高中英语写作教学的设计.ppt

英语写作教学设计 写作教学 BeginningtoWrite 一 当前写作教学中存在的问题 1 写作教学的整体设计和规划不够 2 写作教学的训练模式太单一 3 没有形成系统的写作教学训练材料 4 写作练习题设计的语境缺乏真实性 5 考试中作文所配图不能充分说明问题 二 何谓写作 交际语言教学 CLT 对写的理解 认为写是实现交际目的的一项重要技能 写是用书面语传递信息的一种交际能力 20世纪80年代费劳尔 Flower 和海斯 Hayes 提出了认知程序理论 cognitiveprocesstheory 认知程序理论注重写作过程即 教师要帮助学生提高写作的效率 减少写作过程中的困难 三 写作教学的目标和策略 在于帮助学生形成一套可行的写作策略 1 动笔前的酝酿 构思 定中心 拟提纲 定步骤 2 起草 调整 增补 修正 调整思路 3 修改 注意 修辞 句子结构 语法等 四 写作的程序 席尔瓦 Silva 认为大体可分为 1 写前阶段 Pre writingprocesses a 策划 Planning b 确定目标 Targeting c 组织思路 Organizing 2 写作阶段 In writingprocesses a 起草 Drafting b 评估 Evaluating c 整理 Editing d 修改 Rewriting 五 写作教学的重点 1 制定写作的教学计划 包括 课时 内容 训练活动 检测题等 写作要求适中 难度不可过高 要对学生的需求和兴趣做必要的调查 2 注意写作教学的真实性 实用性和趣味性 写是传递和储存书面信息的交际方式 并能超越时间和空间的限制 写作练习应发挥这一功能 才能具有真实性 写的内容应能引起学生的兴趣 激发他们的动机 激活他们的思维 3 提倡 互动式和社会结构式 的写作训练 约翰斯认为写作不完全是个人行为 而是发生在团体中的行为 因此他提倡互动式 Interactive 和社会结构式 Socialconstructive 的写作训练方法 所谓互动式是指作者和读者之间的相互作用 所谓社会结构式是指文章和作品的写作是离不开集体的 强调写作的社会性 就是提倡学生的小组活动 通过讨论合作完成写作 使写作的过程变成作者和读者的交流和学习 六 写作教学训练内容 Beforeyouwrite thinklikeareader Transitions 过渡词 Pre test Post testSubordination 细节句 Pre test Post testParallelism 平行 Pre test Post testTopicsentence 主题句 Pre test Post testControllingIdea 中心 Pre test Post testUnity 一致 Pre test Post testCoherence 连贯 Pre test Post test 七 写作教学训练内容解读 1 Transitions Whenarunnerinarelayracepasseshiswandtoanotherteammember histeamkeepsmovingahead Whenawriterusestransitions hekeepshisideasmovingahead2 Subordination Whenpeoplewantedtolookespeciallygood theyarewillingtospendmorethantheirbudgetallowsinordertohavethelatesthairstyle Theleastimportantideaatthistime savingmoney issubordinatedtothemostimportantidea havingattractivehair Whenawriterwantstoshowareaderthatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotheridea thewriteralsosubordinatesthelessimportantidea 3 Parallelism Tobecomeagoodskier apersonlearnshowtokeepskisonparalleltrackswhilespeedingdownaslope Parallelstructureinwritingalsomakesitpossibleforawritertomoveforwardsmoothly 4 Topicsentence IfyouaimaFrisbeewell yourpartnerwillbeabletocatchitmoreeasily Andifawriterputsatopicsentenceinaparagraph areaderwillbemorelikelytocatchtheparagraph smainidea 5 ControllingIdea Abackpackthatiswellfilledkeepsyoualiveinthewilderness Andatopicsentencethatincludesacontrollingideakeepsawriter spurposealiveinaparagraph 6 Unity Aviolinist smusicdoesnotfitwitharockband sbeat Removingtheviolinistproducesaunifiedsound Awritergainsunityinthesamewaybycuttingoutanythoughtsthatdonotfitinwithaparagraph scontrollingidea 7 Coherence Ridingadirectlinethroughthesurfwithoutfallingisasurfer sgoal Awriterisalsoconcernedwithdirectforwardmovement Bycreatingadirectlineofthought awritergivesaparagraphitsnecessarycoherence TransitionsPre Test Wilmalikestravelingbybusbetterthantravelingbyairplaneforfourreasons 1 Thus First Infact itcostsless ShecanridebybusfromNewYorktoChicagofor 20 2 And So Yet theairfarebetweenthetwocitiesis 78 3 Nor But Second travelingbybusgivesheracloserlookatthecitiesandcountrysidethanshecouldgetfromaplane 4 Still Next Forexample enjoysdrivingthroughthebigcitiesofPhiladelphia Pittsburgh andFortWayne 5 Third Now Indeed Wilmafindsthatthepassengersonthebusareoftenclosertoherownage 6 Similarly Instead Afterall So theyareeasytotalkwithonthesharedtraveladventure 7 Incontrast Finally Otherwise manyairlinepassengersarebusinessmenwhokeepbusywiththeirworkwhileflying 8 Therefore Fourth Accordingly ridingabusallowsWilmatoexploreanystopalongtheway 9 Ontheotherhand Moreover Forinstance onceshegotoffthebusatasmalltowninIndianaandspentthenightwithagirlfriend 