如何组织篇章.doc

中国学生英语写作常见错误1. 中式思维2. 道歉, 过于谦逊e.g. “This is just my opinion -a common, ordinary person.” Be confident in your writing.3.以问句结尾E.g. “what do you think?” “Dont you think so?”结尾给出的应该是答案，而非问题。3. 用filler words: words that fill up space but dont really add to the meaning of the sentence. e.g. many/a lot of 4.冠词，名词单复数，副词位置，标点符号的用法。5. 虚拟语气的使用6. 时态的用法7. 单数第三人称的用法。. 如何组织篇章篇章的写作1. 文章开篇技巧（引言段：introduction）:引言部分可能是一个句子，也可能是一个较短的段落，用来引出文中要讨论或说明的核心问题，即确立中心思想。引言段的展开方法如下：a. 主题句法（topic sentence）b. 使用引语（quotation）c. 使用具体详实的数字，数据（use of figures or statistics）d. 提出问题（asking a question）e. 给出背景（f. 定义法（definition）2. 扩展段：可能是一段或若干段文字组成。基本上是一段说明一个小论点，这些小论点为文章的中心思想服务。扩展段展开方法：a. 列举法（listing）常用词语：first, second,/to begin with, whats more, in the ecdb. 举例法（exemplification）c. 定义法（definition）d. 分类法（classification）常用词语如：consist ofe. 比较对比法（comparison and contrast）常用词语如: just as, like, on the contraryf. 因果法（cause and effect）常用词语如: there are several reasons for.g. 发展过程法（processing and development）常用词语如:to do sth,then,finally3. 结尾段A. 结尾段的常见方法h. 总结归纳i. 重申主题j. 预测展望k. 提出建议l. 引用格言B. 结尾段注意问题：简单总结文章中心思想，不要引出一个新的话题。.四级常见作文题型及常用套句常见作文类型1. 提纲作文：指命题中已经给出了提纲的作文。一般写作时要紧扣给出的提纲，但注意最好不要逐字翻译提纲。例如题目为：Energy Resources提纲：.目前中国的能源资源比较丰富。.但这些能源可能很快被耗竭。为避免未来的能源危机，我们该做什么？2提示作文：指给出作文题目之后，以中文或英文给出一段关于这篇短文写作内容的提示的作文。例如：Social Practice 提示：近年来，一些大学生利用节假日进行社会实践。请就其好处及可能带来的副作用加以论述，并提出自己的观点和建议。对于这类作文，首先自己要列出提纲，进而写作。3.图表作文对于这类作文，首先要描述图表，并揭示图表所表达的现象；其次说明引起图表所揭示现象的原因；最后一般表述这种现象的发展趋势，我们从中获得的启示或者对这一问题的解决办法。4书信作文这是应用文的一种，所以格式很重要。具体格式要求如下：A、信头（Heading）:包括发信人地址，日期。收信人地址及称呼。 a.发信人的地址和日期，一般写在信纸的右上角。英文地址的写法与中文完全不同，地址的名称按从小到大的顺序。如若是给熟人写，这部分可以省略。 b、收信人的地址 在一般的社交信中，信内收信人的地址通常省略，但是在公务信函中不能。将收信人的姓名、地址等写在a下方的左角上，要求与对信头的要求一样，不必再写日期。注意：日期的写法：如：1997年7月30日，英文为：July30，1997（最为普遍）；July30th，1997；30thJuly，1997等。1997不可写成97。 c、称呼是写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方，从该行的顶格写起，在称呼后面一般用逗号，也可以用冒号。B.正文（BodyoftheLetter）： C.信尾：右下角写上Yours, Sincerely 署名常见句式：1. 引入主题的常见句式 Recently, the problem of has aroused peoples concern. has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. Nowadays, has become a problem we have to face. It is commonly/generally believed that / It is a common belief that /we all know that/as we all know/it is quiet clear that/it is well-known that/ Many people insist that/ A lot of people seem to think that A proverb says/ As the saying goes that/It is said that/There are many arguments about/ With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that We cannot ignore the fact that No one can deny the fact that. There is no denying the fact that. This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in2.引出不同观点: Peoples views on vary from person to person. Some hold that . However, others believe that. People may have different opinions on Attitudes towards vary from person to person. There are different opinions among people as to Different people hold different attitudes toward .3.常见结论句式Taking all these factors/what I said above into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that There is no doubt that /It may be briefly summed up as follows: All in all/Thus/Therefore/ In summary/ In conclusion/ In short/ In brief/ On the whole/ To sum up/ To conclude/ To summarize4.提出建议: It is high time that we put an end to It is time to take the advice of and to put special emphasis on There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of Obviously,. if we want to do something , it is essential that Only in this way can we It must be realized that Concerning the problem, we have to take some measures. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that5.表示自己观点的常见句式：From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that Personally, I am standing on the side of I sincerely believe that In my opinion, it is more advisable to do than to do. From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 6.给出原因: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, Second, Third, /To begin with,Moreover,Finally,To start with/First and the most important isBesides/Furthermore/Moreover/Whats moreEventually/Finally/The last but not the leastWhy did ? For one thing For another. Perhaps the primary reason is I quite agree with the statement that the reasons are chiefly as follows. The reasons for this are as follows： For this reason, due to/thanks to/ because/ because of/as/ since/owing to. 7.列出解决办法: Here are some suggestions for handlingThe best way to solve the troubles isPeople have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 8.批判错误观点和做法: It may be true that, but it doesnt mean that It is natural to believe that , but we shouldnt ignore that There is no evidence to suggest that9.表递进的词组 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 10.表转折的词组 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas 11.表结果的词组 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 12. 表示好处 It has the following advantages. It does us a lot of good. It benefits us quite a lot. It is beneficial to us. It is of great benefit to us.13. 表示坏处It has more disadvantages than advantages.It does us much harm.It is harmful to us.14.表示比较Compared with A，BI prefer to rather than. There is a striking contrast between them.15.图表作文常用句型 As is shown in the graphThe graph shows thatAs can be seen from the table,From the chart, we know thatAll these data clearly prove the fact thatThe increase of . In the city has reached to/by 20%.It has increased（decreased）fromtoThe output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January.模块套用提纲式作文1. 对立观点式A.有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么?B. 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么?C.我的看法。模板：Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。There is some truth in both arguments. As every coin has two sides, X also has its advantages and disadvantages. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.2. 批驳观点式A.一个错误观点。B. 我不同意。模板：Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no doubt to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. First, Moreover FinallyAll in all, 再次重申自己的观点。3. 社会问题(现象)式A.一个社会问题或者现象。B. 产生的原因、对社会和我们生活的影响C. 前景的预测, 如何杜绝。模板：Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。There are a couple of reasons for this problem/phenomenon.列举理由X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which can be shown in the following aspects. .A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.解决方法。Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will 图表式作文模板： It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years.Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, (More importantly, Most important of all, From the above discussions, we have enough reasons to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time. So it is necessary for us to take some measures辩论式议论文模版1Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons