国际医学杂志编辑委员会生物医学杂志投稿统一要求指导.doc

SCI英语医学科研论文的格式和要求(Format and Requirements for SCI Writing) 1格式 根据国际医学杂志编辑委员会(The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors，ICMJE)制定的生物医学杂志投稿统一要求(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals，5th Ed., 1997)，一篇生物医学科研论文 (以下简称“论文”)应包括以下12个部分： 1标题 (Title) 2摘要 (Abstract) 3引言 (Introduction) 4材料与方法 (Materials and Methods) 5结果 (Results) 6讨论 (Discussion) 7致谢 (Acknowledgements) 8参考文献 (References) 9插图说明 (Legends) 10插图 (Figures) 11表格 (Tables) 12照片和说明 (Plates and Explanations) 以上除7、9、10、11、12部分因实际情况不需要外。其他各部分是一篇论文必不可少的内容。下面分别介绍对各部分的基本要求。其中”标题”和“摘要”两部分将在以后单元另行讨论。 2. 要求 1)引言部分 总的要求是：The purpose of an introduction is to bring the reader into the general area of your study and then state the specific area of study (move from the general to the specific)The introduction shows the scope of your investigation efforts*即：说明研究的总体范围和目的。 具体内容包括： A 背景说明所研究问题的目前总体情况或历史(statement of general area or history of problem) B意义说明研究的意义或必要性(statement of importance or need) C进展说明有关该问题的先有发现、报告或研究(statement of previous findings，reports or studies)。陈述这部分内容时一般要有引文(citations) D目的说明本研究的目的(statement of purpose of current study) E 范围说明要研究问题的具体范围(statement of specific area of problem to be studied)2）材料与方法部分总的要求是：Readers must be able to reproduce your results，evaluate the validity of your results and the soundness of your methods，and follow the logic in the paper即：结果的可重演性、方法的可靠性以及前后的逻辑性。具体内容包括：A简要说明研究设计(study designprotocol)，如：回顾(retrospectivereview)，前瞻(prospective)，临床(clinical)，动物(animal)，实验(experimental)，活体内(in vivo)，活体外(in vitro)，原位(in situ)，随访(follow-up)，对照(controlled)，随机(randomrandomized)，双盲交叉(double-blind crossover)，人群(populationcohortmigrant)，对比(comparative)，流行病学(epidemiological)等研究性质B详细说明研究对象(subject)，包括动物(animal)的性别(sex)、年龄(age)，物种(species)，品种(breed)，生理状态(physiological state)；微生物则要说明其菌株(strain)，血清型(serotype)及其他区别特性(identity characteristics)C随机分组方法(methods of any random assignment of subjects to groups)和选择标准(criteria for admission to study groups)D详细说明所用的药物(drug)，激素(hormone)，试剂(reagent)和其他化学品(chemical)的名称、商标(trade mark)、生产厂家(manufacturer)及所在地(location)E简要说明测定方法(method of measurement)，包括名称，引文和偏差(variations)F简要说明统计学分析方法 (method of statistic analysis) 这部分的陈述程序一般为：研究设计 研究对象性质 处理干预方法 测定观察手段 统计分析除指示性说明外，如：“病人资料见表1” (Data of the patients are shown in Table 1)，“材料与方法”和“结果”两部分一律用过去时表达。3)结果部分总的要求：This section tells the reader what happened in your workRemember：let your results speak for themselves and dont embellish (leave that for the Discussion section)，即：让研究的客观结果说话，不要添枝加叶。具体要求：A对所获结果进行概述(overview of the results)B说明所获资料或数据的统计意义(statistical significance)C统计支持(statistical support)，包括图、表、照片等(凡用图表表示的内容不再用文字详述)注意：不要用模棱两可的词或短语表述结果，如：“The results tended to be greater than ，”，“showed no promising trends，“it couldmight be inhibited by”。4) 讨论部分 总的要求: The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placing themin the context of previous published studies of the problem. 即：与先有研究相比，本研究有何意义。具体要求：A简要说明研究背景(background) B简要介绍总的发现(general findings) C介绍具体要点(introduction of points) D与先有发现(若有)进行比较(comparison in the context of other studies) E意义(suggested meaning) F结论(conclusion) G前瞻研究(future studies)结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部分，主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进行分析、推断、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能力和英语文字组织能力。此外，这部分时态比较复杂，要分清实验过程和结果(过去时)与分析意见(确定：现在时；不确定或假设：过去时)的区别；他人研究结果(过去时或现在完成时)与本研究结果(过去时)的区别；普遍适用的结论(现在时)与只适用本研究的结论(过去时)的区别等。因此，对于however，may，might，could，would，possibly，probably，be likely to等词(组)的使用以及we believe (thinkconsider)，to our knowledge，in our experience (practice)等插入语的使用就显得格外重要。5)致谢部分总的要求：Always get the persons approval of your intention to mention him in the acknowledgement and of the form in which you will present the acknowledgement即：致谢辞和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意。This study was supported by Medical Research Funds from the Department of Veterans AffairDrBoluyt was supported by a National Research Council associateship. We thank Ken Boheler，Kenneth R Chien，Mon-Li Chu，and Michael Sporn for generously providing fibronectin，ML C2，collagen，and TGF-l probes，respectively. We are grateful to Kathleen G Robinson and Xilin Long for their assistance with technical aspects of this study and to Paula Wernick for assistance in preparing the manuscript6)参考文献总的要求：Reference styles should be specific to each journal即：根据各杂志的具体要求，因为各杂志对参考文献部分的编排顺序和格式不尽统一。