10 So Then Yet thenextdayshetookanotherbustoChicago 11 Forthesereasons Atlast Now Wilmausuallyprefersbusesinsteadofplanesunlessshehastogetsomewhereinahurry TransitionsPost Test Paololikestoflyasanairlinepassengeratnightratherthanduringthedayforfourreasons 1 itcostsless 2 hewouldhavetopay 125toflyfromSanFranciscotoMexicoCitybyday 3 bynight thefareis 75 4 theplaneislesscrowedonnightflights 5 Paolorarelyhastositthreeabreastwhenhefliesatnight 6 hehasmoreroomtostretchout 7 nightflightsarequieterthandayflights 8 Paolocanstudyorreadwithoutbeingdistractedbyloudconversationsorbypeoplewalkingupanddowntheaisle 9 passengersonnightflightscanusuallysleepquitecomfortablyiftheywantto Theydo 10 byfoldupthearmrestsbetweenthreeemptyseats 11 allowsapassengertoliedownforanapunderablanket 12 Paolorarelyreservesadaytimeflightonacommercialairline 八 写作教学的小组活动 PlanningwithMindMapWritethetopic forexample Holidays inthemiddleoftheboard Askthestudentstobrainstormsub topicsthattheymightexpecttocoverintheirpassage Writeeachmajorsub topicontheboardsothatyouendupwithaboarddiagram likethis Makesurethattherearenofewerthanfiveandnomorethansevensub topics HOLIDAYS specialmemories plansandpreparation PlanningWritingExplainthatyouwillbegivingthemasetofstatementsaboutwritingandthattheyshoulddecidewhich5 7statementstheywoulduseinapassageaboutwriting Explainthatthepurposeofthelessonistoworkoutthepassageplanwhichwillrevolvearoundthese5 6statements Thepassageplanshouldbewrittendowninnoteformandwillincludesub topicssuggestedbythechosenstatementsaswellassuggestionsforanintroductionandconclusion 3 KnowingyourreaderAskthestudentstoworkinsmallgroups Eachgroupisgoingtodesignanadvertisement andsofirsttheyneedtodecideontheproducttheywishtosell Itmayhelpiftheclassbrainstormspossibleproductsorifyoubringinpicturesofproductsorevenproductsthemselves 4 TalkingtothereaderAskthestudentstoworkinpairs Onestudentisgoingtobethewriteandtheotherisgoingtotakenoteonwhatgoesonwhiletheirpartnerwrites Onceeachpairhavedecidedwhoistowrite thewriteshouldchooseapicturefromthesetyoubroughttoclass Thispicturerepresentsthepersontheyaregoingtobewritingfor 5 Arrangingyesterday sdiaryAskeachstudenttowritethehourwhentheywokeupinthemarginatthetopofthepageandthehourwhentheyfellasleepinthemarginatthebottomofthepage Askthestudentstowritedownanhour by houraccountofwhattheydidbetweenthetimetheywokeupinthemorningandthetimetheyfellasleepatnight Dothesamethingyourselfontheboard Asthestudentswillinevitablyreadyourdiarywhiletheywrite setagoodexamplebybeingfairlydetailed 6 ObservingthewritingprocessAskthestudentstoworkingroups Sevenisanidealnumber Explainthatthreemembersofeachgroupwillbe writers andtheotherfourwillbe observers Thewriterswillsitinthecentreofthecircleandworkcollectivelyonproducingapieceofwriting Theobserverswillsitontheoutsideofthewritersandmakeacollectivewrittenrecordofhowthewritersproceed Bothwritingandobservinggroupswillneedtoconferamongthemselves Theobserversmayaskthewritersquestionsatanypointandmaylookattheirworkinprogress 7 TheschoolreportExplainthateachstudentistowriteareportonthemselvesbasedonthesenotesbutwrittenasthoughtheyweretheteacher i e you writingfortheirparents Remindthemthatreportsshouldsummarizepastprogressandmakesuggestionsforareastoworkoninthefuture Askthemtothinkcarefullyabouthowtoorganizethematerialtheyhavenoteddown Thiscanbeahomeworktasktoo 8 WritingtoaformulaAllowthestudentstoworkindividuallyorinpairs ExplainthattheeditoroftheirseriesofreadershasdecidedthatfromnowonthereshouldbenosentencesshorterthanXword