实词类语法填空题的解题技巧.doc

实词类语法填空题的解题技巧谢国英语法填空题只有10个空格，但考点却很多，不少学生做题的过程中要么无从下手，要么考虑不够周详而失分，下面就这种题型提出一些简单实用的小技巧，希望对大家有帮助。一、做题之前，列出考点做语法填空题，首先要知道考什么，并熟记于心。每次做语法填空前，要在草稿子上将考点和解题的思考列出来，这样有助于我们思考：考点：1. 介词：12题2. 冠词：01题(an/a/the)3. 代词：12题4. 关联词：23题5. 谓语动词：1题6. 非谓语动词：1题7. 词类变化：1题8. 比较等级：01题思路：1. 动词：是谓语动词？非谓语动词？词性转换？2. 谓语：主动？被动？时态？主谓一致？虚拟语气？3. 非谓语：主动？被动？什么形式？时态？4. 副词/形容词：词性转换？比较级？最高级？反义词？5. 名词：词性转换？单数？复数？所有格？3. 大小写：首字母要大写吗？这样列出来的好处是：做题时遵循先易后难的原则，做完自己有把握的题目后，就可以拿这个纲要对照一下，瞧一瞧还有什么考点是你刚才没有想到的，从而刺激你的灵感。全部做完后，可以看看自己的答案，看是否超出了列出的各考点的题数。例如，如果你的答案有两个非谓语动词，三个介词或两个冠词，那么，其中有的答案很可能错了，因为冠词通常只考一个小题。这时就要重新修正自己的思路，另外寻找正确的答案。换种说法，如果你的答案中一个关联词都没有，那你也要重新审视一下，特别关注长句子，他们往往是考查关联词的。当然，如果是尖子生，心里已经有这样的思路，可以不用写出来。二、解题中，思路清晰本文主要谈实词类填空题的解题思路，这类题目要求用括号中所给词的正确形式填空。首先，我们要明确：括号中所给的词通常是名词、副词、形容词和动词这4种实词，填入的答案也只能是这四种词之一。如：He spends quite a lot of time _(surf) the Internet, which annoys his parents.虽然说spendin doing sth和 spenddoing sth都是对的，可是，in是介词，不能要，只能填surfing。类似的有waste time (in)doing sth, prevent(from) doing sth.等等。关于这类题目，我建议思路要固定为：1. 先考虑要不要“变性”，即根据句子结构分析，看空格处所缺句子成分，考虑要不要在名词、形容词、副词、动词之间变化；改变词性以后，是否还要“变形(复数，比较等级)”。2. 如果不需要变性，或确定是使用某种词以后，则必须贯彻以下思路：(1)形容词或副词：必须考虑是否要“升级”或是否用意义相反的词。Today we will have more guests, so you need to find a _ (big) room.既然客人更多了，当然需要一间更大的房间，故答案是bigger。It is _ (fairly) for the teacher to punish the innocent kid that way. 根据句子结构分析，作表语要用形容词；根据逻辑判断，要填unfair，表示“不公平的”，语意才通顺。(2)名词：必须考虑是否需要“变性”，或考虑用单数、复数或所有格。如：In 2007, Zach began walking to support a _ (children) charity in Tampa, Florida. 因在名词charity前作定语，要用所有格，即填childrens。3.动词的解题思路。(1)确定是否要变成其他词性，如果是，按照上面的思路做。(2)确定不用改变词性后，接着确定它是谓语形式还是非谓语形式。判断方法：把横线前后的动词划出来，如果发现没有动词，则空格填谓语形式。如果有其他动词，则看它是否是谓语动词，因为谓语和非谓语的形式是不一样的，很容易判断。如果该句子已经有谓语动词，再看需填的动词与它之间是否有并列连词(如and, or, but等)，如果有，则他们是并列谓语动词；若他们之间没有连词，则括号内填非谓语动词。思路总结：括号外有谓语 = 空格填非谓语形式括号外没有谓语 = 空格填谓语形式括号外有谓语+and, or, but +_ = 空格填(并列)谓语形式例1：When he was a poor boy, he was often seen waiting outside the London theaters, _(hope) to get work in show business.解析：hope前面有谓语was seen，所以这里用非谓语hoping。例2：He always _(dream) of greatness.解析：本句除了dream外别无动词，所以用谓语形式dreams。例3：He had a glance at the lady and _(walk) towards her.解析：该句有谓语动词had，walk与它之间有并列连词and，他们是并列谓语动词，所以填walked。(3)无论是谓语还是非谓语，必须先考虑被动还是主动语态。如何判断动词是被动还是主动?及物动词后面有宾语，则一定要使用主动语态。及物动词后面没有宾语，则一定要使用被动语态。不及物动词+介词+宾语，同样适用于以上原则。不及物动词和系动词都只能用主动语态。非谓语的判断同样如此。 例4：We are ordered _(leave) the town at once.解析：前面有谓语are ordered，所以leave是非谓语动词；据order sb to do sth可知，用不定式；leave是不及物动词，所以用主动式to leave。例5：Tom was said _(send) abroad soon.解析：前面有谓语was said，因此send是非谓语动词；send是及物动词，后面没有宾语，所以用被动形式，故填to be sent。思路总结：及物动词vt. +宾语=主动语态及物动词vt. 宾语=被动语态不及物动词vi. +介词+宾语=主动语态不及物动词vi. +介词宾语=被动语态不及物动词联系动词=主动语态例6：The teacher _ (punish) the naughty boy when she _ (catch) him cheating in the exam.解析：这里两个都是谓语动词，要注意when后面是状语从句，也是要有谓语的；两个及物动词后面都有宾语，因此都是主动的，故分别填punished，caught。例7：The naughty boy _(punish) after he _(catch) cheating in the exam.解析：这里两个都是谓语动词，两个及物动词后面都没有宾语，因此都是被动的，故分别填was punished，was caught。例8：The headmaster fired the teacher_(punish) the naughty boy _(catch) cheating in the exam.解析：fired是谓语动词，所以后面两个都是非谓语动词；及物动词punish后面有宾语the naughty boy，因此是主动的，填punishing；后面一空，从catch sb doing sth这个搭配来看，catch后面没有sb做宾语，因此是被动的，故填caught。