2014中考英语---必背知识.doc

2014中考英语-必背知识 重点短语 leave for前往（某地）give a talk作演讲/报告take care of / look after照顾，照料look up（在词典/字典）查询look for寻找look over（医生等）仔细检查Look out/take care/be careful小心！give advice to给提建议hand in交上as soon as一就 be scared of害怕enjoy oneself /have fun/have a good time过得愉快notuntil直到才be good at/ do well in擅长 /在做的好fall off摔下来get off下（车，船）get on上（车，船）be/become interested in对感兴趣make into把制成be made of/from由制成be used for被用来做slow down减速be proud of因而骄傲/自豪protect from保护不受的侵害keep/stop/preventfrom doing阻止以免发生某事because of因为make friends with和交朋友look like看上去像 play a joke on和开玩笑put on穿上take off脱下put up支起/举起/建造put off推迟/延期put out熄灭be famous for/as以闻名regard as把当作send for派人去请/叫 be filled with/ be full of充满take part in参加try on试穿as long as只要turn on打开turn off/ out关掉 turn up放大；调高turn down关小；调低 hear from收到的邮件/信件hear of听说help sb with sth帮助某人做某事 be/get ready for为做好准备be good for对有益be bad for对有害grow up成长/长大up to达到ring up给打电话as well as也/又give up放弃even if/though即使/纵然be able to/can能/会be over结束catch up with跟上/赶上fall behind落后/跟不上be used for被用来干be located in/on位于 get on/along well with与相处很好think of想起/考虑find out查明/发现come up with发现/找到work out计算出/解决wait for等待 pay for为付款have success in/succeed in在（方面）成功work hard努力工作/学习fall ill/sick生病come true实现go over复习/检查It is said that据说agree with同意be mad at/be angry with生的气belong to属于praise for因为（某事）表扬（某人）except for除之外prefer to更喜欢某事物 help oneself to请随便吃点devote oneself to sth/doing sth致力于/献身于 同音词 father (父亲)- farther (较远,far的比较级) hear (听见)- here (这里) high (高)- hi (喂) eye (眼睛)- I (我) know (知道)- no (不) meat (肉)- meet (遇见) one (一) - won (获胜,win的过去式) our (我们的)- hour (小时) pear (梨)- pair (一对;一双) sea (海)- see (看见) son (儿子)- sun (太阳) their (他们的)- there (那里) weak (弱的)- week (星期) weather (天气)- whether (是否) write (写)- right (对的;右) wear (穿;戴)- where (在哪里) whole (整个的)- hole (洞) 反义词 above在.上- below在.下all全部- none全无answer回答- ask询问borrow借进 lend借出/return归还best最好的- worst最坏的better更好的- worse更坏的both两者都- neither两者都不busy忙碌的- free空闲的buy买- sell卖cheap便宜的- expensive/ dear昂贵的clean干净的- dirty肮脏的clever聪明的- foolish愚蠢的cold寒冷的- hot炎热的cry哭- laugh笑cool凉爽的- warm温暖的careful小心的-careless粗心的danger危险- safety安全safe安全的- dangerous危险的dark黑暗的- bright明亮的dry干燥的- wet潮湿的early早的- late迟的easy容易的- difficult/ hard困难的；艰巨的empty空的- full满的far远的- near近的begin开始- finish结束first最初的- last最后的forget忘记- remember记得soft软的 - hard硬的high高的- low低的inside在里面- outside在外面heavy重的- light轻的noisy吵闹的 quiet安静的old旧的- new新的old年老的- young年轻的possible可能的impossible不可能的pass通过；及格- fail未通过；不及格poor贫穷的- rich富裕的pull拉- push推plus加- minus减right右边（的）- left左边（的）right正确的- wrong错误的same相同的- different不同的short短的- long长的short（个子）矮的- tall（个子）高的sleep睡觉- wake醒来small小的- big, large, great大的strong强壮的- weak虚弱的take拿走- bring带来thin瘦的- fat胖的thin薄的-thick厚的with有- without没有many许多-few几乎没有more更多-less更少polite礼貌的-rude粗鲁的receive收到-send送/寄 同义词(组) arrive in/at=get to=reach到达be fine=be well=be OK（身体）好be from=come from来自be in=be at home在家be away=be out=be not at home在外be busy doing sth.=be busy with sth.忙于做某事give sb a call=give sb a ring给某人打电话go on doing sth.=go on with sth.