新概念英语83--141笔记.doc

Lesson 83-mess-1) n. 杂乱或乱的状态（通常用单数）-This kitchens a mess! 厨房杂乱无章。-Youve made a mess of the job. 你把工作搞得一团糟。-Get cleaned up! You two are a mess! 收拾一下吧！你们俩可真邋遢！2）v. 弄脏，弄乱-Dont mess my hair. 别弄乱我的头发。-messy adj. 凌乱的a messy room-pack v. 包装，打包，装箱-All these books need to be packed into the boxes.所有这些书都需要打包到那些箱子里。-suitcase n. 手提箱-pack the suitcase 整理行囊-leave1) v. 离开-Its time for us to leave.-Its time for sb to do某人该做某事的时间到了。-leave a place for another place -离开.动身去.-The plane leaves Guangzhou for Shanghai at 12:35.-飞机于12时35分自广州飞往上海2）让某事（某物）处于某种状态(leave +adj.)-leave the door open, please.3)忘带某物-I left my umbrella on the bus.4) n. 假期-sick leave 病假-already adv. 己经-The teacher was already in the classroom when I arrived. 当我到达的时候，老师己经在教室里了。-She had already left when I phoned. 我打电话时她早走了。现在完成时用途：1） 表示在过去不确定的时间里发生的并与现在有着某种联系的动作。2） 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作。结构：主语 + have/ has + 动词的过去分词否定形式havent (have not)/ hasnt (has not)疑问句把助动词have/ has 放在句首。过去分词：1） 规则变化怀过去式一样，在词尾加ed,变化规则与过去式的变化规则一样。原形过去式过去分词-wait waited waited-regret regretted regretted-type typed typed-fly flied flied-empty emptied emptied2) 不规则 变化（过去分词与不规则动词的过去式的形式相同）原形过去式过去分词-make made made-find found found-spend spent spent3)不规则变化（过去分词与过去式不一样）原形过去式过去分词-take took taken-speak spoke spoken-sing sang sung4)不规则变化（过去分词，过去式，与动词原形一样） -cut cut cut put put put let let let 与现在完成时连用的时间状语：-already 己经（一般用于肯定句中，在表惊讶语气时也用于疑问句中）-yet 还（用于否定句和疑问句中）-just 刚刚/ recently 最近/ so far 到目前为止/ for 持续时间since 自从注意：现在完成时不与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, ago, last.1) I have worked in the company for two years. 我己经在这个公司工作两年了。-Have you worked in the company for two years?-Yes, I have./ No, I havent.2) He has already come here. 他己经来了。（来的动作发生在过去，但对现在的影响是他己经在这了。）-Has he come here yet?-Yes, he has./ No, he hasnt.-He hasnt come here yet.3)They have finished the work. (“完成工作”这个动作发生在过去某个时间，与现在的联系是这项工作己经结束了。)-Her parents have lived in China since 1985. 自从1985年，他的父母就住在中国了。（“住”这个动作发生在过去，但它并没有结束持续到现在或将来）5）Mr. Jackson has seen this film. Jackson 先生己经看过这部电影了。（看电影的动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但与现在联系是他己经了解剧情了或不想再看了。）现在完成时与一般过去时的比较1. 一般过去时强调过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。2. 现在完成时表达在过去不确定的时间所发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。这个动作也许到现在己经结束，也许还要继续下去。-I had my breakfast at 8:00 this morning.我今天早上8：00吃的早饭。（过去的时间今天早8：00吃饭这个动作发生了，强调某个时间发生某个动作）-I have had my breakfast. 我己经吃过早饭了。（过去不确定的时间里，发生某个动作，对现在的影响，即吃早饭的动作发生在过去什么时候，对现在的影响是我己经饱了或我不想再吃饭了。）-He bought a new skirt last week. 他上周买了一条裙子。（强调上周的某个时间发生了买裙子的这个动 作）-He has bought a new skirt. 他己买了一条新裙子。（强调现在己经有新裙子。）-They lived in that city last year. 他们去年住在那个城市里。（这个动作己经结束了，他们现在不住在那个城市里。）-They have lived in that city for 10 years. 他们己经住在那个城市里面10年了。