书面表达设计.ppt

书面表达试题的设计 ShakleXia 提纲 写作的解读TOEFL2000写作评价的目标写作试题设计的标准写作试题设计的过程写作试题的评分标准 写作的解读 Writingis anactthattakesplacewithinacontext thataccomplishesaparticularpurpose andthatisappropriatelyshapedforitsintendedaudience Hamp Lyons Kroll 1997 Wewritemainlytocommunicatewithotherhumans Hayes 1996 p 5 Languagehasconventionallydefinedwritingasoneoffourbasic integratedlanguageskills Writinghasbeenviewedalternativelyasthetransmittalofknowledge thecreationofknowledge andachannelforthehumanimagination TOEFL2000写作评价的目标 TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldrequirestudentstoproduceandsustaininwritingcoherent appropriate andpurposefultextsinresponsetoassignedtasks TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldallowforatotalwritingtimeofbetween60to75minutes TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldelicitwritingintegraltoacademicenvironmentsandcontexts TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldselecttasksthoughttomaximallygeneralizeandtoberecognizedasimportantacrossdisciplines TOEFL2000写作评价的目标 TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldcontainwritingtasksthatvarywithrespecttotheirdependenceonreadingandlisteningmaterials TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldplaceemphasison i e evaluateandscore writtentextsbutalsofacilitateavarietyofwritingprocesses TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldidentifywritingtasksthatwilldiscriminatemostatmiddletoupperlevelsofEFL ESLwritingproficiency 8 TheTOEFL2000writingassessmentshouldscorewritingtasksbasedoncharacteristicsofwrittentextsthatexamineesproduceaswellasscorers processesofreadingthosetexts 写作试题设计的标准 Wehavetosetwritingtasksthatareproperlyrepresentativeofthepopulationoftasksthatweshouldexpectthestudentstobeabletoperform Thetasksshouldelicitsamplesofwritingwhichtrulyrepresentthestudents ability Itisessentialthatthesamplesofwritingcanandwillbescoredreliably 写作试题设计的过程 SpecifyingallappropriatetasksandselectingasampleWehavetobeclearattheoutsetjustwhattaskstesteesshouldbeabletoperform Thesetasksshouldbeidentifiedinthetestspecifications Thespecificationsofcontentinclude Operations thetasksthattesteeshavetobeabletocarryoutTypesoftext letters forms academicessays etc Addressees peoplethattesteesareexpectedtobeabletowritetoTopics selectedaccordingtosuitabilityfortesteesandthetypeoftest 写作试题设计的过程 Forexample Thepurposeofthetestwastodiscoverwhetherastudent swrittenEnglishwasadequateforstudythroughthemediumofEnglishataparticularoverseasuniversity Operations describe explain compareandcontrast argueTexttype examinationanswersuptotwoparagraphsinlengthAddressees nativespeakerandnon nativespeakeruniversitylecturersTopics anycapableofacademictreatment 写作试题设计的过程 Obtainingsamplesthatproperlyrepresenteachtestee sabilitysetasmanyasisfeasibledependingonhowaccuratetheinformationhastobeTestonlywritingabilityForexample Writetheconversationyouhavewithafriendabouttheholidayyouplantohavetogether Youspendayearabroad Whileyouarethere youareaskedtotalktoagroupofyoungpeopleaboutlifeinyourcountry Writedownwhatyouwouldsaytothem Envyisthesinwhichmostharmsthesinner Discuss Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbeingbornintoawealthyfamily 写作试题设计的过程 RestricttesteesTesteesshouldknowjustwhatisrequiredofthem andtheyshouldnotbeallowedtogotoofarastray Ausefuldeviceistoprovideinformationintheformofnotes Carehastobetakenwhennotesaregivennottoprovidestudentswithtoomuchofwhattheyneedinordertocarryoutthetask Fullsentencesaregenerallytobeavoided particularlywheretheycanbeincorporatedintothecompositionwithlittleornochange 写作试题设计的过程 Forexample