研究生英语综合教程答案(苏大版).doc

Unit 1Text B Answer to questions1. It means the speech for the defence in which the prosecutions case was answered point by point, rebuttal or vindication2. Because an apology in politics merely leads to fresh accusations and further demands for embarrassing details.3. Self-destructive; it was halfway between the two meanings: half defiant vindication, half admission of guilt. 4. (1) Everyone has to apologise for his life, sooner or later. When we appear at the Last Judgment and the Recording Angel reads out a list of our sins, we will presumably be given an opportunity to apologise, in the old sense of rebuttal, and in the new sense too, by way of confession and plea of repentance. (2) It is well to apologise (in the new sense), but promptly, voluntarily, fully and sincerely. If the error is a matter of opinion and un-punishable, so much the better an apology then becomes a gracious and creditable occasion, and an example to all. (3) An enforced apology is a miserable affair. (4) A ready apology is the mark of a gentleman, more particularly if it is not necessary. It is the opposite of revenge.5. (1)The way in which he apologized: climbing the stupendous mountain stronghold bare-footedly in the depths of winter and making his kowtow to Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII; (2) the nature and result of the apology: insincere, tragic, not healing to both parties, not accepted.6. The ball is in your/his/her court means its your/his/her turn to take action or reply. The title suggests that one could derive great power or strength, morally speaking, if they are ready to apologise when necessary. Further reading1. utility2. infallible3. extensions4. consciousness5. progress6. tendency, coded/rooted/stipulated7. DNA8. infallibilityTranslationE-C毋庸置疑，任何人都要为自己的一生辩护，不管是今生还是来世。当我们出席最后的审判时，记录天使诵读出所罗列的我们的罪孽，我们作了忏悔并请求宽恕，这样大概会被给予辩白(这个词的老义)和表示歉意(它的新义)的机会。在今生中，道歉(新义)是桩对的事， 但是要做到及时、要心甘情愿、要完完全全、要诚心诚意。如果过错是看法上的事， 并且错不当罚， 那最好不过说一声 “对不起”就成了一个显示大度的机会，可赞可叹，众人之楷模也。而被迫去道歉，那可就难受了。此外，随时准备好一句道歉的话，是一种高尚行为，特别是在没有必要道歉时而道歉，更显示出一个绅士的特质。道歉与报复相对。培根有云:“夫图报复焉，汝与汝仇等：苟汝恕之，则汝优於汝仇焉；盖宽恕也，王者之风也。” 由是，谁把“对不起”常挂在嘴边，谁就在道义上掌握了主动。C-ESometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career. Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener, to be sensitive toward others needs, to take criticism well. People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes, and take their share of blame, which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error. Thats why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off. Sensitive in their dealings with others, they are well liked everywhere. People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism. When confronted with a mistake, they let their ego get in the way. They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as “prickly”.Unit 2Text B Answer to questions1. The only advice, indeed, that one person can give another about reading is to take no advice, to follow your own instincts, to use your own reason, to come to your own conclusions.2. They exert their influence by telling us how to read, what to read, what value to place on what we read. 3. The difficulty lies in choosing the right books to read and stay focused on them.4. We should banish such preconceptions that fiction shall be true, poetry be false, biography flattering, and history enforce our prejudices.5. Because words are more impalpable than things concrete (for example, bricks). The author is giving us something far more definite. To understand him well, we should try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice, and make our own experiment with the dangers and difficulties of words.6. To read a novel is a difficult and complex art. We must be capable not only of great finesse of perception, but of great boldness of imagination if we are going to make use of all that the novelist the great artist gives us. Further reading1. library2. symbol3. eighth grade4. ramification5. reverence6. presence7. high-speed8. paperbackTranslationE-C由于某家书店恰好象一个超市，因此虽然也许是无意的，却不可避免地给了我们这样一个信息：书是消费品，如同土豆或意大利馅饼一样，是供人吞食后忘掉的。无形中把书归入了世上易损商品之列，一点不会因为想到目前越来越多的书确实是为了这样的消费目的而写的就令人感到舒心，同样也不会因为想到大多数的书店已经变得徒有虚名，成了不过是出售这类精装书的报亭而令人感到舒心。这类精装书要不到几个星期，有时只要一旦跌出畅销书，就会被抛到打折书店里去（也就是令作家深为痛心的乱七八糟的书坟堆），紧跟着就完全绝了版。准备让人很快忘记的书可能对出版公司有某些经济价值，而要说对文学有贡献，则简直是自相矛盾。