现将 URMSBJ 要求的30多种参考文献中最常见的5种格式列举如下：AVega KJ，Pina I，Krevsky BHeart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary diseaseAnn Intern Med 1996 Jun 1；124(11)：9803标准杂志文章BRingsven MK，Bond DGerontology and leadership skills for nurse2nd edAlbany(NY)：Delmar Publisher；1996(作者为个人的书或专著)CNorman IJ，Redfern SJ，editorsMental health care for elderly peopleNew York：Churchill Livingstone；1996(有主编的书或专著)DPhillips SJ，Whispnant JPHypertension and strokeIn：Laragh JH，Brenner BM，editorsHypertension；pathophysiolog, diagnsosis，and management2nd edNew York：Raven Press：1995P46578(书或专著的某一章节)EThe Cardiac Society of Australia and New ZealandClinical exercise stress test，ing：Safety and performance guidelinesMed J Aust l996；164：2824作者是个组织FCancer in South Africa editorialS Afr Med J 1984；84：15无作者名GShen HM，Zhang QFRisk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity and occupational lung cancerEnviron Health Perspect l994；102 Suppl l：27582某杂志增刊HBrowell DA，Lennard TWImmunologic status of the cancer patient and the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responsesCurr Opin Gen Surg 1993；32533无期无卷7)插图说明总的要求：Type or print out legends for illustrations using double spacing，starting on a separate page即：插图说明要另页双行打印。当插图中有箭头(arrow)、符号(symbol)、数字(number)或字母(letter)时，要在这部分(不是在插图页上)对其方向、位置等作出非常明确的说明。 8)插图总的要求：Design your figures for the appropriate reduction即：插图要按杂志的版面大小比例进行压缩；不要把插图拍成照片。 9)表格总的要求：A table should be a totally self-contained unit of information即：表格要作为一个独立的信息单位另页打印。表格要简明清楚，完整(标题、内容和脚注)，即使只有一张表格也要标 Table l。10)照片和说明总的要求：与7)、8)部分相同。标题。标题页(Title，Title Page) 1标题 Tities are to be writtten to be understood by those in your field，telling them exact1y what you have done in your work. (告诉你的同行确切研究了什么). 1) Short and Concise (简明扼要)：Write in one line(not a sentence)，not containing an active verb，not exceeding 25 words or 120140 letters and spaces, no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted，e.g. DNA，RNA，AIDS，CT 2) Informative (信息丰富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work； 3) Indexing (便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without over loading it，key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the“Key Words”section of the paper，key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title标题写作中常用词(组)和表达方式1)用(方法手段)对进行研究分析观察评价：studyanalysisobservationevaluationassessmentofonby usingwithe.gIn vivo study of pituitary enlargement in normal pregnancy using magnetic resonance imaging2)A对B的作用：effect of A on Be.gProtective effect of omeprazole (奥美拉唑) on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury3) A与B的相关性关系：correlationrelationrelationship between A and Bcorrelation of A with B and C常用修饰词：positively (正)，negatively (负)，significantly (明显)，insignificantly(不明显)，strongly(很大)，little(很小)e.gPositive correlation Of CD44v6 expression with invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer4)用治疗use ofin the treatment of (病)in(生物)e.gUse of sulfamethoxazole (新诺明) in the treatment of urinary tract infection in the elderly5) A 是 BA as B e.g. Thyroid cancer as a late consequence of head-neck irradiation标题页写法示例 1) 标题： Use of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shockUnstable angina pectoris：Clinical，angiographic and myocardial scintigraphicobservations 2) 姓名： 标准式：Yang janguo，Guo Xiaoan，Ouyang Kunpeng，and Lin Li 变式：YANG Janguo；OUYANG Kunpeng；Yang，Jianguo，Jiangguo Yang 3)单位：(From) MicrobiOlOgy Depanment of Second Military Medical University，Shanghai 4)地址： 800 Xiang Yin Road，Shanghai 200433，PRChina 5)副本联系： Address reprint requests to：Cao Guangwen，Microbiology Department of Second Military Medical University，800 Xiang Yin Road，Shanghai 200433，PRChina 6)资助：Supported funded granted sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation (标书号、合同号等)A project funded by the National“863”Program摘要的分类与格式(Classification and Format of Abstracts)1论文摘要的作用 “The function of the abstract of a scientific paper is to provide an overview of the paper so that the readers know the main story and a few essential details of your work without reading the whole text of the paperThe abstract should make sense both when read alone and when read with the paper.” URMSBJ2摘要的分类摘要分为两大类：通报性或指示性摘要 (indicative abstract) 和报道性或资料性摘要(informative abstract)1)指示性摘要：只通报论文主题，不介绍研究的材料、方法和结果，一般用现在时表述。许多专业杂志在其目录页的标题下都有一个指示性摘要，特别是编者认为较重要的一些文章标题后。如：Free transfer of two undamaged fingers from a nonreplantable left arm to a mutilated right hand in a 16-month-old boy iS reported(本文报道将一无法再植的左臂上的两个未受损伤的手指移植给一16岁男孩被切断的右手。)