英语国家概况练习.doc

Review of English-Speaking Countries The United Kingdom (Chapter 1-4) Blank Filling: 1. The British Isles are made of Great Britain and the whole Ireland and hundreds of small islands.2. Great Britain and Northern Ireland form the United Kingdom.3. The official name of the name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 4. The capital of the United Kingdom is London. The republic of Ireland has been an independent republic since _ and its capital is _.5. On the island of Great Britain, there are three political divisions: England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. 6. The commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. At present there are 50 member countries, including Australia. 7. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the _ Sea in the east.8. In 1985, the British government and the French government decided to build a _ under the Straits of _. The narrowest part between England and France. It was open to traffic in May, _.9. The north and west of Britain are mainly _. The east and southeast are mostly _.10. The highest peak in England is Mount _. The highest mountain in Britain, _ is located in _. The highest mountain in Wales is _.11. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. The capital of Wales is Cardiff. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast.12. The longest river in Britain is Severn River. The second largest and most important river in Britain is Thames River. River _ is the most important river in Scotland.13. Britain has a favorable _ climate.14. The largest lake in Britain is _. _ is one of the popular tourist attractions in Britain and is well-known for its wild and beautiful scenery and 15 lakes. Its also the home of many famous poets.15. The English are _, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are _. The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient _.16. _ speak the type of English closer to BBC English.17. Welsh is an ancient _ language. The Irish language is a form of _.18. Throughout the year, people in Welsh have festivals of songs and dances and poetry called _. The greatest event of the year is the _.19. _ is the official first language of the Republic of Ireland.20. The first known settlers of Britain were the _. They built many monuments called _. Other early settlers of Britain are known to be _ and _.21. _ brought the art of pottery making. _ were practised farmers and ironworkers. 22. The Celts religion was _.23. British recorded history begins with _. _ invaded Britain for the first time in _ BC. The successful invasion took place in AD _, headed by the Emperor _. They were pulled out of Britain in AD _.24. _, queen of the Iceni of East Anglia, attempted to drive the Romans from Britain in AD 61 and succeeded in destroying the capital of the Romans, which was at that time called _.25. The Romans brought the new religion _ to Britain.26. The seven principal kingdoms during the Anglo-Saxon period were given the name of _.27. _ was the first Archbishop of Canterbury and _ sprang up throughout the country and became places of learning.28. _ is known as “the father of the British navy”.29. _ took place in 1066. After it, the _ system was completely established in England. 30. _ Book, compiled by Williams clerks, was the result of a general survey of England and was completed in 1086. It stated the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land.31. _ was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. In his day, the jury was composed of _ men. The king was also in collision with _, the Archbishop of Canterbury. So the king drew up the Constitutions of _ in 1164 and murdered him.32. The Great Charter, also called _, was sealed in the year _ by King _ and had _ clauses. It limited the power of the _ and was regarded as the foundation of English liberties.33. The intermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1337 to 1453 was the _. At first, the _ were brilliantly successful. The French, encouraged by their national heroine, _, once drove the English out of France.34. In 1265, the Great Council developed into _ and _ known as a _. Its role was to offer _ instead of making decisions.35. _ refers to the plague that spread through Europe in the 14th century.36. The Peasant Uprising in the late 14th century was led by _ and _.37. The Wars of the Roses refers to the battles between the House of _, symbolized by the _ rose, and that of _, symbolized by the _ rose. After the war, the kings power became _.38. King _ had six wives and executed two of them. He was greatly encouraged by the religious reforms led by _, and was to get rid of English Churchs connection with the _. 