英语四级(CET4)语法复习文档.doc

CET4语法复习之一动宾一致英语语法规定，用于宾语的词语应使用它们的宾格。能够用做宾语的词类中只有人称代词有特别的宾格形式，其他词类如名词原形即可用于宾格，无须变化。词与词之间的固定搭配属于英语的惯用法。一些动词与它们用于宾语的名词之间也存在固定搭配现象。【例如】to acquire knowledge获得知识to get a job获得工作to obtain a position获得工作 ( 语气较庄重 )to achieve success获得成功to gain reputation获得声誉to attain ones end达到目的to do sb. a favor请帮忙这类惯用法没有太多的章法可循 , 只有在平时的阅读中多看，多记。时态一致时态一致1) 并列谓语的时态一致。【例如】 Yesterday I went shopping, bought some books and had dinner at a good restaurant.The soldier looked at him, exchanged glances with his comrade and took out the gun.2) 主从复合句的时态一致。a) 主句为现在时、将来时、现在完成时，宾语从句谓语动词时态按情况而定。【例如】I wonder what will happen tomorrow.I wonder what happened to him yesterday.I wonder what is happening now outside.b) 主句为过去时态，宾语从句一般用过去时态。如果宾语从句说明的是客观真理，用一般现在时。【例如】He told me he made a big mistake.He told me he would go to Beijing the next day.He told he had finished his task.The teacher told students that the earth moves around the sun.( 客观真理 )3) 定语从句和比较状语从句时态不受主句影响。【例如】The universities where she is studying was founded in 1950.You now speak English better than you spoke it last year.4) 时间和条件状语从句中，常用现在时表示将来。【例如】We will cancel our trip if it rains tomorrow.I will go to visit the Summer Palace as soon as I arrive in Beijing .集合名词的主谓一致集合名词作主语时，主谓一致关系是一个较为复杂的问题。对此类问题我们可以从“数”的角度分为四类。1) 单数复数型。凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。如： a class classes; a family families; a governmentgovernments; an armyarmies; a peoplepeoples; a groupgroups; a crowdcrowds; a crew crews 等。这类集合名词强调的是整体性，即当作一个整体或多个整体来看待。属于这类集合名词的单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数。【例如】A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.The government has decided to pass the bill.There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.但应注意，这类集合名词的单数形式有时表示复数概念，所以这些集合名词的单数形式也可归为“单复同形型”中。2) 单数型。这类集合名词表示的是人或事物的整体，即把这类人或事物的全部包括在内，所以只有单数形式。如作主语，谓语动词常用单数。这类名词常见的有： humanity, mankind, proletariat 等。【例如】 The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.3) 复数型。这类集合名词在形式和内容上是相互矛盾的，就是说它们只有单数形式，但表达的都是复数概念。它强调的是集体中的个体性。这类名词有： police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel 等。它们作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。【例如】 The police have caught the murder.Our personnel are very highly trained.The vermin are very dangerous.4) 单复同形型。这类集合名词的单数形式既可表示单数也可表示复数。作主语时，用单数动词或复数动词均可，有时意义区别不大。【例如】 The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.这类集合名词常见的有： class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience 等。根据说话人的心理意向若把这个集合名词所代表的人或事物看作一个整体，就认为是单数，用单数动词；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干个个体的话，就认为其为复数，用复数动词。试比较： The football team is playing well.那个足球队打得非常漂亮。The football team areshavingsbath and are then coming back here for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。That family are very pleased about the news of Williams success.全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。“一致”部分练习题 ( 附答案 )1)Bread and butter _ what Americans usually have for breakfast.A) are B) is C) was D) were2)Each boy and girl _given a gift on Christmas Day.A) is B) are C) were D) was3) Nobody but Jack and Jane _ made great progress in the class recently.A) have B) has C) had D) has been4) Jim is the only one of the staff members who _to be promoted.A) are B) have been C) is D) has been5) Many a child _to walk before he can speakA) learn B) learns C) learned D) have learned6) Not only he but also I _to work hard and pass the exam.A) want B) wants C) wanted D) wanting6) Every means _tried but with no end.A) have been B) have had C) has been D) are7) My house and home _ at 108 Maryland .A) are B) is C) were D) is being8) A horse and carriage _ not much used nowadays.A) is B) are C) were D) is to be10) Many a writer of newspaper articles _ to writing novels.A) has turned B) have turned C) being turned D) are going to turn11) Either the teachers or the president _ the meeting.A) attends B) attend C) are attending D) have attended12) Neither of your suggestions _ sense.A) makes B) make C) is made D) are made13) None of your projects _.A) working out B) work out C) is worked out D) are worked