（住这个动作未结束，现在依然住在那个城市）-She saw the film with her family last night. 她昨晚和她的家人看了这部电影。（强调昨晚看电影这个行为。）-She has seen the film with her family. 她和她的家人己经看过这部电影了。（看电影这个动作发生在过去某个时间，对现在的影响是他们己经知道这部电影的剧情了。）一般现在时，过去时与现在完成时的比较-He does his homework everyday. 他每天都做作业。（强调习惯性动作）-He did his homework yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上做作业了。（强调昨天晚上这个 特定时间发生了做作业的这个动作。）-He has done his homework.他己经做完作业。（强调现在的结果是他己经完成作业了。）-Mother prepares dinner for us every day. 母亲每天都为我们准备晚餐。（习惯性动作）-Mother prepared dinner for us yesterday evening. 母亲昨晚为我们准备晚餐了。（强调昨天晚上的特定时间发生的动作。）-Mother has prepared dinner for us. 母亲己经做晚饭了。（强调现在的结果是饭己经做好了，可以吃了。）Question: Where did Sam go for his holiday this year?Hello, Sam. Come in.-come in 祈使句，表示请求或命令的句子叫祈使句。祈使句中主语you常不出现，谓语动词用 原形。Hi, Sam. Were having lunch. Do you want to have lunch with us?-Were having lunch.现在进行时，表示目前正进行的动作。-have lunch 吃午饭-want to do 想要做-I want to have a bath. 我想要洗澡。-with 和某人（某物）在一起-I live with my parents. 我和我的父母住在一起。-I am with my family now. 我现在和我的家人在一起No, thank you. Tom. Ive already had lunch. I had lunch at half past twelve.-Ive already had lunch. (表示我己经吃过午饭了，对现在的影响是我不想再吃了。-already 己经（一般放在助动词的后面）-She has already arrived the bus stop. 她己经到了公共汽车站。I had lunch at half past twelve. 一般过去时，强调在12点半这个特定的过去时间点发生的动作，此处是指吃午饭这个动作。Have a cup of coffee then.-祈使句-then 那么Ive just had a cup, thank you. I had one after my lunch.-just 刚刚，现在完成时-a cup 省略了of coffee-one 代词，代替coffee-after 在之后 after schoolLets go into the living room, Carol. We can have our coffee there.-Lets go 祈使句Lets 是Let us 的缩写。-go into 走进反义词是go out of -have our coffee喝咖啡（have = drink）Excuse the mess, Sam. This rooms very untidy.-Excuse the mess . 房间很乱，请原谅-tidy adj. 整洁的 反义词 untidy 乱的Were packing our suitcases.-pack ones suitcase 收拾衣箱-suitcase 手提箱（尤指装衣服的）-are going to 表示“打算”、“准备”-leave for. 离开去-leave London for Paris. 离开伦敦去巴黎。-leave for 动身去.-I am going to leave for Canada. 我要动身去加拿大。-have a holiday 度假-Arent you lucky!否定疑问句：否定疑问句可以表示说话者惊异的情绪，责难的口吻或赞叹;也可以表示说话才的某种建议、邀请、请求或看法等。-Arent you a student? 难道你不是学生吗？-Isnt it hot here? 这里难道不热吗？-Cant you wait a moment? 你不能等一会吗？-Havent I asked you? 难道我没问过你吗？-Dont you want to stay with us ? 你难道不愿意与我们呆在一起吗？-Didnt you see him yesterday? 难道你昨天没看见他吗？回答这种问题时用简略回答。如果答语是肯定的，就用yes;如果答语是否定的，就用no.不过，这种答语的汉语译法有特殊之处。-Dont you know English? 你不懂英语吧？-Yes, I do. 不，我懂。-lucky adj. 幸运的-luck n. 幸运-Wish you good luck! I dont know. Ive already had my holiday this year. (（对现在的影响是己经不能再度假了。）Where did you go?-Where + 助动词+ 主语 + 动词原形-Where did he put his new trousers? 他把他的新裤子放在哪儿了？-some 表示一些，代替可数名词复数或不可数名词。-one 代替可数名词Lesson 85-Paris n. 巴黎（法国首都）-cinema n. 电影院-We are going to the cinema next Sunday. -film1) n. 电影-a file star 电影明星-see the film 看电影2）n. 底片，胶卷-I want a roll of film. 请给我一卷胶卷。3）v. 拍电影-Weve filmed abroad. 