例9：At last, the sun _(rise) from the east and _(look) beautiful. We all cheered up.解析：这里rise是不及物动词，look是联系动词，所以都是用主动形式，分别填rose, looked。例10：When we were young, we _(look) after by our parents. Now we grow up, and its time that we _ (look) after them.解析：前面的look after后面没有宾语，所以用被动形式were looked；后面的look after 后有宾语 them，所以是主动形式look after。(4)解决主动还是被动的问题后，就要解决时态问题了。如果是谓语，按照上下文的时间线索确定时态。思路是：谓语动词语态时态如果是非谓语动词，按照句子结构看它是做什么成分的，从而确定是哪种形式。根据它在句子中的位置确定用什么形式 ( to do, doing or done)。确定语态（思路见上）。和谓语动作进行比较：先于谓语发生的使用完成式 (having done, having been done, to have done, to have been done)。思路是：非谓语动词哪种形式语态时态 (先于谓语发生用完成式)。例11：When _(see) the snake, she couldnt help screaming.解析：根据句子结构，这是“when+分词”作状语，she与see是主动关系，用现在分词，时间上和谓语动作是同步的，所以用一般式seeing。例12：_(see) the movie, she changed her mind and gave up her plan.解析：根据句子结构，同样是分词做状语，she与see是主动关系，用现在分词，但是此句强调看完电影之后才改变了主意，所以用完成式Having seen。三、解题后，务必检查最后，要特别提醒同学们，在完成此题后务必检查一下拼写和大小写，以免因为拼写错误导致失分。(作者单位：清远市佛冈中学)责任编校 蒋小青非谓语动词复习新思路王斌一、情况分析在广东高考英语中，无论是语法填空方面，还是在写作当中，都离不开非谓语动词。语法填空中每年都有一空考查非谓语动词。在写作中如果能正确地使用非谓语动词会让文章增色不少。可见，掌握好非谓语会让考生受益匪浅。本文现结合自己的教学体会，从“线”到“面”的角度，即从单句到篇章来谈谈非谓语的教学新思路。二、单句填空1.谓语和非谓语单句填空混合练习。在一个复杂的句子中，往往都有两个或以上的动词，我们做题时首先要区分这些动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，否则会白费功夫。(1)That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, _ (close) my book and walked away. (2008广州一模)(2) the proverb, “plucking up a crop_ (help) it grow”, is based on the following story. (2008广东高考)(3)He_ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice. (2011广东高考)(4)The cheerful and optimistic rabbit threw himself into looking for the carrot, _ (dig) here and there, totally convinced that he would find it. (2012广州一模)(5) Dudley, which is probably the heart of the Black Country, has a history _ (date) back over 1,000 years. (2011广州一模)(6) my friend looked at me with his eyebrows_(raise). (2011广州一模)答案：(1) closed (2)to help (3) was preventing (4) digging (5) dating (6) raised分析：如何判断谓语和非谓语：1. 当句子缺少谓语动词时，括号中的动词就是谓语动词。如例(3)。 2. 当句中已有谓语动词又有并列连词与括号中的动词并列时，该动词就谓语动词。如例(1)。3. 当句中已有谓语动词又没有并列连词与括号中的动词并列，或没有从属连词连接两个主从句时，该动词就非谓语动词。如例(2)(4)(5)。4. 在例句(6)中 with不是连词而是介词，后面的动词是非谓语动词，raise the eyebrow 是动宾关系，即为with sth. done的结构。2.非谓语单句填空训练。通过典型的单句练习，巩固高考常考的三种非谓语形式 to do /doing /done 的用法。(1)I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man_ (sit) at the front.（2011年广东）(2)She wished that he was as easy _(please)as her mother，who was always delighted with perfume（2009年广东）(3)While she was getting me _(settle) into a tiny but clean room(2007年广东)(4)_(walk) nearer, she looked up at me and then fixed her eyes on my can. （2011深圳二模）(5)Instantly, I felt so sorry. I had intended_ (help) her, completely misunderstanding her. （2011深圳二模）(6) She will lift her fork to swallow a mouthful, and then put it down again to make another point, leaving almost all of her meal_(touch). （2011深圳一模）答案：(1)sitting (2)to please (3) settled (4)Walking (5)to help (6) untouched分析：非谓语的一般式有三种具体形式：doing, done和 to do。1. doing该动词与修饰的词是主动关系，如(1) a man与sit，(4)she与walk。另外，在一些特定的动词后是接doing，如：spend, imagine等。2. done该动词与修饰的词构成动宾关系，即被动关系，如(3)settle me 和(6)touch meal。3. to do 该动词或表将来，或表目的，或用在形容词后作状语，或用在一些特定的及物动词后作宾语，或用在the first /last 后作定语，或在only to do结构中作状语，或用在特殊疑问词后等。如(2)(5)。3.