E-CIt is said that in Jewish families, when children are growing up, mothers, as their first teachers, would ask them to answer one question: “If, let us suppose, some day your house caught fire and your possessions were about to be looted, what would you take to run with you?” Children, of course, are naive and innocentthey are too young to understand much. So it is natural that they would think of the precious thing, money, for without it you couldnt have food, clothes or be able to have fun. Some of them might say they would escape with diamonds or other treasures. With them in your pocket, there would be nothing to worry about. Obviously none of these is the answer mothers expect. They would go on asking: “Theres a treasure without shape, color or taste. Do you know what that is?” If their kids still failed to come up with an answer, the mother would say, “Honey, what you should take with you is neither money nor diamonds, but wisdom. Wisdom is something that no one can take away from you. So long as you are alive, wisdom will always be with you.” In the eyes of the intelligent and smart Jewish people, every material thing has a value and they can all be lost and regained. Only wisdom is a priceless asset to your life. Wisdom, to a great extent, is obtained from books. In order to cultivate childrens love for books, when they begin to make sense of things, mothers would drip a little honey on the book cover and let them lick it. The message mothers really try to deliver is that books are sweet.Unit 3Text B Answer to questions1. As recently as 1950, only 30% of the worlds population was urbanized. Today, more than half live in urban centers. The developed world is now about 80% urban and this is expected to be true for the entire planet by around 2050, with some 2 billion people moving to cities.2. Urban decay is the process whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude. It may feature deindustrialization, depopulation or changing population, economic restructuring, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment, fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime, and a desolate, inhospitable city landscape.3. They are treated as independent issues, not in conjunction with others problems. 4. One, the space required per capita shrinks, thanks to denser settlement and a more intense use of infrastructure. Two, the pace of all socio-economic activity accelerates, leading to higher productivity. And three, economic and social activities diversify and become more interdependent, resulting in new forms of economic specialization and cultural expression.5. A carbon footprint is a measure of the impact our activities have on the environment, and in particular climate change. The concept originates from ecological footprint discussion. It relates to the amount of greenhouse gases produced in our day-to-day lives through burning fossil fuels for electricity, heating and transportation etc. A carbon footprint is made up of the sum of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary footprint is a measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels including domestic energy consumption and transportation (e.g. car and plane). We have direct control of these. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products we use. To put it very simply the more we buy the more emissions will be caused on our behalf. 6. When more units of a good or a service can be produced on a larger scale, yet with (on average) less input costs,economies of scale (ES) are said to be achieved. As a city grows and its population increases, it will have a better chance to decrease the costs in infrastructure, energy, housing, etc.7. It refers to the growth not restrained by definite limits, restrictions, structure, or patterns. Such growth allows for or is adaptable to changes from time to time. 8. Scaling laws are a concept in science and engineering. It refers to variables which change drastically depending on the scale (size) being considered. For example, if you tried to build a 50-ton mining vehicle using the same engineering assumptions as a 2-ton car, you would probably end up with a vehicle that doesnt even run. The term “scaling laws” often appears when considering the design of a construct that is unusually large or small, so that careful thought is necessary to extend principles of typical-sized constructs to unusually-sized