谈谈分离型定语从句.doc

谈谈分离型定语从句 所谓语分离型定语从句，主要指的是定语从句与它所修饰的先行词之间被其他词隔开的情形。分离型定语从句主要有以下两种类型：1.先行词与定语从句被状语隔开。如：He found the dictionary there he was looking for.他在那儿找到了他在找的词典。I saw something in the paper which might interest you.我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。2.将定语从句置于句末。如：Something was going to happen that was to change the world.当时有件事就要发生，这件事将改变世界的面貌。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要来一位新的老师教你们德语了。The day will come when we will all have robots.人人都有机器人的时代，总有一天会来临的。注意，分离定语从句的使用主要是出于平衡句子结构或强调的原因，并且使用这类结构必须以句子不至于产生歧义为前提，否则就不要使用这类句子。如：He hid the gun in the cellar which his wife found.这个句子是有岐义的：如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the cellar，则句子意思为：他把枪藏在他妻子发现的地下室里。如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the gun（属分离修饰），则句子意思为：他把妻子发现的枪藏在地下室里。1.基本区别根据定语从句与先行词的关系，可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来，限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果省略会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号；而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充说明，即即使去掉，也不会影响全句的主要思想，这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如：This is the book that you want.这就是你要的那本书。句中的you want为限制性定语从句，如果去掉，意思就不清楚。He bought me a book, which was very useful.他给我买了一本书，非常有用。句中的which was very useful为非限制性定语从句，如果去掉，句子意思仍是清楚的。2.关系词的区别关系代词that和关系副词why通常只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。如：她收到了老板的邀请，这是她意想不到的。误：She received an invitation from her boss, that came as a surprise.正：She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系代词which用作宾语时，如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常可以省略；但在非限制性定语从句中，不管在什么情况下均不可省略关系代词which。3.用法注意当一个名词已由其他词语作了完整的表述，这个名词后则不宜再用限制限制性从句，而应改用非限制性定语从句。如：我去看买的房子有一个很漂亮的花园。误：My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.正：My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.若要用限制性定语从句，则应将物主代词my改为the，即说成：The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.关系词、关系代词与关系副词 用于引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词根据其词性的不同，可分为关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。1.关系代词：主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，它们在句子中可用作主语（如that, which, who等）、宾语（如that, which, whom等）和定语（如which, whose）。如：Is he the man that sells dogs?他就是卖狗的人吗?She is the girl who won the prize.她就是获奖的姑娘。Ive found the book which I was looking for.我找到了我要找的书。She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。She is the woman whom I gave the money to.她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。2.关系副词：主要有where, when, why等，它们在句子中主要用作状语。如：This is the town where I was born.这就是我出生的城市。Ill never forget the day when I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。We dont know the reason why he didnt show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。 关系代词who, whom, whose用法说明 关系代词who, whom)的用法who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定语从句中用作主语，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如：I met a girl who knew your sister.我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before.她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没见过他。但是，用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who, that代之。如：The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。关系代词whose的用法关系代词whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如：She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。This is the house whose windows were broken.这就是窗户被打破了的房子。Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job.格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学，她想找一份工作。His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.他的房子窗户无一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。关系代词which重要用法说明 关系代词which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。如：She was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which指train，在从句中用作主语)He never got back the money which he had lent him.他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指money，在从句中用作宾语)which用于引导限制性定语从句外，还可以引导非限制定语从句。如：The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her side.船碰在一座冰山上，船帮被撞出一个大洞。She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.她送给我这件羊毛衫，这是她亲手织的。This machine, which I have looked after for twenty years, is still working perfectly.这台机器我已经照管了20年，现在仍然没一点儿毛病。