中级职称英语(字典格式).doc

68阅读部分练习题Passage 1 从空气中分离气体1Just as man has found great uses for the materials ,which he can dig up from the ground , .正如人类已经发现了从地下挖掘出的矿物质的巨大作用一样， so , too , he has found important use for the gases , which he can obtain from the air人类也已经发现了从空气中分离出的气体的重要作用。 Oxygen and nitrogen can be made from other materials , 氧气和氢气可以从其他的原料中获取， but they are usually obtained from the air because air is so plentiful .但是因为空气的充足，因此通常从空气中提取这两种气体。Some of the other gases ,such as argon ,can only be obtained from the air .另外一些气体，比如说氩气，只能在空气中分离取得。there is so little carbon dioxide in the air that it is better to obtain it in other ways . 空气中的二氧化碳很少，因此，最好用别的办法来得到二氧化碳。The problem ,of course , is to find a quick and useful way of separating the gases in the air .问题当然是找到一条快捷而有用的方法从空气中分离气体。 Let us read how this is done .咱们看看这项工作是如何被完成的。2We remember how air can be made into a liquid . 我们还记得空气是如何转变成气体的。If the liquid is warmed again , It “boils” and turns back into a gas .如果把液化的空气再加热，它就会“蒸发”，然后变回气体。Now oxygen does not boll away from liquid air so easily as nitrogen .氧气不像氮气那样容易地从液态空气中分离出来。By careful arrangement of the boiling , 认真安排这个蒸发的过程，it is possible to make the nitrogen turn back into a gas and leave the liquid oxygen behind .就有可能先把氮气变回到气体，而使液态氧气保持原状。The oxygen can be turned into a gas later .紧跟着氧气也变成了气体。In this way the oxygen and nitrogen are separated . 通过这种方法，氧气和氮气就能分离了。The other gases , such as argon ,can also be obtained separately by very careful arrangement of the boiling .别的气体，比如氩气，同样可以通过对蒸馏过程的精密安排，逐步分离获得。Questions:1. Why people usually , obtain oxygen and nitrogen from the air ? Because air is plentiful .2What happens if the liquid is warmed again ? It boils and turns back into a gas .3.Does nitrogen boil easily than oxygen does ? Yes, it does .4.Can the nitrogen turn back into a gas ?Yes , it can .5.How are oxygen and nitrogen separated ?Make the nitrogen turn back into a gas and leave the liquid oxygen behind . Passage 2 水清洁的原理1Scientists call the process of water spreading over a surface wetting . 科学家们称水分散在一个表面上的过程为浸湿（湿润）。But water doesnt always do a good job of wetting a surface.但是水并不总是很好的浸湿一个表面。 Youve probably noticed this when looking at the surface of a waxed car after a rain . 你或许注意到雨后打过蜡的车表面。The water sits on the car in tiny beads . 水聚成水珠滴在车表面上。Thats because the water molecules are strongly attracted to one another . 这是因为水分子之间的互相强烈吸引造成的。They tend to bunch together which makes them from beads .分子之间互相吸引，聚水成滴。However , chemicals called surfactants can weaken the attraction of water molecules for one another . (They weaken the surface tension .) 然而，被称为表表面活性剂的化学物质可以消弱水分子之间的吸引力。（削弱表面张力）So surfactants are put in detergents to allow the water to spread out on a surface . 于是，表层稀释剂被放于清洁剂（去垢剂）中来是水分子在表层上蔓延浸透。(Lowering surface tension also causes detergents to form suds . But suds arent a necessary part of the cleaning process.)（降低表面张力使洗涤剂产生一些泡沫，但是这些泡沫不是清洗过程中所需要的。）2A detergent molecule has two ends . 一个清洁（剂）分子有两端。 one end is hydrophilic(“water loving ”). 一个是亲水端。（即向水性）。That is, it is attracted to water .即它是吸引水的。 The other end is hydrophobic . That is, it is repulsed by water .另一端是排水的。即被水排斥。 However, this hydrophobic end of a detergent molecule is attracted to substances such as fats .然而，清洁剂的这种排水性被油污等物质所吸引。the result? 结果怎样呢？With the help of some mechanical action , .在机械作用的帮助下，like scrubbing or tumbling , 比如刮、搓，等等， the hydrophobic end of the detergent molecule drags the fat off the surface to be cleaned while the hydrophilic end pulls the fat into the water洗涤剂分子的排水端就带着油脂等脱离表面而清洁，而另一方面亲水端又带着油脂进入水中。