指代题补充讲义.doc

五、指代题 Reference Questions（题型说明OGP45）OG指代题分类总结：P625 P83/9 P925 P105/10 P1142 P2444 P2538l 识别：The word X in the passage refers to1解题要点 语法原则： 前指原则： 句内原则： 语义原则： Most gulls keep the nest area clear of droppings, and remove empty eggshells after the chicks have hatched, so that the location of the nest is not given away. Kittiwakes defecate over the edge of the nest, which keeps it clean, but this practice, as well as their tendency to leave the nest littered with eggshells, makes its location very conspicuous.1The word it refers to A. location B. edge C. nest D. practice l 排除技巧：排除同等位置的选项（A or B ，from A to B to，列举） Actors of that time wore a large mask made of linen or cork, inside which was device like a speaking trumpet to amplify the voice.2The word which refers A. maskB. linenC. corkD. trumpetThe creatures found range from insects and birds to giant ground sloths, but a total of 17 proboscides (animals with a proboscis or long nose)-including mastodons and Columbian mammoths-have been recovered, most of them from Pit 9,the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which was excavated in 1914.3. The word them refers to A. insectsB. birdsC. slothsD. proboscideans 补充：OG105/9 114/2 l 人称代词 they/it/them出现在句首通常指前半句或前一句的主语. Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.4. The word they refers toA. aviculturistsB. birdsC. eggsD. ratesParagraph 3：Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animals daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but alsobecause it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clocks period close to that of Earths rotation. 5. The word it in the passage refers toA. an external cue such as sunriseB. the daily rhythm of an animalC. the local solar dayD. a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hoursOther statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.6. The word they in the passage refers toA. statuesB. gatewaysC. templesD. pillared courtsIf a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.7. The word they in the passage refers to A. Applied-art objects B. The laws of physics C. Containers D. The sides of pots 补充：OGP62/5 83/9l 指代传递：指代词通常首先指前一句的主语，其次是宾语，当前一句的主语也是代词时，则继续向前找。 The principal difference between urban in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century. 8. The word they refers toA. North American colonies B. cities C. centuries D. town economies A heavy timber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.9. The word it refers toA. the stoneworkB. the fireplace openingC. the mantel treeD. the rising column of heatParagraph 1 In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. 10. The word others in the passage refers toA. Chambers B. Paintings C. Beasts D. Parades 补充：OGP92/5l 指示代词： This单独出现在句首，指前一句话主语或整个一句话。 Paragraph 4 Many millions of years after ferns evolved (but long before the Hawaiian Island were born from the sea), another kind of flora evolved on Earth: the seed-bearing plants. This was a wonderful biological invention. 11. The word this in the passage refers toA. the spread of ferns and mosses in HawaiiB. the creation of the Hawaiian IslandsC. the evolution of fernsD. the development of plants that produce seedsParagraph 2: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people become more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns. 12. The word this in the passage refers to A. The acting out of rites B. The divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society C. The separation of myths from ritesD. The celebration of supernatural forces Paragraph 5: Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is dwarfed by birds killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of entire bird species from possible global warming. 13. The phrase this problem in the passage refers toA. Interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas B. Building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbinesC. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines D. Meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy 结构分析： 当This位于段首时：指代上一段最后一句话或上一段的概述（看上一段TS Paragraph 5: A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful. Paragraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young childrens encoding and older childrens and adults retrieval efforts. .14. The phrase This view in the passage refers to the belief thatA. the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving process B. the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infantsC. infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of information D. infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do 结构分析： Chinese PotteryParagraph 6：From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.15. The word these in the passage refers toA. religious ceremoniesB. descriptions C. types of wareD. pots结构分析： Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particlessand grains and tiny pebblesof loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. 16. The phrase glacial outwash in the passage refers to A. Fast riversB. GlaciersC. The huge volumes of water created by glacial meltingD. The particles carried in water from melting glaciersAlthough southern Maya areas received more rainfall than northern areas, problems of water were paradoxically more severe in the wet south. While that made things hard for ancient Maya living in the south, it has also made things hard for modern archaeologists who have difficulty understanding why ancient droughts cau