Lecture 4 学生用1.doc

Lecture 4 The Comparative Study and Translation of Sentences句法对比与翻译The unit of translation 翻译单位句子: 用词或词组构成的一个能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位。每个句子都有一定的语调，表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气。Sentence: a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and verb. - Collins COBUILDSimple sentences may be divided into major syntactic types differentiated by their form. Their use correlates largely with different discourse functions.Declaratives are sentences in which the subject is present and generally precedes the verb.Interrogatives are sentences which are formally marked in one of the two ways: (i) yes-no interrogatives: the operator is placed in front of the subject. (ii) wh-interrogatives: the interrogative wh-element is positioned initially.Imperatives are sentences which usually have no overt grammatical subject, and whose verb has the base form. Exclamatives are sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by what or how usually with subject-verb order.汉语基本句型小句小句（clause）是“最小的能够独立表述一个意思的语法单位。一个语素，一个词，或者一个短语，只要跟句子语气相结合都会成为小句。”汉语基本句型复合句因果类复句1） （因为所以，（之）所以（就/是）因为，因为，越越）2） （既然那么/就，既然，既，可见，与其，不如）3） （如果那么/就，如果，要不是就，如果说那么）4） （只有才，只要就，必须才，除非才，只要）5） （以便，以免）并列类复句1） （既也，又又，也也，一边一边，一方面另一方面，不是而是，是而不是）2） （接着，然后）3） （不但而且，不仅就连，不但，反而，固然更）4） （或者或者，不是就是，要么要么，是还是）转折类复句1） （但是，可是，然而，只是）2） （虽然但是，即使也，无论都，宁可也）3） （否则，要不然）英语基本句型1、 英语的基本句型1.1主+谓1）Gold glitters. 金子可以发光。 2）The bell rang. 铃声响了。1.2主+系+表1）Children are happy and gay. 孩子们幸福快乐。2) He became an artist. 他成了艺术家。1.3主+谓+宾1）Bad workmen blame their tools. 自己笨，怪刀钝。2) The farm hands hated him. 长工们恨透了他。1.4主+谓+间宾+直宾1）The husband bought his wife a new dress. 丈夫给妻子买了一件新衣。2) Please hand me the cup.请把杯子递给我。1.5 主+谓+宾+补1）They named their son Jack. 他们给儿子取名杰克。2) The victory sent our spirits rising. 胜利让我们精神振奋。1.6 主+谓+宾+状1）Fate has treated him pretty roughly. 命运待他极为不公。2) His cruel remarks cut me deeply. 他那绝情的话语让我痛彻肺腑。1.7 主+谓+状1）The building stood for many years. 那座建筑物历经多年未倒。2) We live in China. 我们在中国居住。英语 主谓宾补（SVOC）句型的四种情况1.使役性及物动词。 They made him work day and night. He likes his desk tidy and clear. He ordered them away. 2. 感知性及物动词： We watched the children play games. We could hear the children at play outside.3. 定义性及物动词 They crowned him (as ) king. We think her to have done right. 4. 结果性及物动词 They beat him black and blue. Sunset dyed the sky red. She knocked him down. The barber cut you hair very short.2、 汉语的基本句型2.1动词谓语句2.1.1主+谓1）大家笑了。Everybody laughed. 2）莺歌燕舞 Orioles sing and swallows dart.2.1.2 主+系+表1）解放区的天是明朗的天。 The sky over the liberated area is bright.2) 童年是难忘的。Childhood days are unforgettable.2.1.3 主+谓+宾1）暴风雨毁了许多房屋。The storm destroyed many houses.2) 我认为这是可行的。I think this is feasible.2.1.4 主+谓+间宾+直宾1）他给她一条金项链。He gave her a gold necklace.2) 你能借我5块钱吗？Could you lend me five yuan?2.1.5 主+谓+宾+补1）敌人逼他招供。The enemy forced him to confess.2) 我们看见她跑了。We saw her run away.21，6 主+谓+宾+状1）他们待我很友好。They treated me very kindly.2) 那人爱财如命。That man loves money like his very life.2.1.7 主+谓+状1）我们长在红旗下。 Weve grown up under the red flag.2) 这船驶往纽约。The ship is sailing for New York.3) 如今这孩子长得又高又大。Now the child has grown big and tall. 2.1.8 主+连动式1） 他躺着看书。He was/is lying in bed reading.2)我们打完球洗澡。Well take a bath after we ve played basketball.3) 你去排队买票看电影消磨时间。To kill time, you can go and line up and buy a ticket and see a film.You can kill time by going to the cinema, lining up, buying a ticket and seeing a film.2.2 名词谓语句1） 这孩子才8个月。This baby is only eight months old.2） 今天星期五。Today is Friday.3） 我家3口人。There are three people in my family.4） 人民万岁！Long live the people!5) 一把椅子4条腿。A chair has four legs.2.3 形容词谓语句1）天高云淡。