So when the water heads for the drain ,down goes the fat with a nice sounding gurgle ,leaving a clean dish or even a clean sea bird behind .因此，当水被排出时，油渍伴随着一种美妙的水流声被冲刷下来，而留下一个干净的碟子或是一只干净的海鸟。Questions:1.How many ends does a detergent molecule have ? A detergent molecule has two ends .2.What happens on a waxed car after a rain ? The water sits on the car in tiny beads .3.What function do surfactants have ? It can allow the water to spread out on a surface .4.Which end of the detergent molecule pulls the fat into the water ? The hydrophilic end pulls the fat into the water .5.What does the word “hydrophilic” mean ? Hydrophilic is one end of a detergent molecule which is attracted to water .Passage 3 未来的星际旅行1Since no one knows what scientific discoveries will be made between now and the year A. D.2000, 既然没有人知道现在和公元2000年科学发现是什么，each of us can make his own predictions .那每个人都可以做一下猜想。2With the scientific information that we have available now , 在现在的科学信息下，lets make an estimate of progress in air travel .让我们做一个在时空中旅行的猜想。Lt is likely that within 50 years we shall travel through the air at a speed of 10,000 miles per hour .很可能在50年内我们将乘坐每小时10000英里的飞机旅行。Too fast ? Not at all . 太快了？一点也不！ Jet-propelled planes can now travel at least 1,000 miles an hour, 喷气式飞机现在能够至少能够每小时1000英里的速度飞行，and jet planes will be outmoded shortly by guided missiles.喷气式飞机在不久的将来会被导弹火箭所取代。The X-15 rockets speed in 1961 was 3,690 miles per hour, 1961年x-15火箭的速度达到3690英里/小时， and scientists are hoping to double and even triple this speed. 科学家们希望能把这个速度翻两倍甚至三倍。 They will accomplish this speed-up, 他们将成功地实现提速， because there is no apparent scientific obstacle to prevent it .因为没有明显的科学上的难题阻障。3Some day, certain aerodynamic problems will be overcome有那么一天，某些空气动力学方面的问题将被战胜克服，and missiles will be enlarged to carry at least 25 passengers .以后火箭将被扩大至少乘坐25名乘客。When scientists have solved all the problems of constructing and increasing the speed of apparatus-carrying missiles, 当科学家解决了所有的运载火箭构造以及如何提高速度的难题的时候， their skill will lead them to the next step-missiles for interplanetary flight. 这些技术会引导科学家实现乘多级火箭做星际间飞行的预言， This prediction is a scientific possibility in the near future.在不久的将来这个预言是有科学可能性的。Questions :1.How fast do jet-propelled planes travel now ? It can now travel at least 1,000 miles per hour .2.Is it possible of a missile to carry 24 passengers some day ? Yes ,it is.3.In what conditions will scientists invent 24 passengers some day ? When scientists have solved the problems of constructing and increasing the speed of apparatus-carrying missiles .4.Is there any apparent scientific obstacle for the X-15 rockets speed to become 7,380 miles per hour ? No,there isnt .5.Is it likely that we will travel through the air at a speed of 10,000 miles per hour in 2060 ? Yes it is.Passage 4 Noise pollution 噪音污染1If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise , but because of some its harmful effects , you may not be aware of its influence on human behavior.如果你住在一个大城市里，对于噪音的一些问题你会相当熟悉，但是因为噪音会带来其他的一些有害的影响，你或许还不清楚他对于人类行为的影响。 In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen.近几年，对于噪音对人类的行为影响研究，人们兴趣大增，并且，“噪音污染”这种说法也被提出来了。2Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noses.大的噪音肯定会产生部分或全部的听力下降，这取决于噪音的强度、持续时间和频率。 Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft , driving farm tractors, and working(or sitting ) in music halls where rock bands are playing . 许多的工作产生噪音危害，比如在工厂和在机场周围，开农用车，或工作（或坐在）正在演奏摇滚音乐的音乐大厅里。