我们到外国拍摄过电影。-beautiful1) adj. 美丽的-a beautiful flower-a beautiful woman2) 很棒的，完美的-What a beautiful game it is!多棒的比赛！与同义词的区别：-beautiful表示接近和谐理想的美，pretty并非表示完美无缺的意思，而是着重表示“可爱”“令人怜爱”之意，gook-looking 指容貌美，handsome指容貌端正英俊的（多指男子）-city n. 城市，都市-a large city 大都市-What is the largest city in the United States? 美国最大的城市在哪里？-never adv. 决不，永不-never通常置于 一般动词之前，be动词，助动词之后。-I never had a chance to meet him. 我始终没有机会与他见面。-I never get up early on Sunday morning.可置于命令句之句首-Never eat too much. 绝不要吃太多。-never mind 不必介意-ever1)(用于疑问句)曾经，以前，至今（中文里有时不译出来）-Do you ever go out late at night? 你平时在深夜外出吗？-Have you ever been to France? 你曾去过法国吗？-No, never. 没有去过。2）（用于否定句）无论何时都（不）; 至今（不曾）-Nothing new ever happens in this little town. 这个小镇至今不曾发生过新鲜事。-I havent ever been abroad. 我不曾到国外。3）（用于if从句）曾经-If you ever have any problems, dont hesitate to let me know. 你若有任何问题，请告诉我，别客气。4）（与最高级，比较级连用）至今-This is the best novel that he has ever written. 这是他所写的小说中最好的一部。Question:Whats the name of the film? 电影名字是什么？At what time of year did Ken visit Paris? 肯是在什么季节访问巴黎的？Have you just been to the cinema? Yes, I have.1) 这是现在完成时的一般疑问句，主语是you，助动词用have.2) Just 刚刚，刚才（通常与完成时连用，有时也与过去时连用）-He has just bought a second hand car.他刚刚买了一个二手小汽车。-We just arrived.-just “正要刚要.”(常用进行时或be going to do 连用)-I am just making tea for you. 我正要为你沏茶。-She was just about to fall asleep when the telephone rang. 她刚要入睡，电话铃响了。3）have been to a place 表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那个地方了，去而复归;have gone to a place表示己经去某地了，现在在那个地方或正在去的路上，去而未归。-George has been to Paris.乔治去过巴黎（他现在不在巴黎）-George has gone to Paris. 乔治去巴黎了。（他在巴黎或去巴黎的路上）-Have you ever been to America? 你去过美国吗？（对方不在美国境内）-Has he gone go Washington D.C.? 他去华盛顿了吗？（被提到的人有可能在美国境内或在赴美途中）-I have been to the library. 我己经去过图书馆。（说话的此刻不在图书馆）-H e has gone to the library. 他去图书馆了。（有可能在图书馆，有可能在途中）4）have bee to the cinema 表示去过电影院-have been to the park 去过公园但在名词school, work, church之前不加定冠词，它们所表示的是一种抽象概念而不是具体地点或位置。Whats on?-on 表示上映Oh, Ive already seen it. I saw it on television last year. Its an old film, but its very good.1) already 己经-She has already read this book. 她己经读过这本书了。-It is already past five oclock.己经过了五点了。2）Ive already seen it. 我己经看过这部片了。（强调对这部片子己经了解了）-it 是指Paris in the spring 这部电影3）I saw it on television last year. 我是去年在电视上看的这部片子。4）on television 表示从电视上看到（表示的是和种抽象概念） -on the television 指在电视机上（指具体的方位）-Where is my passport? 我的护照在哪？ -Its on the television. 在电视机上。Ive never been there.1) have been to 后面加名词，若have been后面接副词，介词“to”要省去。-I have been to the park. 我去过那个公园。-He has already been to London. 他己经去过伦敦了。2）I have never been there. 从未去过那。 -never表示“从来”，这里有强调之意。It was spring, but the weather was awful.1) the weather was awful 天气很糟糕2) all the time 总是; 一直-I will be here all the time. 我将一直在这。-I stayed at home all the time. 我一直呆在家里。