继续干某事hear from=receive /have/ get a letter from收到某人的来信help sb with sth=help sb (to)do sth帮某人干某事look out=be careful=take care小心preferto=like better than更喜欢ring sb up=call sb打电话send for sb=ask sb to come派人去请take exercise=do sport做运动teach oneself=learn all by oneself自学walk to=go to on foot步行a lot of=lots of/plenty of许多a quarter past two=two fifteen 2:15 at times=sometimes有时at last=in the end=finally最后a moment ago=just now刚才at once=right now/away立刻/马上more than=over超过no longer=notany longer=no more=not any more不再two and a half years=two years and a half两年半stay healthy=keep fit/healthy保持健康How do you like.?=What do you think of.?你认为.怎么样？one more =another (one)再一个almost - nearly几乎；差不多answer-reply回答autumn-fall秋天gift-present礼物grow-plant种clever - bright聪明的expensive - dear昂贵的difficult - hard困难的；艰巨的easy - simple容易的；简单的famous - well-known著名的helpful - useful有益的；有用的ill - sick生病的maybe - perhaps -probably可能；大概real - true真正的；真实的whether - if是否 名词复数 1.-s apple苹果boy男孩key钥匙2.s,x,ch,sh-es bus公共汽车class课；班级box箱子watch手表match比赛brush刷子 3.辅+yies city城市country国家library图书馆family家庭factory.工厂baby婴儿story故事century世纪dictionary字典4.0-es hero英雄potato马铃薯tomato西红柿5.O-s Photo照片piano钢琴radio收音机zoo动物园kilo千克6.f(e)ves Knife小刀leaf树叶life生命thief小偷7.单复同形Chinese中国人Japanese日本人sheep绵羊deer鹿fish鱼8.词根变化man-men男人woman -women妇女 foot-feet脚 tooth-teeth牙齿child-children小孩 mouse-mice老鼠9.部分变复数girl friend -girl friends女朋友 10.全部变复数man teacher -men teachers男教师11. GermanGermans德国人12.不可数名词表数量a cup of tea一杯茶a piece of paper一张纸three pieces of news三条消息five pairs of shoes五双鞋 a bottle of water一瓶水two glasses of milk两玻璃杯牛奶 形容词/副词的比较级和最高级 1.-er/est clean tall cold low 2.e-r fine nice large late 3.辅+yier/iest busy easy heavy happy healthy early 4.双写末辅+er/est big fat thin hot wet 5.more/most +多音节或部分双音节形容词/副词careful小心的useful有用的famous著名的quickly快地 slowly慢地 interesting有趣的beautiful美丽的 important重要的 popular流行的；受欢迎的6.不规则变化 good / wellbetter; best bad /badly/ illworse; worst little几乎没有less ;least many / muchmore; most farfarther; farthest (具体的远)/further ;furthest(抽象的远) 基数词序数词 1.-th four四 fourth 2. t-h eight八 eighth 3.去e-th nine九ninth 4.vefth five五fifth twelve十二 twelfth 5.yieth twenty二十twentieth还有thirty三十forty四十fifty五十sixty六十seventy七十eighty八十ninety九十 6.特殊变化one一first two二 second three三third 7.twenty-one二十一twenty-first 重要分数：二分之一one/a half三分之二two thirds四分之一one fourth/one(a)quarter四分之三three fourths/three quarters 反身代词构成的短语 1.enjoy oneself (过得愉快、玩得高兴）)2.help oneself to(请随便吃点.) 3. teach oneself = learn by oneself (自学) 4.look after/take care of oneself (照顾自己) 5.hurt oneself (伤害自己) 6. leave one by oneself= leave one alone (把某人单独留下) 7.devote oneself to (致力于) 第三人称单数（简称：现单三） 1.-s look play玩 enjoy喜欢 2.s,x,ch,sh,o-es fix修理；安装watch观看 teach wash洗wish希望 do go 3.辅+yies study学习try尝试4.havehas 现在分词 1.-ing help帮助 read 2.去e(不发音)-ing have live居住write 3.双写末辅+ing get sit put cut run swim begin 4.ieying lie die 过去式，过去分词（规则变化和不规则变化） A.规则变化1.-ed pant种植play 2.e-d live use用 3.辅+yied study worry担心 4.双写末辅+ed stop停止drop掉下plan计划 B.不规则变化（见表） AAA型cut cut cut切，割put put put放set set set下沉；放置fit fit fit合适cost cost cost值（钱）read read read读hurt hurt hurt伤害shut shut shut关闭ABB型buy boughtbought买think thoughtthought想；认为bring broughtbrought带来fight foughtfought战斗；打/吵架teach taughttaught教catch caughtcaught捉住sendsentsent送；寄spendspentspent花费buildbuiltbuilt建筑lendlentlent借出tell told told告诉sell sold sold卖sleep slept slept睡sweep swept swept扫pay paid paid支付lay laid laid放置；产卵feel felt felt感觉；触摸find found found发现；找到hear heard heard听见keep kept kept保持leave left left离开；留下lose lost lost失去say said said说 dig dug dug挖get