In general, continuous exposure to sounds of over 80 decibels can be considered dangerous.总之，连续暴露在超过80分贝的声音与环境中，被认为是危险的。 If exposure is for a sufficient period of time, it may produce significant hearing loss . 如果这种身在噪音的环境里达到一定时间，有可能会导致严重的听力丧失。3Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, for instance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he is responsible for detecting weak signals of some kind.噪音在一些特殊行业上会产生难以预测的影响，比如说，如果一个人（站岗值班时）正在执行监视工作，要求一定的警惕性，这其中就要求他对某种细微的声音负责。4Communication with other people is unfavorably affected by noise.与别人交流中非常不愿意被噪音所影响。 If you have ridden in the area of a jet transport, you adjusted the loudness of your speed to compensate for the effect. The problem is noise .如果你乘车到了机场附近，你（就得调整）减低速度，以便抵消（弥补）噪音对通信的影响，问题就是噪音。(噪音就是存在的问题。)Questions :1.What is the purpose of the passage ? The purpose of the passage is to define the effects of noise on human behavior.2.What jobs can bring noise problems ? Jobs such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working(or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing can bring noise problems.3.Why is it difficult to carry on a conversation in the of a jet transport at first? Because it is very noisy there. There are generally more problems of noise in large cities .4Where are there generally more problems of noise ? Noise pollution is the harmful influence of noise on human behavior.Passage 5 Homestay 家居式教学1Most teachers agree that the best way to learn a language is to immerse yourself in the environment and culture of that language. 很多教师认为学语言的最好方法是使自己融入到该语言的环境和文化中。One way to do is to live with your teacher during your course . 一种方式就是在你学习期间与老师住在一起。the obvious advantage of homestay is that ,through the course ,you only speak English an d you do not meet other students who speak your native language . 这种家居式的学习方式的显著优势是：在学习期间，你只讲英语并且不会碰到讲你母语（本族语）的一些同学。 also ,total immersion in an English-speaking environment helps you avoid picking up common mistakes and bad language habits form fellow learners. 此外完全沉浸在讲英语的环境中将帮助你避免你从同伴那学会一些普及常见共同的错误和语言习惯。2For most students, however, it is the tailor-made teaching that homestay provides which makes them decide to choose these courses. 然而，对不少学生而言，家居式学习是一种供学生选择的特制的教学方式。 “people like homestay because it allows them to concentrate on their own weakness. If you have a pronunciation problem ,for example, you dont want to sit in a class with 20other students discussing how to pronounce a particular word.” “人们喜欢这种方式是因为它允许学生集中放在自己的弱项上。如果有一个发音问题，而你并不想要坐在教室里与班上其他20个同学讨论一个特殊单词的发音。”3At a more personal level ,living with the teachers and their families can help you learn about british life and culture. 对个人来说(在一个更个性化的层次上)，与老师和他们的家人居住在一起可以帮助你学习英国的习俗和文化。4To make sure the environment is right for the individual , it is very important that each student be matched with the right host family. 为了确定环境是否适合于个人，一个学生与选择一个合适家庭是很重要的，This is the job of homestay organizations ,which act as intermediaries between teachers and students through interviews and surveys. 这就是家居式(教学)协会，它是在教师与学生之间的中介(中间人)，通过寻找和调查师生情况，完成师生的组合搭配。5The disadvantage to homestay is, the cost . 家居式学习的劣势很显然就是成本问题了。a two-week course,including full board and 15 hours of classes per week , will cost about $1000. 一个两周的课程，包括全部膳食和每周15小时的课时，将花费大约1000美元。and prices are higher when English for special purposes is needed. 专业英语教学将花费更高。this means that homestay programs are generally more popular with older students, particularly professionals. 