Just like London!1) just adv. 恰好-just then 正好在那个时候2）like prep. 象 -Whats your father like? 你爸爸是个什么样的人？小结1） 短语及句子-Whats on? 电影院在上映什么片子？-on television 从电视上（看到）-all the time 一直-just like. 不象 一样Lesson 87 -attendantn. 接待员，服务员-There are 18 attendants in our hotel.-waiter (餐馆等的)男服务员，男侍者-waitress 女服务生，女侍应生-attend v. 参加，出席-attend a meeting 出席会议-attend a wedding 参加婚礼-join 参加成为成员-join us 加入我们（指与某人一道参加某种活动）-join in a conversation 加入一次谈话-take part in 参加.活动-Dont you want to take part in my birthday party? 难道你不想参我的生日聚会？-bring v. 1)带，带着，带来-Dont forget to bring your dictionary with you tomorrow. 你明天不要忘了带字典来。-Youd better bring enough money with you. 你最好带上足够的钱。2）bring sb/ sth to 将某人或某物带到某处-He brought some friends home. 他带了几个朋友回家。-She brought her little brother to my birthday party. 她带她小弟弟来参加我的生日宴会。-Dont bring your toys to school. 别把你们的玩具带到学校来。3）bring sb sth= bring sth to sb 把某物带给某人-Bring me todays paper. -Bring todays paper to me. 把今天的报纸拿给我。4）bring 与take, fetch -bring表示将人或物带到/拿到自己所在的位置，take表示将人或物拿开/ 带离自己所在的位置，fetch 则表示去拿某物。-Take these plates away to the kitchen and bring some clean ones, please. -Ill fetch a glass. 我去拿个杯子来。-garage n. 1) 车库-He put his car in the garage. 他把车子停进车库。2）汽车修理厂-How many mechanics are there in your garage? -crash1) n. 相撞，碰撞，坠落-All the passengers were killed in the plane crash. 在那次飞机失事中，乘客全部遇难。-crash barrier n. 分离人行与车道或高速公路上的护栏2）v. (飞机)坠毁，使坠毁-The plane crashed in the mountains. 那架飞机在山中坠毁。-He crashed his car into the wall. 他的车子撞到墙壁.。-lamp-post 灯杆-repair1) v. 维修-repair a broken watch 修理坏掉的表2）v. 补偿，恢复（体力等）, 使恢复-Nothing can repair the loss. 怎样都无法补偿那损失。3）n. 修理，修复-The hotel will be closed during repairs. 那饭店在整修期间停业。-try 1) v.努力，设法-You should try it again and again. 你应该一再努力做这件事。-try ones best 尽最大的努力-We should try our best.2) try to do 设法, 试行-Ill try to learn Spanish. 我要设法学习西班牙语。3) try doing 试着做某事-I tried opening the back door, but it was locked, too. 我试着开后门，但后门也上了锁。-He tried cleaning the spot with alcohol. 他试着用酒精擦拭那污迹。-try to do 指试图做，而try doing 是想知道结果而尝试着做做看。4) try on 试穿（衣服，鞋等）试戴-Please try the shoes on. -Please try on the shoes.5) have a try 试一试-Its a good try Is my car ready yet?-ready adj.-be ready for 为做好准备-get ready for -Is everything ready for the dinner? 宴会的一切工作都准备好了吗？-You should get ready for the coming exam. 你应该为即将到来的考试做好准备。-be ready to do 愿意做某事，准备好做某事，某事就要发生-I am ready to help you. 我很乐意去帮你。-yet “己经” ，用在否定句、疑问句中-Are you ready yet?-Not yet.I dont know, sir. Whats the number of your car? 我不知道，先生。你的车牌号是多少？-I dont know.= I have no idea.-Whats the number?号码是什么？-of your car是介词短语作定语，修饰number,意为你的汽车的号码。Its LFZ 312G-it 指the number of the carWhen did you bring it to us? 您什么时候送来的？-bring sth to sb 把带来给某人-when 引导的一般过去时的特殊疑问句I brought it here three days ago.