out14) Going to bed early and getting up early _ a good habit.A) is B) are C) were D) was15) Statistics _ his most difficult subject and they are all worried that he wont pass the test.A) is B) are C) was D) were16) Statistics _ that most of the published and quoted scientific articles are related to medical science.A) has shown B) is shown C) show D) shows17) Everyone who read Women in Love said it _ one of the best books by Lawrence.A) is B) was C) had been D) has been18) The teacher told us that to remember details, it _ important to take notes while listening to the lecture.A) would be B) had been C) was D) is19) A series of debates between the major candidates _ scheduled for the Labor Day weekend last week.A) is B) are C) was D) were20) Two hundred and fifty pounds _ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car.A) is B) are C) were D) be21) Twenty minutes _ a long time for one who waits.A) seem B) seems C) seemed D) are seemed22) David is one of the boys who _ a driving license.A) has B) have C) isshavingsD) are having23) The audience _ their seats in the music hall.A) are taking B) is taking C) are taken D) was taking24) The salesman told me that a good set of tires _ guaranteed to run at least fifty thousand miles.A) was B) were C) had been D) will be25) Up to now, the majority of the undergraduates _ enrolled for this selected course.A) has been B) have C) had been D) would have been26) The police _ asked that anyone who saw the accident should get in touch with _.A) have.them B) has.him C) have.him D) has.them27) I dont think one hundred dollars _ a big sum of money to him.A) will be B) would be C) is D) are28) None of the shops in the downtown _ before 8 pm .A) is going to be closed B) will be closing C) is closing D) are being closed29) Five multiplied by two _ten.A) is equal B) equals C) equal with D) equal to30) My friend and classmate Paul _ motorcycles in his spare time.A) race B) races C) is raced D) is racing“一致”部分练习题答案1)B 2)A 3)B 4)C 5)B6)A 7)C 8)B 9)A 10)A11)A 12)A 13)B 14)A 15)A16)C 17)B 18)D 19)C 20)A21)B 22)B 23)A 24)A 25)A26)A 27)C 28)A 29)B 30)B CET4 语法：主谓一致的三条原则在大学英语四级测试的“词汇与结构”一题中，考查主语和谓语一致关系的试题居多。所以主谓一致是各类一致关系中应该重点掌握的内容。现代英语主谓一致大致要遵循以下三条原则： 1) 语法一致原则。主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。【例如】My friend has no intention of going shopping with me.My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.2) 意义一致原则。主语和谓语的一致不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义决定。【例如】The class are busying writing English passages.The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.带有复数词尾的学科名称、国家等在意义是表示单数概念，用单数动词。3) 就近原则。谓语动词的单、复数取决于最靠近它的主语。由 either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also 连接或由 here, there 等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则。【例如】 Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice.Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there.There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom二谓语动词用复数的情况1) both, some, few, many 等用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用复数。【例如】Both of my parents are over seventy years old.Many students in my class have creative thoughts and wide knowledge.2) “ the + 形容词”作主语，在表示一类人或事物时，谓语动词用复数。【例如】The aged are well taken care of by the government.The poor are often looked down upon by the rich.The young have respect for the old in China .3) a number of, a lot of, any of, most of, the rest of, some of, none of, all of 修饰复数名词时，谓语动词用复数。【例如】Most of the teachers are responsible and knowledgeable.A number of books have been published on the subject.None of the books attract me a lot. the number of 表示“的数量”，谓语动词用单数。【例如】The number of books published on this subject is simply amazing.The number of foreign visitors to China has been increasing over the last several years.4) 集合名词作主语时，当名词表示整体时，谓语动词用单数；当名词强调集体中的个体时，谓语动词用复数。【例如】The family is the basic unit of society. The family have agreed among themselves to spend their vocation in Europe .CET4 语法： used to 的用法“ used to 加不定式”表示过去常常干某事，现在不在干了。例如 :I used to go to work by bus. Now I take a taxi.She used to be very shy.“