这就意味着，一般而言，这种方案比较受年长同学,特别的专业人员欢迎。The average age is between 17 and 35, and most organizations specially make mature students the targets. 他们的平均年纪在17到35之间，很多中介组织(特别)把中年学生当作发展对象。6At present , homestay programs do not come under any quality guarantee schemes. 目前，家居式教学方案还没有任何质量保证体系。The british council and other inspection groups expect that ,by the end of 1995 , homestay programs will have their own quality scheme . 英国理事会和一些机构希望在1995年底家居式教学将会拥有自己的质量监督方案。but , as yet ,no methods of monitoring and inspection have been agreed upon. 但是，到目前为止还没有商量监控和检查方法。This is likely to be a major logistical problem as many operators have hundreds of teachers running course all over the country.因为在全国开展课程并有数以百计的教师参与，这将(很可能)成为许多工作者的主要后续问题。Questions:What is homestay program? Living with the teacher (to get immersed in the English environment and culture ) to learn English better.If a person takes the homestay program, he will_.learn English better/be immersed in the English culture.What does the author suggest? If students want to learn English better they should take homestay programs.In order to make sure of the quality of the programs, they must_ .be inspected What is the main idea of the passage ? How to learn English better. /Homestay program.Passage 6 动听的歌声1 One evening ,long after most people bad gone to bed ,a friend and I were making our way merrily home through the silent and almost deserted streets . 一天晚上，大多数人已入睡很久了，我和一个朋友正兴高采烈地穿过安静而几乎空无一人的街道往家走。we had been to a musical ,and were talking about the people we had seen and heard in it . 我们去听了一场音乐会，我们正讨论着（在音乐会上的）一些所见所闻。2“that show made him a star overnight ,” “这场演出使他一夜成名。”said my friend about one of them. 我的朋友谈到他们其中一位。“he was completely unknown before .and now thousands of teenagers send him chocolates and love letters by every post.” “他以前没有一丁点儿名气（完全不为人所知的）。现在，会有成千上万的青年通过邮局邮寄送给他巧克力和求爱信件。”3“I thought him quite good ,”I said ,”but not worth thousands of love letters daily . as a matter of fact , one of his songs gave me a pain .”“ 我认为他是挺不错的。”我说，“但还不至于每天收到成千上万的求爱信。（不过）事实上，他的其中一首歌（确实）打动了我。”4“what was that?” my friend asked .”sing it to me.” “（那首歌是）什么？”我的朋友问道，“唱给我听听。”5I burst into a parody of the song . 我接着（突然拙劣地）模仿着唱起（这首）歌来。6“be quiet ,for heavens sake .” “为了上帝，请安静。”my friend had given me an astonished look. 我朋友给了我一个惊讶的眼神， “youll give everybody a fright and wake people up for miles around . besides, theyll think you a drunkard ,and me too, probably. and then well have a policeman after us .” “你想吓着所有的人，把周围的人都吵醒吗？此外，他们会认为你和我都是酒鬼，你会让一个警察在后面追赶我们的。”7“never mind,” I said ,intoxicated more with the sound of my own voice than with the few drinks we had had .” “I dont care. what does it matter ?” and I went on singing him the latest tunes at the top of my voice . “不用担心。”我说，这个噪音要比我平时喝上几杯后更加令人陶醉。“我不在乎，有什么关系？”接着我用我的最高声音唱着后面的旋律。8presently there came behind us the sound of a heavy tread , and before you could say “Jack Robinson”, a policeman was standing in front of me , his notebook open , and a determined look on his face. 不一会，身后传来了隆隆的车轮的声音（沉重的脚步声），还没喊出“杰克罗宾逊”的时候，一个警察站在我前面，他的笔记本敞开着，他的脸上一副毅然决然的表情。9“excuse me , sir.” He said, “you have a remarkable voice , if I may say so . who taught you singing? Id very much like to find someone who can give my daughter singing lessons. Would you be kind enough to tell me your name and address? then my wife or I would drop you a line and we could discuss the matter.” “打扰了，先生。”他说，“你有一副惊人的声音，如果我可以这样说的话，谁叫你唱的歌？我非常想找这样一个人能给我的女儿上课，你能告诉我您的名字和地址吗？过后我和妻子讲给你写封信，我们可以讨论一下相关的问题。”