got got得到have/has had had有/吃hold held held握住；举行make made made制造；使得meet met met遇见sit sat sat坐win won won赢shine shone shone发光；照射feed fed fed喂养AB型beat beat beaten打ABA型become became become成为come came come来run ran run跑ABC型am/is was been是are were been是begin began begun开始sing sang sung唱swim swam swum游泳drink drank drunk喝ring rang rung响；打电话grow grew grown生长；种植know knew known知道；认识blow blew blown吹drive drove driven驾驶draw drew drawn绘制；拉give gave given给rise rose risen升起take took taken拿走show showed shown出示break broke broken打破choose chose chosen选择speak spoke spoken讲话do did done做fall fell fallen跌；落go went gone去see saw seen看见wear wore worn穿；戴eat ate eaten吃fly flew flown放；飞lie lay lain躺wake woke woken醒来steal stole stolen偷盗hide hid hidden隐藏ride rode ridden骑；乘forget forgot forgotten忘记write wrote written写情态动词只有过去式：can could能；会may might可以；可能will would将；会shall should应该have/ has to had to不得不must必 须 名词 1.+er singer歌唱家teacher教师player比赛者worker工人farmer农民traveller旅行者owner所有者foreigner外国人writer作者driver司机winner获胜者runner赛跑者 swimmer游泳者2.+or visitor参观者inventor发明者act表演 actor（男）演员3.+ion invention发明describedescription描写operate动手术operation手术4.+ing building建筑training训练 meaning意思 warning警告smoke smoking吸烟5.+ist artist美术家science科学 scientist科学家6.+ness illness疾病busy business商业；生意happy happiness幸福；愉快7.+ment development发展8.tce different difference不同confident confidence自信important importance重要 9.不规则变化：advise advice建议proud pride骄傲high高的 height高度weigh称.重量 weight重量long长的 length长度strong强壮的strength力量succeed success成功safe safety安全friend朋友friendship友谊diedeath死encourage鼓励courage勇气law法律lawyer律师choose choice选择decide decision决定speak speech说话think思考thought思想produce生产product产品 形容词 1.+y cloudy多云的windy刮风的snowy下雪的rainy下雨的lucky幸运的healthy健康的 noisenoisy吵闹的sunny晴朗的 funny可笑的 2.+ful careful useful helpful有帮助的 peaceful和平的thankful感激的wonderful精彩的 colourful艳丽的successful成功的painful病痛的 3.+ly friendly友好的 lovely可爱的lively热闹的；有生气的4.+ous dangerous5.+ing/ed interesting interested exciting excited兴奋的6. a- alive活着的 asleep睡着的awake清醒的 7.cet difference different 8. +ed wounded受伤的close closed关着的worry worried担忧的pleased高兴的；满意的9. +ern eastern东方的 western西方的 northern北方的 southern南方的10.特殊变化pride proud well good die dead enjoy enjoyable愉快的open open person人personal个人的 副词 1.+ly clear清楚的quick careful quiet real真的final最后的softsoftly 2.y ily easy lucky angry happy 3.不去e+ly safe wide广泛的polite有礼貌的4.去e+ly true真实的5.去e+y terrible可怕的6.特殊变化one once一次；一倍two twice两次；两倍hard困难的 hard努力地high high fast fast 英语时态复习 一、一般现在时 概念：1.表示经常性，习惯性的动作；2.表示现在的事实或状态；3.表示自然规律或普遍真理。 如：I get up at 6:30 every day. She comes from China. His shirt is blue. It snows in winter. The moon goes around the earth. 结构：1.动词原形或单三(口诀：He/She/It+单三；其它人称+动原)；2. am /is /are+表语 如：I like apples. She likes pears. I am a teacher. You are a student.She is a nurse. 标志语：often（经常），always（一直），usually（通常），sometimes（有时），every/ day /week /month /year（每天/周/月/年） 变否定句，疑问句选用do/does的口诀: 见到动原借助do,见到单三用does ,谓语动词皆为原。 二、一般过去时 概念：表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态 结构：过去式 标志语：yesterday，the day before yesterday，ago，last., in 1998 变否定句，疑问句的口诀: 一切人称用did,谓语动词要还原（除was/were外） 三、一般将来时 概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态. 结构：will+动词原形, be going to+动词原形 标志语：tomorrow，the day after tomorrow，next.