2)资料性摘要：告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题。资料性摘要分为传统型或非结构式(non-structuredunstructured)和结构式(structured)两大类型。无论何种形式的摘要，都应包含以下几个基本要素： 主题 (Main topic as in title) 目的 (Purpose of research) 方法 (Methodology) 材料 (Materials) 结果 (Results) 结论 (Conclusions)1)非结构式摘要：Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease：A reason for early cholecystectomyPatients who receive long-term parenteral(不经胃肠的)nutrition have an increased incidence of both calculous and acalculous cholecystitis. In an attempt to establish guidelines for clinical management of patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. We have reviewed the records of 35 patients who have undergone chotecytectomy for this problem since 1976 at the UCLA Medical Center研究背景和目的现在时表述 The mean age of the 23 adults and 12 children who had cholecystectomy was 29.1 yearsForty percent of these patients required emergency cholecystecotmy材料和方法过去时表述 The overall operative morbidity was 54 percent，and the hospital mortality was 11 percentSignificant factors contributing to this high rate of complications included a delay in diagnosis，especially in the young children，and increased operative difficulty due to extensive adhesions and intraoperative hemorrhage结果过去时表述 Our analysis suggests that patients receiving long-term TPN should have a pro-gram of ultrasound surveillance for gallbladder formation，elective cholecystectomy when stones first appear，and consideration of cholecystectomy at the time of laparotomy performed for other reasons结论时态视具体情况 Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits results of future studies前瞻性说明现在时或将来时表述非结构式摘要的主要缺点：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。2)全结构式摘要：1974年4月，加拿大 McMaster 大学医学中心的 Dr R Brian Haynes 首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth 创导下，美国内科学记事(Annuals of Internal Medicine) 在国际上率先采用了全结构式 (full-structured) 摘要。Haynes 所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素：(1)目的(Obiective)：说明论文要解决的问题(2)设计(Design)：说明研究的基本设计，包括研究性质(3)地点(Setting)：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级(4)对象(Patients，participants or subjects)：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法 (5)处理(Interventions)：说明确切的治疗或处理方法(6)主要测定项目(Main outcome measures)：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目(7)结果(Results)：说明主要客观结果(8)结论(Conclusion)：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义Objectives：To determine whether a computerized decision support system for initiation and control of oral anticoagulant improves quality of anticoagulant control achieved by trainee doctorsDesign：Randomized control trialSetting：District general hospital in North LondonSubjects：148 inpatients requiring start of Warfarin(华法灵/卡丙酮香豆素)treatmentInterventions：Management by trainee doctors (to achieve therapeutic range of international normalized ratio of 2 to 3) with indirect assistance from computerized decision support system (interventiongroup) or without such assistance (control group)Main outcome measures：Median time to therapeutic range，stable dose，and first pseudoevent (excessive international normalized ratio after therapeutic range had been reached) and person time spent in the therapeutic rangeResults：72 patients were randomized to the intervention group and 76 to control groupMedian time to reach international normalized ratio of 2 was not significantly different in the two groups (3days)Median time to achieve a stable dose was significantly lower in intervention group than incontrols (7 days v 9 days，p 001) without excessive overtreatment or undertreatment with anticoagulantPatients in intervention group spent greater proportion of time in therapeutic range，both as inpatients (59 V 52) and outpatients (64 V 51)Conclusions：The computerized decision support system was safe and effective and improved quality of initiation and control of Warfarin treatment by trainee doctors与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确(more explicitness)，信息量更大(more information)，差错更少(fewer errors)，同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长，而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式(semi-structured)摘要。3)半结构式摘要半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的(objectivepurposeaim)、方法(methods)、结果(results)和结论(conclusion)，例如：Purpose：Autopsy studies have shown that pregnancy results in physiologic pituitary (垂体的) enlargementWe used magnetic resonance imaging to corrobo