which有时也可用作定语，尤其用于“介词+which+名词”这类结构中，此时的which含有this或that的意味。如：He may be busy, in which case Ill call later.他可能忙，如若如此，我以后再来拜访。I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone.我可能得晚点下班，那样我会打电话的。He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home.他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家了。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life.他被任命为大法官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。The postman comes at 6.30 in the morning, at which time I am usually fast asleep.邮递员早晨6点30分来，这个时候我通常还睡着大觉呢。It was derived from Posidonius, for which reason much of its information may well have been out of date.它源于鲍森杜尼尔斯。由于这个原因，它的大部分信息很可能已经过时。有时其前也可以没有介词。如：He is studying economics, which knoweledge is very important today.他学经济学，这种知识现今很重要。He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow with difficulty.他说希腊语，我听起来很吃力。关系代词that用法归纳 一、指人的用法that用于指人，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：A driver that has knocked someone down must stop.撞人的司机必须停车。(关系代词that指driver，在从句中作主语)He is the man that you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。(关系代词that指man，在从句中作宾语)He is not that man that he was.他已不是过去的他了。(关系代词that指man，在从句中作表语)二、指物的用法that用于指物，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.这是下午要飞往东京的那架飞机。(关系代词that指plane，在定语从句中作主语)She was annoyed by something that I had said.她为我说的某句话而不高兴。(关系代词that指something，在定语从句中作宾语)Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be.深圳现在已不是原来的那个城市了。(关系代词that指city，在定语从句中作表语) from which与from where的区别 有朋友问到from which与from where有何区别（问题见：/GuestBook/Guest_Reply.asp?TopicID=479），下面是我们的一位特约作者给出的部分回答，摘录如下，供大家参考：关于from which的用法比较好理解，这里主要说说from where的用法。from where主要有以下两个用法：用法一：用于引导非限制性定语从句，在意义上相当于and from there（从那儿）。如：He hid himself in a tree, from where he could see the enemy in the distance.他躲在一棵树上，从那儿他可以看到远处的敌人。We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.我们爬上屋顶，从那儿可以很好地观看游行。用法二：可视为where前省略了the place，即这样用的from where相当于from the place where，意思是“从的地方”“离的地方”。如：From where I stood I could see everything clearly.从我站的地方我一切都看得清清楚楚。The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood.汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处突然停住。The school was only a few blocks from where she lived.学校离她的住所只有几个街区的距离。若遇到前面是地点名词的先行词，如何判断用where还是from where还是from which?请看下面一个句子：I have bought that house, _I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge .我们认为这道题填where和from where语法上都可以（但不宜填from which），但两者在意义上稍有区别：I have bought that house, where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge.我买下了那栋房子，在房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。I have bought that house, from where I can enjoy the beautiful scene of Yangpu Bridge.我买下了那栋房子，从房子那可以欣赏到杨浦大桥的美景。在许多情况下，用不用from不会导致语法错误，但会导致语义变化（通常情况下是，如果没有from，意思会不够明确和清楚）。比较：He hid himself under the bed, from where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面，他可以从床下听到他们谈话。（句中的from where可理解为from under the bed，意思是“从床下面”）He hid himself under the bed, where he could hear what they were talking.他躲在床下面，在床那儿他听到他们谈话。（句中的 where可指为“在床边”“在床上”“在床下”等，意思不够明确） 如何使用“介词+关系代词”结构对于“介词+关系代词”结构的使用，重点是要弄清其中的介词如何确定和判断。归纳起来，有以下几点方法：1.根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。如：Water is the natural medium in which fish live.水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。(注意搭配live in)The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们找寻的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search for)This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while.这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(注意搭配argue about)注意，对于那些由动词与介词构成的短语动词，通常不宜将它们拆开使用，此时应注意介词的位置应。如：The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better.不能说成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.2.根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词。如：Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.历史是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(注意搭配be interested in)He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar.他我要去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配be familiar with)3.根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词。如：This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teachers desk.这是我们的教室，前面有老师的讲台。