灭绝= no kelp for sea cow to eat海牛饿死 the alternative explanation that the auhtor disagreed文章很短，大家看intro就好，后面data神马的不用管.玛雅文明根据机经有篇短阅读是说某种果树在玛雅废墟那块,长得很好,这个是玛雅文明的证明,但是有人反对,说是因为蝙蝠吃了果子排出种子才造成了这片果树林,和玛雅没有关系.但是后面又有证明说这片果林的产量是其他地方的果林的产量的2倍,说明还是玛雅文明的影响.原文应该是Charles M. Peters 1983年的一篇文章叫observations on maya subsistence and the ecology of a tropical tree,有条件的G友可以上网找。以下是一点总结：这植物叫B. alicastrum，又叫maya nut.Miksicek et al.,说B. alicastrum长得很好,这个是玛雅文明的证明,。文章很长，ets估计节选了后面的：作者谈到frugivorous bats eat the fruit and later drop the seed intact.bat-dispersed seed.总而言之，maya ruins旁边有很多B. alicastrum is a result of normal ecological process does not in itself negate the possibility that the tree was used by the Maya. 因为B. alicastrum很有nutrition，是maya人的staple food.恐龙吃石头背景材料材料一：年前，美国的中亚科学考察队，曾在中国内蒙和蒙古人民共和国交界地带发掘出大量恐龙化石。有一天，科学家在发掘出的一具素食恐龙骨架的胃部，意外地发出了颗小石子，这些小石子已被高度磨光了。很明显，这些小石子是这条恐龙活着的时候吞进胃里去的。它们长时间呆在胃里，并随着胃的蠕动与食物一起反复搅拌，渐渐地石头被磨光了。也许，恐龙吃石头既不是为了好玩，也不是因为石头里有什么营养。恐龙没有咀嚼食物的臼齿，食物未嚼碎就吞进肚里去了。它吃石头可以帮助消化胃中的食物。古生物学家称这些石头为胃石Gastrolith 胃石经常在埋藏恐龙骨骼化石的地层中发现。例如，在美国蒙大拿州富含恐龙化石的白垩纪早期的地层中，就发现了上千块这样的胃石。胃石是外来之物，但实际上却是恐龙的消化器官的一个重要的组成部分，是不可缺少的东西。其实，现在地球上的动物中，也有经常吃石头的。鸡就常常吞食一些砂石，鳄鱼吃石头更如家常便饭。它们吃石头都是为了帮助消化。胃石由于被磨得圆溜溜的，看来跟河中的卵石或沙漠中由风蚀作用形成的圆石块相似。如果胃石不同恐龙的骨骼一同发现的话，人们就会把它们当成一钱不值的废石头毛掉。想来一定有很多胃石就是这样被丢弃在野外，实在可惜。不久前，美国科学家发明了用激光技术鉴别胃石的方法，能将胃石和卵石区别开来。这样，胃石就不会随随便便被扔掉了。胃石是恐龙留下的档案材料之一。胃石不易磨碎或风化，保存为化石的机会比骨骼多。在地层中，只要发现了胃石，就是没有发现其他化石，古生物学家也能知道恐龙曾在这儿生活过。材料二：胃石是因进食某种物质后在胃内形成的石性团块状物。形状多为圆形或椭圆形，大小不一，小的如乒乓球，大者似婴孩头。按其组成成分不同可分为植物性、毛发性和混合性3种，临床上最多见的是植物性的胃柿石。在柿子或黑枣中含有一种称为鞣质的东西，未成熟的柿子中，其含量很高。人们吃生柿时，舌有发涩的感觉，就是鞣质在作怪。此外，柿子中还含有树胶、果胶。人吃了末成熟的柿子后，鞣质在胃酸的作用下，能与蛋白质结合成不易溶于水的鞣酸蛋白，沉淀在胃内，而鞣酸蛋白、树胶、果胶能把柿核、蔬菜植物纤维粘合在一起，在胃内就可形成胃柿石。胃酸多的人吃柿子易长胃石。有些人吃一次生柿子就可形成胃石。古生物学家常在恐龙化石骨架的胃部或埋藏恐龙化石的岩层中发现被高度磨光的小石子，这些小石子被称为胃石，是恐龙生前吃进去的。恐龙囫囵吞下的食物不容易被消化，于是进化出了吞食小石头的习性。吃下去的石头长时期呆在胃里，随着胃的蠕动，和食物反复搅拌摩擦，食物被磨碎了，石头也渐渐被磨光了。这与今天的鸟类啄食小石子的作用非常相似。老新观点Long debate whether dinosaur was warm-or cold blooded? Scientists(warm-blooded) pointed out moreover these characteristic first recognized cited as evidence However, Bs contention began to be questionedRecently, C investigated, however Cs work raises a question central to the debate:.This question remains unanswered-GWD-9-Q33:The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that the “caution” (line 29) urged by de Ricqls regarding claims about dinosaur physiology wasA. unjustified by the evidence available to de Ricqls作者同意caution是未被证明的.不晓得在说什么 不是作者的态度 文章推不出来B. unnecessary, given the work done by Bakker and his followersC. indicative of the prevailing scientific opinion at the timeD. warranted, given certain subsequent findings of other scientistsE. influential in the recent work of Chinsamy无Answer:是问态度，作者对DE RICQLES的CAUTION的态度，阅读首要的是看清问题。-GWD-9-Q34:The primary purpose of the passage is toA. discuss the influence on other scientists of Bakkers argument concerning the warm-bloodedness of dinosaursB. provide evidence that supports the claim that dinosaurs were cold-blooded无C. challenge the contention that dinosaur bone tissue is innately fibro-lamellar文章不是要说这个,而是说warm-blooded和cold-bloodedD. evaluate the claim that dinosaur bone tissue provides evidence for the warmbloodedness of dinosaursE. resolve the disagreement between de Ricqls and Bakker over the nature of dinosaur physiology-GWD-9-Q35:According to the passage, the discovery of growth rings in the bones of certain dinosaurs served to undermine which of the following claims?A. That modern reptiles are related to dinosaurs支持这个理论B. That bone growth in dinosaurs was periodic in nature无关C. That dinosaurs were warm-blooded however, Bakkers contention began to be questioned, as number of scientists found growth rings in the bones of various dinosaurs that are much like those in modern reptiles.D. That dinosaurs had an intermediate type of physiology支持E. That fibro-lamellar bone is the product of a rapid growth rate无关-GWD-9-Q36:The author of the passage mentions bone growth patterns in juvenile crocodiles most likely in order toA. provide support for the argument that reptiles are not related to dinosaursB. undermine the claim that most reptiles are slow-growingC. offer an explanation as to why juvenile crocodiles differ from most modern reptilesD. suggest the juvenile crocodiles have a type of physiology intermediate between that of mammals and that of reptiles偏E. suggest that the presence of fibro-lamellar bone does not resolve the debate over dinosaur physiology长江水稻中文机经汇整背景介绍：在南亚