一些特殊情况的非谓语练习。在一些特殊句型中会固定用某一种非谓语形式。另外，一些被动意义的汉语在英语中却用主动形式doing来表达，一些主动意义的汉语在英语中却用被动形式done来表达。(1)To this day, I have a hard time _ (let) others be affectionate towards me.（2012茂名二模）(2)The part _(blame) is your diaphragm, the muscle（肌肉）at the bottom of your chest. All hiccups start here. (2011广州二模)(3)On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, with their parents_ (seat) just joking there.（2012江西师大期中）答案：(1) letting (2) to blame (3) seated分析：在例句(1)中，have a hard time doing sth. 是一个固定句型；在例句(2)中，缺的是非谓语动词，be to blame是应受到责备之意，所以应填to blame，主动形式表被动意思；在例句(3)中，缺的是非谓语动词，被动形式表主动意思。三、篇章填空在教学中我们可以自编一些文段，把非谓语动词的三种高考常考形式doing /done/to do编在一个语篇中，让学生做填空训练，这样可以更深刻地掌握非谓语动词。The first aid knowledge _1_(acquire) in class may make a difference to others. One day, Peter, the last one _2_(leave) school, walked back home, _3_(think) about the class, which is about how _4_(give) first aid. Suddenly, he saw a girl _5_(lie) on the ground with blood_6_( flow) out. Obviously, the girl was hit by a vehicle , got badly injured and _7_(lose) her consciousness. Peter dialed “120” without delay _8_( call) a ambulance. While he _9_( wait) for the ambulance, according to the first aid knowledge, he took out his handkerchief and tried _10_( stop) the bleeding. Several minutes later, the ambulance _11_( arrive) here, the doctor did something urgent with the girl and praised Peter as well. Then _12_(place) safely onto the ambulance, the poor girl was sent to the hospital immediately and saved at last.答案：1. acquired 2. to leave 3. thinking 4. to give 5. lying 6. flowing 7. lost 8. to call 9. was waiting 10. to stop 11. arrived 12. placed分析：这是一篇有教育意义的文章，把学到的知识去帮助别人。这对我们会起到一定的教育作用。(7) (9) (11)是谓语动词；其余的是非谓语动词，包括非谓语to do, doing, done三种形式，训练比较全面。四、单句翻译有关非谓语的单句翻译练习应首先来源于高考题中的写作材料，其次是来自教材、模拟题和其它资料中的好词好句，这些句子既针对高考，又紧扣考生的学习和生活，容易引起考生的共鸣。如以下例句：1. 据王教授所说，在我国有略超过一半的在校孩子是近视的，位居世界排第一。（2009广东高考）According to Professor Wang, slightly more than half of the school children in our country are short-sighted, ranking the first in the world. 2. 昨天，我和另一个学生代表我们学校的学生会，到首都国际机场迎接今年的留学生。(人教版高中英语Book4 Unit4)Yesterday, another student and I, representing our universitys association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this years international students.3. Allan Stewart，澳大利亚人，出生于1915年3月7日，于2006年成为了年龄最大获得硕士学位的人。（2012广东高考） Born on March 7th, 1915, Allan Stewart, of Australian nationality, became the oldest man to obtain a masters degree over the world in 2006. 4. 教育是我们的未来，因此，我会加大投入改善办学条件和办更多优质学校。（2012广州二模）Education is our future so I will invest more money to improve our schools conditions and build more quality schools. 5. Amy Chua所写的一本名为虎妈战歌Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother的书于2010年出版发行。（2011广东高考）A book entitled Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother by Amy Chua was published in 2010. 6. 学校植物园在校园西南角，占地面积约1000平方米。（2009广州一模）Located at the south-west corner of our school, the botanical garden covers an area of approximately 1000 square metres.分析：在例句1中ranking作状语；在例句2中representing作状语；在例句3中to obtain 修饰the oldest man 作后置定语；在例句4中to improve 在句中作目的状语；在例句5中entitled修饰book作后置定语；在例句6中Located at在句中作状语。五、语篇翻译只是单句翻译会很单调，在篇章中去运用所学知