，in +时间段，in 2010 四、现在进行时 概念:表示正在发生的动作 结构：is/ am/ are +动词-ing 标志语：now，置于句首的Look，Listen 五、过去进行时 概念：表示过去正在进行的动作 结构：was/ were +动词-ing 标志语：at this time，at时间点+过去时间（at 9:00 oclock last night），when，while. 六、过去将来时 概念:表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作 结构：would+动词原形 标志语：常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中 七、现在完成时 结构：has/have +过去分词 概念与标志语： 1）表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，与already, yet, ever, never, just,so far（到目前为止）, before连用。 2）表示过去发生的动作持续到现在，还可能要持续下去，常与for+时间段, since+过去的时间点连用，提问用How long. 八、过去完成时 概念：过去某时之前已发生的动作 结构：had+过去分词 标志语：1）以by，before+过去时间 2）主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。 被动语态的构成 1.一般现在时：is/am/are+过去分词 2.一般过去时:was/were+过去分词 3.一般将来时:will+be+过去分词 4.含有情态动词的被动语态:can/may/must/shall/should+be+过去分词 5.现在进行时:is/am/are+being+过去分词 6.现在完成时：have/has+been+过去分词 动词不定式，动名词,动词原形,过 去分词 一.动词不定式 1.构成：肯定式： to +动词原形 否定式：not to +动词原形 2、动词不定式的用法 A、不定式作主语 To learn English well is not easy Its not easy to learn English well. B、不定式作宾语 I hope to be a doctor. Want/ would like（想要）/plan（计划）/decide（决定）/learn（学会）/ hope（希望）pretend(假装) cant wait（迫不及待）to do sth. C、不定式作宾语补足语 My mother always likes me to get up early. want(想要)/ wish（希望）/tell(告诉)/ask(请、叫) /allow(允许)/warn(警告)/order (命令) /would like(想要) /encourage(鼓励)/teach(教)/ sb to do sth D、不定式作定语 Something to eat / something to drink/ much work to do/lots of housework to do E、作表语 His job is to feedanimals. F、作状语（表原因或目的等） Im happy to hear that. He went to England to learn English. G、不定式与疑问词连用，构成不定式短语，作宾语 I dont know where to go /what to do/how to get there/which to choose . H、常见固定搭配 1.too to do The desk is too heavy to carry . 2.形/副 + enough to do The room is big enough for 10 people to live in . 3.Its time to do sth或Its time（for sb）to do sth . Its time (for us) to play football 4.It takes sb some time to do sth . It takes me three days to finish the job . 二、动名词 1.enjoy(喜欢)/finish(完成)/practise(练习)/mind(介意)/ be worth(值得)/ keep (on)继续 / be busy (忙于)/feel like (想要)/ spend（in）花费时间 /have fun （做某事有趣）/devote oneself to(致力于) doing sth 2.keep(保持) sb doing sth使某人保持某种动作 3、介词+v-ing Thanks for helping me. 4、词组搭配中ing的形式 No smoking禁止吸烟 No parking禁止停车 go swimming（hiking , fishing,skating,shopping） do some（cooking,reading,washing,cleaning,shopping) 三、动词原形 1.Why not do sth/Why dont you do sth为什么不做某事？ 2.had better do sth最好干某事 3.Had better not do sth最好不要干某事 4.Will you please do sth请你做.好吗？ 5.Will you please not do sth请你不要做.好吗? 6.情态动词+动词原形 7.使役动词：Let/ make / have /sb do sth使某人做某事 感观动词:feel/hear/see/watch/find/notice sb do sth 感觉/听到/看见某人做过某事或经常做某事 （feel/hear/see/watch/find/notice sb doing sth感觉/听到/看见某人正在做某事） 以上使役动词和感观动词在主动语态中后接动词原形，但改为被动语态时要接带to的动词不定式。 （1)I saw him go into the classroom just now. （2）He saw a purse lying on the ground on her way home. 口诀：一感和一听，三让和四看，主动语态接动原，被动后接不定式。 感观动词很特殊，一感一听和四看，后接动原表过程，后接分词表进行。 四、过去分词 1.have sth done让别人做某事，表示动作由别人来完成 （1） I will have my hair cut. （2） I had my bad tooth pulled out. 2、常见短语： A boy called Jim a man named John a broken glass 动名词与动词不定式的用法区别 1.stop doing sth停止正做的事 stop to do sth停止一事干别事 2.go on doing sth继续干某事 go on to do sth接着干另一件事 3.forget to do sth忘记要做某事 forget doing sth忘记做过某事 4.remember to do sth记住要做某事 remember doing sth记得做过某事5.like doing sth（一直）喜欢做某事 like to do sth（偶然）喜欢做某事 6.hate doing sth（一直）不喜欢做某事 hate to do sth（偶然）不喜欢做某事 7need to do sth（需要做某事，人做主语） need doing sth（需要被做某事，物做主语） 交际用语 一.