39. Edward VIs switch to _ theology is called “The Reformation”.40. Mary Tudor, who persecuted many people for their different religious views, is also called “_”.41. England has been Protestant ever since the reign of _. Her religious reform was a _ of views. Some Catholics wished to put Mary Stuart, a devout _, on the throne. But the defeat of the Spanish _ put an end to Catholic conspiracies against the queen.42. Shakespeares plays include historical plays, _ and _.43. Renaissance was the revival of _ and _ in European history. The Renaissance began in northern _ in the early _ century, and was typified by the universal genius of _. The English Renaissance was thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of _ to the throne in _. It was largely _ and achieved its finest expression in the so-called _ drama. Its finest representatives were _, _, and _.44. _ was a statesman and philosopher and is know for his Essays.45. _ wrote with an antique style and is known for the Romantics.46. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King _ up in the Houses of Parliament. The result was the execution of _ and his fellowmen. This was the famous _ Plot.47. In 1611, there appeared a new English translation of the _. It is known as the _ Version.48. In _, a small group of Puritans, known as the _, sailed from _ in the _ and arrived in America. This was Britains first settlement in the New World.49. James I was a firm believer in the _ and preferred no Parliament.50. _ became lieutenant general of the _ Army and led the war to success and became Lord _ of the Commonwealth of England.51. The First Civil War began in the year _. _ gained the support of the north and west of the country and Wales. _ was supported by southeast England and London. The Kings men were called _; the supporters of the parliament were called _. The Kings headquarters was at _.52. The Second Civil War was between the _ and _.53. The English Civil War is also called _ Revolution.54. John Bunyans _ and John Miltons _ were two of the most famous literary works of the late 17th century.55. In the year _, the Act of _ united England and _.Definitions & Questions:1. Factors that influence the climate in Britain 2. Witan 3. “Alfred the Great” 4. Norman Conquest and its significance in history 5. Henry IIs reforms 6. The Great Charter 7. The Hundred Years War and its causes as well as consequences 8. The Black Death and its consequences 9. The significance of the Peasant Uprising in 1381 10. Wars of the Roses, the causes and consequences 11. Henry VIIIs reforms 12. Elizabeth I and her reforms 13. The English Renaissance and its characteristics 14. William Shakespeare 15. The Gunpowder Plot 16. Divine Right of Kings 17. Puritanism 18. Charles I and the Parliament 19. The First Civil War 20. Oliver Cromwell 21. The Second Civil War 22. The Restoration 23. The Glorious Revolution 24. The Bill of Rights Review of English-Speaking Countries The United Kingdom (Chapter 5-6) Blank Filling: 1. Whigs and Tories originated with the _. The _ were those who supported hereditary monarchy and the _ were those who opposed absolute monarchy. The first leader of the Whig Party was considered to be First Earl of _. The Whigs became the _ Party and the Tories were the forerunners of the _ Party. 2. The _ in the Parliament wanted fundamental reforms and free trade, and were greatly influenced by _s ideals known as “_”. 3. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the traditional “_” agricultural system ended when _ Acts enabled wealthier landowners to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. King George III was so enthusiastic about the changes and got the nickname “_”. 4. The _ refers to the _ of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 5. Changes in Industrial Revolution occurred earliest and quickest in _. And the real revolution in textiles was in the year _ when _ machinery was introduced. 6. John Kays _ (1733) speeded up hand weaving. 7. James Hargreaves _ (1766) enabled one hand laborer to spin many threads at a time. 8. Richard Arkwrights _ (1769) and Samuel Cromptons _ (1779) replaced hand labor. 9. Edmund Cartwrights _ eventually enabled weaving to catch up with spinning. 10. The first steam engine was devised by _ and it was modified and improved into an effective one by _. 11. The most important element in speeding industrialization was the breakthrough which came when _ succeeded in smelting iron with _ instead of charcoal in 1709. 12. The Industrial Revolution created the industrial _ class, the _, and it later led to _. 13. Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual _. 14. The Reform Act of 1832. also called the _ of 1832, abolished “rotten boroughs” and redistributed parliamentary seats. Then the _ Law of 1834 forced the poor into workhouses. 15. In 1836, a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the _ association, aiming to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights. Its leader was _. They drew up a charter of political demands, called _, which had _ points. 16. The Chartists could be roughly divided into two groups: the _ Chartists and the _ Chartists. The former wanted to realize their aims by _ means; the latter wanted to achieve their purpose by _. 17. Lenin said that _ was the first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement. 18. After _, large unions began to combine workers in different parts of the country and in the year _, the _ Union was established. 