ComparethebenefitsofauniversityeducationinEnglishwithitsdrawbacks Useallofthepointsgivenbelowandcometoaconclusion Youshouldwriteaboutonepage a Arabic1 Easierforstudents2 Easierformostteachers3 Savesayearinmostcasesb English1 BooksandscientificsourcesmostlyinEnglish2 Internationallanguage moreandbetterjobopportunities3 Learningsecondlanguagepartofeducation culture 写作试题的评分标准 HolisticscoringItinvolvestheassignmentofasinglescoretoapieceofwritingonthebasisofanoverallimpressionofit 1 ScoringsystemintheEnglish mediumuniversity NSNativespeakerstandardNS ClosetonativespeakerstandardMAClearlymorethanadequateMA PossiblymorethanadequateAAdequateforstudyatthisuniversityDDoubtfulNAClearlynotadequateFBAFarbelowadequacy 写作试题的评分标准 2 BandScoreofonetoninefortheBirtishCouncil sELTStest TheBritishCouncil1986 3 TheACTFLcriteria Novice LowIntermediate LowNovice MidIntermediate MidNovice HighIntermediate High 写作试题的评分标准 AnalyticMethodsofScoringItrequiresaseparatescoreforeachofanumberofaspectsofatask 写作试题的评分标准 ThefollowingscaledevisedbyJohnAndersonGrammar 6 Few Ifany noticeableerrorsofgrammarorwordorder 5 Someerrorsofgrammarorwordorderwhichdonot however interferewithcomprehension 2 Errorsofgrammarorwordorderveryfrequent readeroftenhastorelyonowninterpretation 1 Errorsofgrammarorwordordersosevereastomakecomprehensionvirtuallyimpossible 写作试题的评分标准 Vocabulary 6 Useofvocabularyandidiomrarely ifatall distinguishablefromthatofeducatednativewriter 4 Useswrongorinappropriatewordsfairlyfrequently expressionofideasmaybelimitedbecauseofinadequatevocabulary 3 Limitedvocabularyandfrequenterrorsclearlyhinderexpressionofideas 1 Vocabularylimitationsoextremeastomakecomprehensionvirtuallyimpossible 写作试题的评分标准 Mechanics 6 Few Ifany noticeablelapseinpunctuationorspelling 5 Occasionallapseinpunctuationorspellingwhichdonot however interferewithcomprehension 2 Errorsinspellingorpunctuationsofrequentthatreadermustoftenrelyonowninterpretation 1 Errorsinspellingorpunctuationsosevereastomakecomprehensionvirtuallyimpossible 写作试题的评分标准 Fluency styleandeaseofcommunication 6 Choiceofstructureandvocabularyconsistentlyappropriate likethatofeducatednativewriter 4 Patchy withsomestructuresorvocabularyitemsnoticeablyinappropriatetogeneralstyle 3 Structureorvocabularyitemssometimesnotonlyinappropriatebutalsomisused littlesenseofeaseofcommunication 1 A hotch potch ofhalf learnedmisusedstructuresandvocabularyitemsrenderingcommunicationalmostimpossible 写作试题的评分标准 Form organisation 6 Highlyorganised clearprogressionofideaswelllinked likeeducatednativewriter 5 Materialweorganised linkscouldocaasionallybeclearerbutcommunicationnotimpaired 4 Somelackoforganisaton re readingrequiredforclarificationofideas 3 Littleornoattemptatconnectivity thoughreadercandeducesomeorganisation 2 Individualideasmaybeclear butverydifficulttodeduceconnectionbetween 1 Lackoforganisationsoseverethatcommunicationisseriouslyimpaired 书面表达试题命题策略 1 考点高考考试大纲规定的书面表达考查的能力是 准确使用语法和词汇 使用一定的句型 词汇 清楚 连贯地表达自己的意思 显然 这里只是要求准确使用一定句型 词汇进行表达即可 其最高分的要求为 完全完成了试题规定的任务 覆盖所有内容要点 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇 词法结构或词汇方面有些许错误 但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分 使全文结构紧凑 完全达到了预期的写作目的 我们可以具体转化为 1 信息完整 内容无缺失 2 语言结构准确 丰富 有多种语法结构和词汇 有较复杂语法结构和较难词汇 有从句 3 语篇要连贯 语句之间要有逻辑联系 书面表达试题命题策略 2 题干题干包括材料和要求两部分 所给材料要恰当 尤其是英文的背景材料不宜过多 不宜过细 说明外国背景时 可以给英文材料 说明中国背景时 可以给中文背景材料 英文材料应在150词以内 中文材料应在100字以内 也可以使用图 图表 表格都可以作为背景材料 背景材料的理解应该不具有任何语言难度 读写任务的阅读材料除外 但可有一定的情景理解的难度 议论文背景材料应尽可能给学生比较充分的理由 不宜让学生寻找论据 因为本题只是书面表达 而不是写作 但若要加大难度 可以让学生自己说明观点 材料要便于学生运用不同的语句结构和词汇 时间不能过于单一 因为这会限制时态使用 书面表达试题命题策略 短文应以记叙文为主 如人物描述 事件描述 信息说明等内容 也可以设计观点说明等论说文 指令要清晰 要突出真实写作的语境 一定要说明为了什么语用目的 以什么人为读者对象进行表达 尤其是要注意以外国人为读者对象 这样才能突出用英语进行