《敏捷建模》PPT课件.ppt

SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld FourthEdition SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 2 LearningObjectives Explainthepurposeandvariousphasesofthesystemsdevelopmentlifecycle SDLC ExplainwhentouseanadaptiveapproachtotheSDLCinplaceofamorepredictivetraditionalSDLCExplainthedifferencesbetweenamodel atool atechnique andamethodologyDescribethetwooverallapproachesusedtodevelopinformationsystems thetraditionalmethodandtheobject orientedmethod SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 3 LearningObjectives continued Describesomeofthevariationsofthesystemsdevelopmentlifecycle SDLC Describethekeyfeaturesofcurrenttrendsinsystemsdevelopment theUnifiedProcess UP ExtremeProgramming XP AgileModeling andScrumExplainhowautomatedtoolsareusedinsystemdevelopment 敏捷建模 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 4 Overview SystemdevelopmentprojectPlannedundertakingwithfixedbeginningandendProducesdesiredresultorproductCanbealargejobwiththousandsofhoursofeffortorasmallone monthprojectSuccessfuldevelopmentprojectProvidesadetailedplantofollowOrganized methodicalsequenceoftasksandactivitiesProducesreliable robust andefficientsystem SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 5 TheSystemsDevelopmentLifecycle SDLC Systemsdevelopmentlifecycle SDLC ProvidesoverallframeworkformanagingsystemsdevelopmentprocessTwomainapproachestoSDLCPredictiveapproach assumesprojectcanbeplannedoutinadvanceAdaptiveapproach moreflexible assumesprojectcannotbeplannedoutinadvanceAllprojectsusesomevariationofSDLC SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 6 ChoosingthePredictivevs AdaptiveApproachtotheSDLC Figure2 1 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 7 TraditionalPredictiveApproachtotheSDLC Projectplanning initiate ensurefeasibility planschedule obtainapprovalforprojectAnalysis understandbusinessneedsandprocessingrequirementsDesign definesolutionsystembasedonrequirementsandanalysisdecisionsImplementation construct test trainusers andinstallnewsystemSupport keepsystemrunningandimprove 理解待解决的业务及定义业务需求 开发程序结构和算法 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 8 InformationSystemDevelopmentPhases SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 9 SDLCandProblemSolving Similartoproblem solvingapproachinChapter1Organizationrecognizesproblem projectplanning Projectteaminvestigates understandsproblemandsolutionrequirements analysis Solutionisspecifiedindetail design Systemthatsolvesproblemisbuiltandinstalled implementation Systemused maintained andenhancedtocontinuetoprovideintendedbenefits support SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 10 Waterfall ApproachtotheSDLC SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 11 1 瀑布模型 WaterfallModel 可行性研究与计划 需求分析 设计 编码 运行维护 测试 定义阶段 开发阶段 维护阶段 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 12 ModifiedWaterfallApproachwithOverlappingPhases Figure2 5 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 13 NewerAdaptiveApproachestotheSDLC BasedonspiralmodelProjectcyclesthroughdevelopmentactivitiesoverandoveruntilprojectiscompletePrototypecreatedbyendofeachcycleFocusesonmitigatingriskIteration WorkactivitiesarerepeatedEachiterationrefinespreviousresultApproachassumesnoonegetsitrightthefirsttimeThereareaseriesofminiprojectsforeachiteration SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 14 TheSpiralLifeCycleModel Figure2 6 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 15 IterationofSystemDevelopmentActivities Figure2 7 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 16 采用原型模型的软件生存周期 分析定义系统需求 生成原型 系统设计 程序设计 编码 测试 运行和维护 原型化 含原型化的软件生存期 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 17 建造 修改原型 用户测试运行原型 听取用户意见 原型范型 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 18 螺旋模型 风险分析 工程实施 用户通信 用户评估 产品维护项目 产品增强项目 新产品开发项目 概念开发项目 计划 建造及发布 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 19 ActivitiesofEachSDLCPhase PredictiveoradaptiveapproachuseSDLCActivitiesofeach phase aresimilarPhasesarenotalwayssequentialPhasescanoverlapActivitiesacrossphasescanbedonewithinaniteration SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 20 ActivitiesofPlanningPhaseofSDLC