英美文学选读笔记.doc

英国文学上古时期：Old English 450-1066 典型诗歌：中世纪时期：Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century杰弗里乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer the father of English poetry 坎特伯雷故事集first time to use heroic couplet文艺复兴时期 ：The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life埃德蒙斯宾塞 Edmund Spenserthe poets poet诗人中的诗人 :仙后克里斯托夫马洛 Christopher Marlowe University Wits大学才子派, the pioneer of English drama Blank verse无韵体, hyperbole夸张 浮士德博士的悲剧the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘pastoral life田园诗威廉莎士比亚 William Shakespeare above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth 十四行诗18eternal or immortal beauty 威尼斯商人to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality 哈姆雷特 hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revengerTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take actionSoliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters弗兰西斯培根 Francis Bacon brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method归纳法 in place of deductive method演绎法论学习 uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary互补 to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.约翰邓恩 John Donnemetaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism三段论日出 the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere死神莫骄妄 whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because whom the gods love die young. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a mans body and a birth for his soul.约翰弥尔顿 John Milton失乐园 the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.复乐园力士参孙 the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. 新古典主义时期Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel - mystery, horror & castles约翰班扬 John Bunyan from 名利场节选自天路历程, a religious allegory, pursue the truth.亚历山大蒲伯 Alexander Pope论批评 a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, true wit is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.丹尼尔笛福 Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people鲁宾逊漂流记, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude清教徒坚韧乔纳森斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift a master satirist In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. Proper words in proper places一个温和的建议格列佛游记, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm亨利菲尔丁 Henry Fielding Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose汤姆琼斯塞缪尔约翰逊 Samuel Johnson first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener英文大辞典致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信理查德比谢拉丹 Richard Brinsley Sheridan the only important English dramatist of the 18th century情敌 and 造谣学校are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.托马斯格雷Thomas GrayThe Graveyard School 墓地诗歌派写在教堂墓地的挽歌 浪漫主义时期Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplaceThe romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges 抒情歌谣集威廉布莱克 William Blake -engraver雕刻家 from “扫烟囱的小男孩”选自天真之歌a happy and innocence world from childrens eye from “扫烟囱的小男孩”选自经验之歌a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites虎威廉华兹华斯 William Wordsworth the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of natureLake Poets - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a man speaking to men, and poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.我如行云独自游 the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils水仙 and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. 威斯敏斯特桥即景the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety虔诚for nature.独自幽居 孤独的收割女thanks to poets rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the readers share his emotion. The poem also shows the poets passionate love of nature.塞特科勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversationalThe demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - 古航海家之歌, 克里斯特贝尔, 忽必烈汗乔治戈登拜伦 George Gordon ByronByronic hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in 哈洛尔德游记.路德党人之歌 will die fighting, or live free the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poets great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown. from “哀希腊”选自唐璜 (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. Fill high the bowl with Samian wine?珀比雪莱 Percy Bysshe Shelley致英格兰人民西风颂 terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?约翰济慈 John Keats4 great odes - 忧郁颂, 希腊古瓮颂, 夜莺颂, 普赛克颂希腊古瓮颂 the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience短暂of human passion, Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter, Beauty is truth, truth beauty简奥斯汀 Jane Austen傲慢与偏见 维多利亚时期The Victorian PeriodDarwins and shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism功利主义 was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people查尔斯狄更斯 Charles Dickens one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos悲伤双城记雾都孤儿勃朗蒂姐妹 The Bronte Sisters Charlotte Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.简爱呼啸山庄阿尔弗雷德丁尼生 Alfred Tennyson invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人, a real artist浪花啪啪啪 the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves度沙洲 we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. Crossing the bar means leaving this world and entering the next world尤利西斯 not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, Myself not least, but honourd of them all means I am not the least important, buthonoured by all of them罗伯特布朗宁 Robert Browning the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue指环与书 his masterpiece我前一位公爵夫人 this dramatic monologue is the dukes speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man夜晚幽会清晨告别乔治艾略特 George Eliot-As a woman of exceptional特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women米德尔马契a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor托马斯哈代 Thomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, novels of character and environment德伯家的苔丝 experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration 美国文学浪漫主义时期American Romantic PeriodStarted with Washington Irvings and ended with Whitmans , also called the American RenaissanceFree expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism华盛顿欧文 Washington Irving father of the American short stories, the American GoldsmithPerfected the best classic style that American literature ever producedFirst novel 纽约史见闻札记 contains German folk tales 瑞普凡温尔克, 睡谷的传说拉尔夫华尔多爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement论美国学者, 论自信, 论超灵论诗人 a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America论经验 a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature论自然is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism内森尼尔霍桑 Nathaniel HawthorneInterior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity红字小伙子布朗沃尔特惠特曼 Walt WhitmanOpenness, freedom, individualismI - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style 有个孩子在长大how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments渡河的骑兵 a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.自我之歌 Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideas赫尔曼麦尔维尔 Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne白鲸the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac现实主义时期Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, peoples attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existenceLocal colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond mans control马克吐温 Mark Twain the true father of American literatureLocal colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, the damned human race The Gilded Age3 boyhood books ：密西西比河上的生活 汤姆索亚历险记, 哈利贝丽芬历险记 Hucks inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.亨利詹姆斯 Henry James international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association黛西米勒 the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.艾米莉狄金森 Emily DickinsonBased on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys这就是我给世人的书信 express Dickinsons anxiety about her communication with the outside world.我死时听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣 description of a moment of death我喜欢看他舔食着一路向前 Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.因为我不能为死神停下 personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt西奥多德莱塞 Theodore Dreiser Americas literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲金融家, 巨头, 斯多葛 嘉莉妹妹 who shall cast the first stone? 现代时期The modern period - the se