19. _ was a trade union of skilled workers and engineers. 20. In 1868, the _ Congress was started and trade unionism had a national organization. 21. The _ Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security. 22. The _ Act of 1876 gave unions the right to exist as corporation. 23. The _ Party had its origins in the Independent Labor Party, which was formed in the year _. In the year _ it changed its name till the present day. 24. English colonial expansion began with the colonization of _ in the year _. 25. The four founding provinces of Canada were _, _, _, and _. 26. After the Seven Years War between Britain and _, _ was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by the _ Act of 1774. The _ Act of 1791 divided Canada into _ Canada (Ontario) and _ Canada (Quebec). The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a _. 27. Captain _ discovered _ Bay in Australia and named the east coast _. In the year _, the English began to transport convicts to Australia. Free settlement in Australia began in the year _.and in the year _ the independent Commonwealth of Australia was established. 28. The establishment of the _ Company in the year _ was a case of economic penetration. 29. In the 1930s, British merchants began to smuggle _ into China and launched a war against China in the year _. By the Treaty of _ in 1842, China ceded Hong Kong to Britain. 30. During the First World War, Germany and Austria-Hungary belonged to the _; Britain, France and Russia belonged to the _. 31. Britain was brought into World War I on August 4, _. 32. To British people, the 1920s were the _ Twenties. 33. When Adolf Hitler and Nazism took power in Germany and invaded Austria and Poland, _ was the Prime Minister in Britain. But he was not the man to lead his country in such a crisis and _ took over in 1940. As the result of the war, there came the end of Britains empire. 34. The _ Party won the election after World War II. But _ came back to power in 1951. 35. In the year _, Britains first hydrogen bomb was tested. 36. When the Suez Canal was nationalized in 1956, British and French forces invaded _. 37. In 1952, Queen _ was crowned in _. 38. To British people, the 1960s were the _ Sixties. The singing group _ became world famous and turned their hometown, _, a place of pilgrimage. 39. In the year _, Britain became a full member of the EEC, which was established by the Treaty of Rome in the year _. 40. In 1970, oil was discovered in _. 41. The election of 1979 returned the _ Party to power and _ became the first woman Prime Minister in Britain. Her policy was called _. She resigned in the year _ and was succeeded by _. 42. In 1982, the _ War broke out between Britain and _. 43. The evolution of the British economy since the Second World War falls into the following three periods: _ development in the 50s and 60s; economic _ in the 70s; economic _ in the 80s. 44. A countrys _ is the difference between the money from exports and the cost of imports. 45. The economic policy Britain pursued in the 50s and 60s was based on the theory of _. 46. It was the development of Britains _ which led to the Industrial Revolution and the growth of traditional heavy industries such as textiles, steel, shipbuilding, and engineering. 47. Important coal areas can be found in _ of Scotland, _ England, _ England and _ Wales. 48. The output of coal reached its peak just before _. But today British coal mining is called a _ industry. 49. Coal was nationalized in the year _. 50. Britains transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on _. 51. Britain was the _ nation to build a large iron and steel industry. 52. Rich deposits of iron ore were found in _ England, known as the _. This area was also the center of _ industry. But supplies of iron ore are mostly _. 53. The main textile producing regions of Britain are now the _, _ and _, and _. Traditionally the _ industry is located mainly on the eastern side of the Pennine Mountains. 54. The cotton textile industry lies in _. But Britain doesnt grow cotton and all the cotton is _. 55. The two main centers for shipbuilding were on the River _ near _ and on the River _ near _. 56. The motor vehicle industry in Britain was developed in the _ and _ of England. The motor industry is now dominated by four firms: _, the _ Group, _, and _. 57. New industries include _ and _, _ and other _ industries. 58. The area between London and South Wales, the Cambridge area of East Anglia and the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland (known as the _ ). 59. The British were pioneers in modern agriculture and it is highly _. There has appeared a new kind of farm called _. 60. The six farming types in Britain are _, _, _, _, _, and _. 61. Arable farming emphasizes _ production and occurs on the more _ soil. The chief areas are in the _ and _. 62. _, in the form of bread, is the staple food of the British. _ is grown to feed the animal. 63. Dairy farming rears cattle primarily for _ production. 64. Stock farming rears _ pr