DefinebusinessproblemandscopeProducedetailedprojectscheduleConfirmprojectfeasibilityEconomic organizational technical resource andscheduleStafftheproject resourcemanagement Launchproject officialannouncement 准确定义业务及解决方案的范围 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 21 ActivitiesofAnalysisPhaseofSDLC GatherinformationtolearnproblemdomainDefinesystemrequirementsBuildprototypesfordiscoveryofrequirementsPrioritizerequirementsGenerateandevaluatealternativesReviewrecommendationswithmanagement 了解客户并详述需求 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 22 ActivitiesofDesignPhaseofSDLC DesignandintegratethenetworkDesigntheapplicationarchitectureDesigntheuserinterfacesDesignthesysteminterfacesDesignandintegratethedatabasePrototypefordesigndetailsDesignandintegratesystemcontrols SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 23 ActivitiesofImplementationPhaseofSDLC ConstructsoftwarecomponentsVerifyandtestConvertdataTrainusersanddocumentthesystemInstallthesystem SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 24 ActivitiesofSupportPhaseofSDLC MaintainsystemSmallpatches repairs andupdatesEnhancesystemSmallupgradesorenhancementstoexpandsystemcapabilitiesLargerenhancementsmayrequireseparatedevelopmentprojectSupportusersHelpdeskand orsupportteam SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 25 MethodologiesandModels MethodologiesComprehensiveguidelinestofollowforcompletingeverySDLCactivityCollectionofmodels tools andtechniquesModelsRepresentationofanimportantaspectofrealworld butnotsameasrealthingAbstractionusedtoseparateoutaspectDiagramsandchartsProjectplanningandbudgetingaids SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 26 SomeModelsUsedinSystemDevelopment SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 27 ToolsandTechniques ToolsSoftwaresupportthathelpscreatemodelsorotherrequiredprojectcomponentsRangefromsimpledrawingprogramstocomplexCASEtoolstoprojectmanagementsoftwareTechniquesCollectionofguidelinesthathelpanalystscompleteasystemdevelopmentactivityortaskCanbestep by stepinstructionsorjustgeneraladvice SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 28 SomeToolsUsedinSystemDevelopment SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 29 SomeTechniquesUsedinSystemDevelopment SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 30 RelationshipsAmongComponentsofaMethodology SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 31 TwoApproachestoSystemDevelopment TraditionalapproachAlsocalledstructuredsystemdevelopmentStructuredanalysisanddesigntechnique SADT Includesinformationengineering IE Object orientedapproachAlsocalledOOA OOD andOOPViewsinformationsystemascollectionofinteractingobjectsthatworktogethertoaccomplishtasks SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 32 TraditionalApproach StructuredprogrammingImprovescomputerprogramqualityAllowsotherprogrammerstoeasilyreadandmodifycodeEachprogrammodulehasonebeginningandoneendingThreeprogrammingconstructs sequence decision repetition SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 33 ThreeStructuredProgrammingConstructs SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 34 Top DownProgramming DividescomplexprogramsintohierarchyofmodulesThemoduleattopcontrolsexecutionby calling lowerlevelmodulesModularprogrammingSimilartotop downprogrammingOneprogramcallsotherprogramstoworktogetherassinglesystem SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 35 Top DownorModularProgramming SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 36 StructuredDesign TechniquedevelopedtoprovidedesignguidelinesWhatsetofprogramsshouldbeWhatprogramshouldaccomplishHowprogramsshouldbeorganizedintoahierarchyModulesareshownwithstructurechartMainprincipleofprogrammodulesLooselycoupled moduleisindependentofothermodulesHighlycohesive modulehasonecleartask SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 37 StructureChartCreatedUsingStructuredDesignTechnique SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 38 StructuredAnalysis Definewhatsystemneedstodo processingrequirements Definedatasystemneedstostoreanduse datarequirements DefineinputsandoutputsDefinehowfunctionsworktogethertoaccomplishtasksDataflowdiagrams DFD andentityrelationshipdiagrams ERD showresultsofstructuredanalysis SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 39 DataFlowDiagram DFD CreatedUsingStructuredAnalysisTechnique Figure2 15 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 40 Entity RelationshipDiagram ERD CreatedUsingStructuredAnalysisTechnique SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 41 StructuredAnalysisLeadstoStructuredDesignandStructuredProgramming Figure2 17 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 42 InformationEngineering IE RefinementtostructureddevelopmentMethodologywithstrategicplanning datamodeling automatedtoolsfocusMorerigorousandcompletethanSADTIndustrymergedkeyconceptsfromstructureddevelopmentandinformationengineeringapproachesintotraditionalapproach SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 43 Object OrientedApproach CompletelydifferentapproachtoinformationsystemsViewsinformationsystemascollectionofinteractingobjectsthatworktogethertoaccomplishtasksObjects thingsincomputersystemthatcanrespondtomessagesConceptually noprocesses programs dataentities orfilesaredefined justobjectsOOlanguages Java C C NET VB NET SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 44 Object OrientedApproachtoSystems SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 45 Object OrientedApproach continued Object orientedanalysis OOA DefinestypesofobjectsusersdealwithShowsusecasesarerequiredtocompletetasksObject orienteddesign OOD DefinesobjecttypesneededtocommunicatewithpeopleanddevicesinsystemShowshowobjectsinteracttocompletetasksRefineseachtypeofobjectforimplementationwithspecificlanguageofenvironmentObject orientedprogramming OOP Writingstatementsinprogramminglanguagetodefinewhateachtypeofobjectdoes SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 46 ClassDiagramCreatedDuringOOAnalysis SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 47 SDLCVariations ManyvariationsofSDLCinpracticeBasedonvariationofnamesforphasesNomatterwhichone activities tasksaresimilarSomeincreaseemphasisonpeopleUser centereddesign participatorydesignSociotechnicalsystemsSomeincreasespeedofdevelopmentRapidapplicationdevelopment RAD Prototyping SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 48 LifeCycleswithDifferentNamesforPhases Figure2 20 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 49 CurrentTrendsinDevelopment MoreadaptiveapproachesTheUnifiedProcess UP ExtremeProgramming XP AgileModelingScrumDetailsoneachinChapter16 SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 50 TheUnifiedProcess UP Object orienteddevelopmentapproachOfferedbyIBM RationalBooch Rumbaugh JacobsonUnifiedModelingLanguage UML usedprimarilyformodelingUMLcanbeusedwithanyOOmethodologyUPdefinesfourlifecyclephasesInception elaboration construction transition SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 51 TheUnifiedProcess UP continued ReinforcessixbestpracticesDevelopiterativelyDefineandmanagesystemrequirementsUsecomponentarchitecturesCreatevisualmodelsVerifyqualityControlchanges SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 52 ExtremeProgramming XP Recent lightweight developmentapproachtokeepprocesssimpleandefficientDescribessystemsupportneededandrequiredsystemfunctionalitythroughinformaluserstoriesHasusersdescribeacceptanceteststodemonstratedefinedoutcomesReliesoncontinuoustestingandintegration heavyuserinvolvement programmingdonebysmallteams SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 53 AgileModeling HybridofXPandUP ScottAmbler hasmoremodelsthanXP fewerdocumentsthanUPInteractiveandIncrementalModelingApplyrightmodelsCreateseveralmodelsinparallelModelinsmallincrementsTeamworkGetactivestakeholderparticipationEncouragecollectiveownershipModelwithothersanddisplaymodelspublicly SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 54 AgileModeling continued SimplicityUsesimplecontentDepictmodelssimplyUsesimplestmodelingtoolsValidationConsidertestabilityProvemodelisrightwithcode SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 55 Scrum ForhighlyadaptiveprojectneedsRespondtosituationasrapidlyaspossibleScrumreferstorugbygameBotharequick agile andself organizingTeamretainscontroloverprojectValuesindividualsoverprocesses SystemsAnalysisandDesigninaChangingWorld 4thEdition 56 ToolstoS