-bring带来，是一个非持续动词，即这个动作的发生是瞬间完成的，因此它不可以接表示一段时间的时间状语for或since(自从),但它可以与表示点时间的时间状语连用，如ago, last, yesterday,等等。-three days ago 三天前，表示时间点，用在一般过去时中，可以与非持续性动词连用。Ah yes, I remember now. 啊，是的，我现在记起来了。-remember 记得，记住-You must remember these words.-Do you still remember my name?Have your mechanics finished yet? 你们机械师修好了吗？这是现在完成时的一般疑问句，yet用在疑问句中表示“己经”，用在否定句中表示“还”-Has his father gone yet? 他的父亲己经走了吗？-His father hasnt gone yet. 他的父亲还没走呢。No, theyre sill working on it. Lets go into the garage and have a look at it. 没有，他们还在修呢。我们到车库去看一下吧。-work on 表示从事、干某事-still “仍然， 还”在此句中对working on it 起了强调作用。-Lets . 祈使句，咱们一起吧-go into 进入到, 强调动作过程-have a look at 看一看Isnt that your car? 这难道不是你的车吗？在英文中可以用一般疑问句的否定形式来表示期待、请求或希望得到肯定的答复。Well, it was my car. 唔，这曾是我的车。-well是感叹词，在这里表示“哎”。-was 表示过去是，现在不是了。Didnt you have a crash? 难道你没有出车祸吗？-Dont you believe me? 难道你不相信我吗？-have a crash 出车祸了Thats right. I drove it into a lamp-post. Can your mechanics repair it? 是啊，我把汽车撞在电线杆上了。你们的机械师能修好吗？-drive it into a lamp-post 把车撞到了电线杆上-repair 修理Well, theyre trying to repair it, sir. But to tell you the truth, you need a new car! 啊，他们正设法修呢，先生，不过我说实在的，你需要一辆新车了！-try to do 设法做-try doing 试着-try to repair it 尽力修好汽车-tell you the truth 说实话-To tell you the truth, I dont like him at all. 说实话我一点也 不欢他。-need 实义动词，需要疑问和否定要用助动词-They need some water.-Do they need any water.小结：-bring sth to sb 把带给某人-bring sb sth -work on 从事，干-have a look at 看一看-drive the car into. 开车撞到-have a cash 撞车-tell you the truth 说实话，老实说-try to do 尽力-try doing 试着做Lesson 89-believe v. 相信，认为-believe + that 从句（宾语从句）-He believe that his girlfriend will come back to him.-believe in sth 相信某物的存在-believe in sb 相信某人的存在-Do you believe in ghosts? 你相信有鬼吗？-If you dont believe in God, why are you getting married in church? 如果你不相信上帝，你为什么要在教堂里结婚？-believe + 疑问副词-Nobody will believe how hard he has tried. 没有人会相信他曾多么努力尝试过。-believe it or not (口语)信不信由你-Believe it or not, Mary is getting married. 信不信由你，Mary就要结婚了。-belief n. 信念，信仰-may 情态动词（用于请求许可）可以-You may go home now, Lucy. 你可以回家了，露西。-May I sit down? -Certainly.-May I use your phone?May I ? 问句的回答若用Yes, you may.则有对小孩和晚辈给予许可的意味，通常用Certainly., Why not?, Yes please., sure, 的回答。另外No, you may not. 的说法因为较粗鲁，所以对平辈以上的人则用No, Im sorry, 以及Im afraid you cannot. 等说法。-how long1) 多长（时间的长短） -How long has he worked here? 他己经在这工作多久了？-He has worked here for ten years. 他己经在这工作十年了。2）物体长度-How long is this stick? 这根棍子有多长？-how often 多经常（问频度）-How often do you go swimming? 你 多久去游一次泳？-I go swimming three time a week. 我每周去游三次。-how soon 多久-How soon will you come back? 你多久回来？-since 自从.(一般用在现在完成时)当现在完成时描述发生在过去且一直延续到现在的动作时，一般和“for+一段时间”或者“since+某个时间点连用。”-How long has Ian lived in this house?伊恩在这栋房子里住多久了？-Hes lived here for twenty years. 他在这里住了20年了。-Hes lived here since 1982. 自从1982年他就住在这儿了。-why adv. 为什么-Why were you absent yesterday? 你昨天为什么缺席？