constructs.9. A poster child (sometimes poster boy or poster girl) is a child afflicted by some disease or deformity whose picture is used on posters or other media as part of a campaign to raise money or enlist volunteers for a cause or organization. Such campaigns may be part of an annual effort or event, and may include the name and age of a specific child along with other personally identifiable attributes. Alternatively, “poster child” is used in the common vernacular for a person (or organization) whose attributes or behavior are emblematic of a known cause, movement, circumstance or ideal. Under this usage, the person in question is labeled as an embodiment or archetype. This signifies that the very identity of the subject is synonymous with the associated ideal; or otherwise representative of its most favorable or least favorable aspects.Further reading1. congenial; spacious2. strike up a conversation3. eye-contact4. a truly international metropolis 5. ethnic; subdue6. unworkable; or impractical7. a variety of races8. unstable; tolerantTranslationE-C飞机划着柔和的弧线最终降落到香港国际机场。俯瞰，维多利亚港，无数的船只演奏着无声的旋律。眺望，依山而立令人叹为观止的城市风景一望无际。 这不是一个普通的机场。这也不是一座普通的城市。 一位穿着睡衣的老人从旁边走过，手上提着一个鸟笼，一只颜色鲜艳的鸟儿在里面欢快地歌唱。上班一族聚在路边的餐馆里吃面条，喝粥，吃小虾。 一个小道观里飘出来的檀香混杂着从迪斯科厅里流出的摇滚乐有力的节奏，浑然一体。 一只渡船穿梭在附近的水面上，把乘客们带到离此处40分钟里程的一座孤岛上，岛上，寺庙和渔村交相辉映。 香港，在北回归线以南161公里处，如同东南亚的心脏时刻搏动；这里东西交融，时光汇聚。C-E Shanghai, which means “above the sea”, is on the Huangpu River, the lowest tributary at the mouth of the Yangtze. The main city sits astride the Huangpu, only fifteen kilometers to the east coast. Shanghai was born to the world as a cosmopolitan city in 1842 when a British ship, slipping unnoticed into the mouth of the Yangtze River, reduced the Wusong Fort and took the city without a fight. On the muddy west bank of the Huangpu, the English first built sheds for their goods. Thereafter, came other traders: Americans, Germans, French, Russians and Japanese. All of them were avid for Chinese trade and Chinese gold. In less than a hundred years, Shanghai, teeming with factories, shops, banks, night clubs, race-courses and casinos, became the place for foreigners to seek adventure and romance in China.Unit 4Text B Answer to questions1. United States has been a recipient as much as an exporter of global culture. American culture has spread throughout the world because it has incorporated foreign styles and ideas.2. Modernists in Europe refused to honour the traditional boundaries between high and low culture. These traits have also been characteristic of American popular culture. Modernism provided the foundations for a genuinely new culture, which was transformed by America into a global phenomenon. 3. There are many reasons for the ascendancy of American mass culture. The ability of American-based media conglomerates to control the production and distribution of their products has been a major stimulus for the worldwide spread of American entertainment. The effectiveness of English as a language of mass communications has been essential to the acceptance of American culture. Another factor is the international complexion of the American audience. American entertainment has learned the techniques to appeal to a diverse audience abroad. Lastly, American media have succeeded in transcending internal social divisions, national borders, and language barriers by mixing up cultural styles. 4. American mass culture has customarily focused on human relationships and private feelings, not on the problems of a particular time and place. it has transformed what it received from others into a culture everyone, everywhere, could embrace a culture that is both emotionally and, on occasion, artistically compelling for millions of people throughout the world. 5. The writer holds a positive attitude. The United States was, and continues to be, as much a consumer of foreign intellectual and artistic influences as it has been a shaper of the worlds entertainment and tastes. 6. The title, in the form of a rhetorical question, suggests that American is to some extent synonymous to international and therefore explains the universal appeal of American culture. Further reading1. brought up 2. a people3. in general4. behaviour, regularities5. feminine companionship6. blood7. inedible8. shapedTranslationE-C战争，就达到制造冲突这一传统的目的而言，已经丧失其大部分的功效。控制别国领土，同时意味着必须为附属的民族提供管理、医疗、教育及其它社会服务。