(注意搭配in the front of our classroom)Ill never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me.我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。(注意搭配on the day)4.根据句意来确定介词的使用。如：This is the book from which I got the story.这就是那本书，从中我读到这个故事。(由于句意含有“从”的意思，所以用介词from)This I did at nine oclock, after which I sat reading the paper.九点钟时我做这事，之后我坐着看报。(由于句意含有“在之后”的意思，所以用介词after)关系代词as用法说明一、引导限制性定语从句用在 such, same, as等之后，引导限制性定语从句。如：I live in the same place as Tom does.我和汤姆住在同处。Hes not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。二、引导非限制性定语从句(2)单独用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前、之后或中间，且主从句之间一般要用逗号隔开。如：As was expected, he succeeded at last.正如我们所料，他终于成功了。I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice.我饭后喝咖啡，这是我的习惯。Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.弗雷迪在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。三、as与which的用法区别 引导限制性定语从句的区别：as用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，它通常只用于 such, same, as等之后，而which用作关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，则用于除 such, same, as之外的其他结构。 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：which引导非限制性定语从句时，通常只能位于主句后，而as引导的非限制性定语从句位于主句之前、之后或中间。根据从句谓语动词的特点来看，as在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语通常要有be或别的系动词，但which不受此限制。如：Li Ming was late, which (=and this) made Mr. Zhang very angry.李明迟到了，这件事使张先生非常生气。（不可用as)根据句意的逻辑性来看，as引导的定语从句只表示一个众所周知或意料之中的事，但which不受此限制。如：He married her, as which was natural.他和她结婚了，这是很自然的。He married her, which was unexpected.他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。（不可用as）关系代词whose用法说明 whose用作疑问代词或连接代词时，用法比较单一，均表示“谁的”，一般不会出错，这里主要说说它用作关系代词的用法。1. whose用作关系代词时，它并不表示“谁的”，而是表示“的”，在具体语境需要灵活处理。如：He is the man whose car was stolen.他就是汽车被窃的人。The boys whose names were called stood up.叫到名字的男孩们站了起来。You are the only one whose advice he might listen to.你是惟一可能使他听从劝告的人。2. 不要以为whose引导定语从句时，其先行词一定是指人的名词，其实也可以是指事物（包括动物）的名词。如：It was an island whose name I have forgotten.这是一座岛，名字我忘了。Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon cooperation.狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。3. 不仅可以引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。如：My bitch, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites the judges at dog shows.我的母狗脾气不稳定，常常在狗展上咬裁判。4. 引导定语从句的“whose+名词”，有时可换成其他结构，注意词序的变化。比较：破了窗户的那座房子是空的。正：The house whose windows are broken is empty.正：The house the windows of which are broken is empty.正：The house of which the windows are broken is empty.正：The house with broken windows is empty.使用定语从句的几个误区（一） 有的英语初学者在使用定语从句时，有时会在从句中误加与关系代词同义的人称代词，这是不对的。如：This is the book that I have read _ dozens of times. But I have never read _. A. it, B.，it C. it, it D.，此题应选B。容易误选C。本题第二句填代词it,这容易理解。而第一句不能填 it,则是考生很容易忽视的。显然第一句中的 that I have read dozens of times是修饰 the book的定语从句，此句中的动词read不能再接用 it作宾语，因为它已有宾语that(也可省略)。在做有关定语从句的试题时，考生千万不要在定语从句中重复使用与关系词(或先行词)指代相同的人称代词。如：我们昨晚看的电影很精彩。误：The film we saw it last night was wonderful. 正：The film we saw last night was wonderful. 刚才同你讲话的那个人是谁? 误：Whos the man you just talked to him? 正：Whos the man you just talked to? 你昨天借给我的书很有趣。误：The book you lent it me yesterday was very interesting. 正：The book you lent me yesterday was very interesting. 他就是去年死了妻子的那个人。误：He is the man whosehis wife died last year. 正：He is the man whose wife died last year.使用定语从句的几个误区（二） 初学者在使用定语从句时，有个经常犯的错误就是分不清是定语从句还是其他从句。请看下面的题目：Is this room _ he lived in last year? Is this the room _ he lived in last year? A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that此题应选D。容易误选A。为了便于分析，我们先将以上两句还原成陈述句(注意is的位置)。如：(1)This room is _ he lived in last year. (2)This is the room _he lived in last year. 第(1)句填the one,用作表语，其后的 (that) he lived in last year是用以修饰the one的定语从句。此句若直接填that,则不是定语从句(因为没有先行词)，而是表语从句。但是由于引导表语从句的that不能充当句了成分，而其后的介词in又缺宾语，所以导致错误。第(2)句填 that,它是关系代词，用以引导定语从句(helived in last year)修饰the room。请做以下类例试题。如：(1)Is this the book _ you want to buy? Is this book _ you want to buy? A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that(2)Is this room _ he lived in 5 years ago? Is this the room _ he lived in 5 years ago? A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that答案：(1) C (2) D使用定语从句的几个误区（三） 有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等