问候.1.A:Good morning/afternoon/ evening! B: Good morning/afternoon/ evening! 2.A :Hello/ Hi! B: Hello/ Hi! 3.A:How are you? B:Fine, thank you. And you? A:Very well, thanks. 4.A: How do you do?B: How do you do? 5.A: Nice/ Glad to meet you? B: Nice/ Glad to meet you, too. 二.介绍My/ Her/ His name is ,This is,Im ,She/ He is 三.告别1.A:I think its time for us to leave now /I must go now. Goodbye! B:Bye-bye/ Bye! /See you later/ tomorrow.2.A:Its nearly ten oclock.Its time for you to go to bed.B:Good night. 四.打电话A:Hello,3256778 B:Hello, May I speak to Mr Smith,please? A:oh,sorry. He isnt here/is out right now. B:Is that Mrs Smith? A:Yes,it is.Who is that? B:This is John.A:Hi! John, Can I take a message for you? B:Yes,please.Ive gota bad cold.Im afraidI cant go to work today. A:Im sorry to hear that.Youd better go to see a doctor and take good care of yourself. Ill tell him as soon as he comes back. B:Thanks a lot. Good-bye. 五.感谢和应答1.A:Thank you for offering us such a good meal! B:Im glad you all enjoy it.2. A:Thank you/ Thanks for helping me. B：Not at all. /Thats all right./ Youre welcome.） 六.祝愿、祝贺和应答 1.A:Congratulations to you on passing the maths exam B:Thanks a lot.2.A:I did quite well in the English exam this time.B:Congratulations!3.A:Happy New Year! /Merry Christmas!B:The same to you.4.A:Happy birthday to you.B: Thank you. 5.A:Im going to the south for a few days.B:Have a nice/ good time./Enjoy yourself! 6.A：I have passed the maths exam!B： Well done / Congratulations! 七.表达意愿1.A:Im going to spend my summer holiday in Hawaii.B:What a lucky guy!Have a nice/ goodtime!And dont forget to send me a post card.2.A:Jack,I will go for a picnic with my parents after the exam.B:Have fun!/Enjoy yourself! 八道歉和应答 A:Im sorry to trouble you. B:Thats all right./ It doesnt matter. /Thats nothing. 九.遗憾和同情1. A:I didnt pass the maths exam again.B:What a pity! 2.A:There was an earthquake in Yunnan on June3,2007and several persons lost their lives.B:Im sorry to hear that. 十.邀请和应答 1.A:Can you go shopping with me tomorrow? B:Id love /like to,but I have to study for my chemistry test.2.A:Would you come to the party tonight? B:Yes,Id like to. 十一.请求允许和应答 1.A:May I go on a trip to Beijing?B:Yes,you may. 2.A:May I borrow/have your pen,please? B:Sure./Certainly,here you are. A:Thanks ./Thank you.B:Thats all right.3.A:May I use your computer this afternoon? B:No problem. 十二.表示同意和不同意 1.A:Sixteen-year-olds should not be allowed to drive. B:I agree.Its dangerous. 2.A:Is Mrs.Black really badly ill?B:Im afraid so.Shes in hospital. 十三.谈论天气 A:Whats the weather like today?/ Hows the weather today ? B:Its fine/sunny/cloudy/ windy/ rainy/snowy. 十四.购物.A: Good morning , Madam. Can I help you? /What can I do for you?/Is there anything I can do for you? B: Im looking for a skirt for my daughter. A: What sizedoes your daughter wear? B: Size M. She likes cotton skirt.A: Howabout this one ? Its made in China. B: OK, Let me have a look. How much is it ?/How much does it cost? A: Its 260 yuan. B: But Im afraid its a little more expensive,and I dont like the colour.A: Do you like this red one ? Its cheaper than that one. Its only 180 yuan. B: Hmm. it looks nice. Can she try it on? A:Sure. B: Well, it fits he