如果被统治者与统治者不是同一种族，还可能出现紧张局势以及长期的动荡，这将进一步增加统治的代价，抵消统治所带来的效益。人口众多不再一定会增强国力。相反，如果没有高速的经济发展，甚至会给现代政府在食品供应、就业、以及一系列社会服务等方面增加负担。现代科技的发展，使人们不再为了非经济的安全原因而去控制别国的领土。逼迫他国生产并交换物资及服务所带来的利益远远超过武力胁迫他国交出其财富所带来的利益。总之，帝国主义不再有利可图。C-EAny human society is complex, given the many ways in which its members actually or potentially interact. Humans, as we have stressed, tend to solve their problems through cooperative efforts, and in general thrive best when they are interacting with others. Cultural difference should be a motivation for people to enhance mutual understanding and exchange and to learn from each other, rather than a reason for the so called “clash of civilization”. World culture, including religious culture, takes form through the infiltration of different cultures and makes progress in the same way through exchanges and learning from each other. Clashes of different cultures are reflected in the issue of human rights in international politics. The same principle on human rights is expressed in the different ways under different historical circumstances in different nationalities and countries that vary in the level of development and cultural background. Between different religious beliefs, there are different concepts of human rights.Unit 5Text B Questions for Comprehension1. A commencement speech, or commencement address, is a speech given to graduating students, generally at a university, although the term is also used for secondary education institutions. The “commencement” is a ceremony in which degrees or diplomas are conferred upon graduating students. A commencement speech is typically given by a notable figure in the community, during the commencement exercise. The person giving such a speech is known as a commencement speaker. Colleges or universities will invite politicians, important citizens, or other noted speakers to come and address the graduating class.2. (1) It is expensive. (2)He was not interested in the required classes. 3. Connect the dots, also known as dot to dot or join the dots, is a form of puzzle containing a sequence of numbered dots. When a line is drawn connecting the dots the outline of an object is revealed. The puzzles often contain simple line art to enhance the image created or to assist in rendering a complex section of the image. Connect the dots puzzles are generally created for children. The use of numbers can be replaced with letters or other symbols. The phrase “connect the dots” can be used as a metaphor to illustrate an ability to associate one idea with another, to find the “big picture”, or salient feature, in a mass of data. 4. Because the Board of Directors did not support him when he had a falling out with the company manager. Their decision freed him to enter one of the most creative periods of his life. During this period, he also fell love with an amazing woman who would become his wife. 5. Our time is limited, so dont waste it living someone elses life. Dont be trapped by dogma which is living with the results of other peoples thinking. Dont let the noise of others opinions drown out our own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow our heart and intuition.6. Stay hungry: always keep wanting something more, something new. Stay foolish: always keep an open mind, never think that you know everything.Further reading1. tycoon2. plain/frugal3. Playing golf4. brands5. Sensitivity6. gross profits/margins7. rivals8. characterTranslationE-C每一个成功的工商企业都是建立在一些卓越的意识之上的，即懂得审时度势，抓住机遇，承担责任，并不乏幽默感。但这一切都没有比对市场了解的能力更为重要。高级管理人员的一个非常重要的本事是能很自然地设身处地为客户着想，并从他们那里获得真知灼见。他们利用这种能力来指导技术、产品和售后服务，乃至公司战略计划的各个方面。比尔盖茨之类的成功者就曾把这种本事带进他们各自创立的企业中。没有这种能力，他们的事业或许只是昙花一现，至少没有像今天这样成功。关注客户需求并不是一个新的主张。但是许多高层经理，特别是工业公司的高层经理，把与顾客接触看成是销售和市场营销人员的事。即便他们确实也认为市场是公司的重心，但随着公司的发展，他们中大多数人也只与消费者保持十分有限的接触而已。他们判断和把握市场，依赖于下属送来的报告，即二手、三手的材料。C-EEntrepreneurial culture, also known as corporate culture, is a form of ideal, which is based on the value system of an enterprise and closely related to the management philosophy as well as the management behavior of the enterprise. It is where the kernel of business management lies. In the narrow sense, it refers to some fundamental spirit and agglomerating force that come into being in the production and management practices of an enterprise, as well as the common values and norms of behavior shared by the whole staff. In the broad sense, entrepreneurial culture also inclu