（be absent from）-Because I had a stomachache. 因为我胃痛。-Why do you think he burst into tears? 你认为他为什么突然哭了起来？-I dont know why did such a thing. 我不知道她为什么做了这种事。-sell v. 卖，出售-She sold her diamond ring at last. 她终于卖掉了她的钻石戒指。-I will sell this drawing for 15000 dollars. 这副画我要卖1.5万美 元。-sell sth to sb=sell sb sth-He sold his house to a banker.-He sold a banker his house. 他将房子卖给一个银行家。-seller n. 1)卖者，卖方（反义词buyer）2）有销路的物品a good seller 畅销的商品/ a poor seller 滞销的商品/ a best seller 畅销品-sellers market 卖方市场-buy v. 购买，买入-I bought this camera at the store. 我在那家商店买了这部照相机。-because 因为-I went to bed early because I was tired. 我因为疲倦所以提早睡觉。-because of (介)因为, 由于的缘故，与because不同，后面不接从句。-I was late because of the rain.-retire v.1) 退休，离休-He retired at the age of 60. 他60岁时退休了。-Hes going to retire soon from sea. 不久他将退休，结束其航海生涯。2）退出，隐退-He often retires to his country house at weekends. 他周末通常到他那个乡间别墅生活。-The ladies retired, and the gentlemen went on drinking and chatting. 女士们离席退出，先生们则继续喝酒聊天。-cost 1) v. 花费（金额、费用）-This jacket costs 200 dollars. 这件夹克价值200美元。-How much did it cost to build the bridge? 建这座桥花费了多少钱？-cost sb +n (1.花了某人多少钱，2.使某人付出时间、劳力、生命等)。)-It will cost you 500 dollars to repair the car. 修理这部汽车你要花费500美元。-Careless driving will cost you your life. 粗心驾驶可能会使你丧命。2）n. 代价，价格，费用，经费-The cost of the used car is 2000 dollars. 那辆旧车的价格为2000美元。-the cost of living 生活费用-spend (spent spent)-spend money on 在 花钱-He spent all his money on this house. 他把所有的积蓄都花在了这座房子上。-I spent 50 dollars on this book. 我花了50美元买这本书。-spent time in doing 在花时间-He spends most of his time in traveling. 他大部分时间都在旅游。-spend 的主语多为人-pound 1) n. 英镑（货币单位），-The book cost him ten pounds. 这本书花了他10镑。-I spent ten pounds on this book. 我花了10镑买这本书2）n. 磅（重量单位）-She wants to lose at least 10 pounds. 她减肥想减至少10磅。-a pound of butter 一磅奶油-penny （英国货币单位）便士复数pence100 pence = 1 pound-worth 值.钱The second-hand car is worth 5000 dollars. 这辆二手轿车值5000美元。-The house is worth about 30,000 pounds. 这房值3万英镑。-How much is it worth? 它值多少钱？-worth+ doing 值得做-The exhibition isnt worth visiting. 这个展览不值得参观。-Her suggestion is worth considering. 她的建议值得考虑。-worthy adj. 值得的-be worthy of + n./ doing-Her deed is worthy of praise. 她的行为值得称赞。-The question is worthy of being discussed. 这个问题值得讨论。-be worthy to do 值得做-The method is worthy to be tried. 这个方法值得试一试。-worthless adj. 无价值的-His advice is worthless to me. 他的劝告对我没有用。宾语从句：句子的宾语一般是由名词或代词充当的，宾语一般在动词或介词的后面。-I want an apple.(名词an apple 作动词want的宾语)-I like you. (代词you作动词like的宾语)-in front of the window (名词window 作in front of 的宾语)-some of them (代词them作介词of 的宾语)用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句，即充当宾语成份的不是一个单词或词组，而是一个句子。主 语从句：一个句子充当主语。定语从句：一个句子作定语状语从句：充当状语成份的是一个句子表语从句：充当表语成份的是一个句子。宾语从句跟在两类词后1. 表示人的情感或心里活动的形容词,afraid/ sure/ sorry/ glad主语+be+此类词+宾语从句-I am afraid that I cant help you at the