Questions:When did the write and his friend walk home one evening? Long after most people had done to bed. /Late one evening.Where had they been? They had been to a musical.Why did his friend ask him to be quiet? Because his friend thought that he would give everybody a fright and wake people up for miles around. Besides, they would think them drunkards.What did they hear soon? The sound of a heavy tread.Why did the policeman want to know his name and address? He wanted to ask him to give his daughter singing lessons. Passage 7 楼上的爆炸声1One evening last week , my wife and I were sitting quietly at home . 上个星期的一个晚上，我的妻子和我正静静地坐在家里。she was watching TV while I was reading a book .她在看电视，而我在看书。 suddenly we heard a loud band. I supposed that the old lady in the flat above ours was moving the furniture about. 突然，我们听到一个大声的尖叫，我猜想，我们上面一层的老太太在搬动家具。 my wife was afraid that the noise would wake the baby. 我妻子担心噪音吵醒孩子，她关掉电视。she turned down the television and a moment later we heard someone calling for help. 过了一会，我们听到有人在喊救命。2I ran upstairs. The old ladys door was shut, but I could see smoke coming through the letterbox and under the door, and could smell something burning. 我跑到楼上，老太太门关着，但我能看到一些烟从信箱和门底下冒出来，“the flat is on fire,” I shouted down to my wife, “ring the fire brigade.” “这层楼着火了”我大声喊我的妻子，“快给消防队打电话。”3I banged on the door, but the old lady took a long time to answer. 我猛敲门，但是，这个老太太好长时间才应声。（过了很长时间也没回应）I was turning over in my mind the idea of breaking the door down when she finally appeared.正当我反复考虑，是否把门踢开时，她终于（突然）出来了。4“I was having a bath,” she said, “when the water heater in the kitchen blew up.” “我正在洗澡。”她说，“热水器发生爆炸。”5“why didnt you open the door?” I asked her. “那你为什么不开门呢？”我问她。6“I was getting dressed when you knocked,” she said, looking embarrassed. 当你敲门的时候，我正在穿衣服。“她看起来很难为情（显得有些不好意思）地说。7I took her downstairs to our flat. Then I ran back, went inside the old ladys flat and turned the gas off to prevent another explosion. 我把她带到我们家，然后我又返回来，进入老太太家关闭煤气阀门，以免在发生爆炸。Smoke was pouring out of the kitchen and the heater was in flames. 烟猛烈地冲出来，热水器仍在燃烧。Just then I heard a fire engine arriving outside and the heavy footsteps of the firemen on the stairs. 正在这时，我听到救火车到了楼下的声音，和消防队员上楼沉重地脚步声。I looked round and noticed two of them standing in the doorway. “its in here.” I said. 我看了看四周，注意到消防队员其中两人站在门口，“火灾在这，”我说。8“you turned up promptly, I must say.” “我必须说你们来的挺快。”9When I got back to our flat , my wife was making the old lady a cup of tea . 当我返回到我家时，我的妻子正在给老太太泡茶。soon afterwards, the fire chief came in to ask some questions. 不久以后，消防队队员来到我们家问了一些问题。It turned out that the fire was not very serious and the firemen were already putting it out when they left, my wife went up with the old lady to help her clear up the mess. 事情弄清楚，火灾并不严重，当他们离开时，消防队员已经灭掉火，我的妻子和老太太一起上楼清理混乱的场面。10When she returned, my wife remarked: “its all right now . nothing was damaged except the heater . but wasnt it lucky that baby slept through all that noise?” 当她返回的时候，我妻子说“现在一切都好了，其他没有任何东西受到损坏，除了热水器以外。孩子没有被吵醒，这不是很幸运吗？”11She took the teacups into the kitchen and I heard her scream and the cups crash to the floor. When I got there, water was dripping slowly from the ceiling and forming a pool on the floor. The baby woke up at last and started to cry. 她拿起茶杯去厨房，我听到了她的尖叫声和茶杯摔到地板上哗啦声，当我到了那儿，我发现水正慢慢的从天花板往下滴，在地板上形成一片水洼，孩子吵醒了并开始大哭起来。Questions:Why did the author know the flat was on fire ? He saw smoke coming through the letter box and door, and smelt something burning.Why didnt the old lady open th