The sky is high and the clouds are pale.2) 她的嗓子真甜。Her voice is really sweet./ She has a really sweet voice.3) 南方的天气好。The weather in the south is nice.2. 4 主谓谓语句2.4.1 大主语+ （小主语+动词谓语）1） 他个子长得很快，智力发育也很快。He grows very fast in both stature(身高，身材) and intelligence.2) 他歌唱得好，但不会跳舞。He sings very well, but he cant dance.2.4.2 大主语+（小主语+名词谓语）1）西瓜一公斤6毛钱。Watermelon is six jiao a kilogram.2） 老张体重80公斤，但身高才1米6。Lao Zhang weighs 80 kilograms, but he is only 1.6 meters tall.2.4.3 大主语+（小主语+形容词谓语）1） 他身体健康。He is healthy./ He is in good health.2) 中国地大物博。China is a big country abounding in natural wealth.3) 这部小说情节生动。This novel is fascinating in its story/plot.成百万原来享受公费医疗的城市居民，今后的医疗费用要自己承担一部分。Millions of citizens who have enjoyed the free medical care have to pay part of medical fee. 搞西洋画的，生活环境也应该洋一点。People doing western-style painting should be provided with better living conditions to match with his western style. 那件事我已经办好了。I have handled the matter. 这个人我见过。I have seen the person before.吃，北京很方便。 It is very convenient to eat in Beijing. 加入世贸组织利大于弊。China will witness more benefits than losses after its entry into WTO. 张三明天去美国，我觉得很奇怪。I am surprised that Zhang San is going to the USA tomorrow.历史系开会，我可以跟李四提一提。I can talk to Li Si about this matter in the history department meeting.信封里装不下这些照片。These photos can not be enclosed in this envelope. 桌上搁着一碗饭。There is a bowl of rice on the table.今天风和日暖。Today is sunny. 这么快就盖好了一栋房子。The house was built soon. 在海拔3000米的高空采集到了这种空气样本。This kind of air sample was collected at the attitude of 3000 meters high. 要制造飞机，就要考虑空气阻力的问题。Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be made. 用机械加工的方法，特别是用磨削的方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度。 Best surface is provided by machining(机械加工) method, especially by grinding（磨）.违反法律，就必须受到法律的惩罚。Anyone who breaks the law will be punished by the law.禁止打架斗殴。No fighting.只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？Why 为什么不直接反映到职能部门去呢？希望一切问题都会迎刃而解。在新的历史时期，要继续发扬尊老爱幼、勤俭节约等中华民族的优良传统。 在中国东盟全面经济合作框架协议的基础上，探讨签署扩大和深化双方经贸合作的文件，建立经济合作的制度性安排。 只有创新改革，才能促进经济社会的快速发展。 活到老，学到老。 It is never too old to learn.没有调查就没有发言权。没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。不入虎穴，焉得虎子。种瓜得瓜种豆得豆。有很多问题亟待解决。改革开放以后，涌现出一大批敢想敢干的创业者。 至于环保，还存在不少问题。突然窜出一只狗，追着她咬，把她吓糊涂了。This pool of human resources has one of the highest mobility rates in China. The more successf Chinese firms tend to internationalize more and more, due to national and regional policies aimed at fostering the development of firms outside their borders, but also as a consequence of the intense competitive pressures and looming overcapacities that now prevail in China in many industries and reduc ed nargins.If the courts ruled in favour of General Motorm, it would make it much more difficult for Chery to sell the QQ in international markets.A telephone was fitted up in the pavilion. That bed has been slept in today.The transfer of information from one part of the computer to another depends on the electrical current being conducted over wires.It is impossible, in our society, not to be sometimes a Snob.Mention should be made of the role played by the other man.The relatives of the missing can still be spotted at bus stations or outside Red Cross office, hoping against the odds to receive good news-or any news-about their loved ones.It is right to be contented with what we have, never with what we are. One cannot see the wood for the trees. In this chapter, we will examine how Chinese firms have used alliances and joint ventures with foreign companies to boost their international presence. We will first analyze how joint ventures in China have initially helped Chinese firms enhance their technical capabilities, m