Linguistics-notes.doc

Linguistics Textbook and reference books 陈新仁，英语语言学实用教程，苏州大学出版社，2007。 戴炜栋、何兆熊，新编简明英语语言学教程（第二版），上海外语教育出版社，2010。 胡壮麟主编，语言学教程，北京大学出版社，2001。 丁言仁，郝克，英语语言学纲要，上海外语教育出版社，2001。 Yule, G. The Study of Language 语言研究. 外语教学与研究出版社，2000.Unit One .Definition : scientific study of languageMain Branches of LinguisticsSounds of language Phonetics语音学Phonology音位学Grammer Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Meaning Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学(有语境)Macrolinguistics Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Psycholinguistics 语言心理学 computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied LinguisticsThe languages of the world Language familiesThe Indo-European Famliy(印欧语系)The Uralic Famliy (乌拉尔语系)The Altalic Famliy (阿尔泰语系) 1.1 The definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication “language” used in various contexts(pp.10-11, No. 1) Chinese is a language Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Both Jane and John like Shakespeares language. the language of bees 1.2 The functions of language Language contributes to the success of our everyday life and the survival of human beings. Some common functions of language phatic: Hello! directive: Get out of my way! informative: The earth revolves around the sun. interrogative: Do you know his hobby? expressive: I hate her. evocative: How do you like Jack? performative: I hereby declare the meeting open. interpersonal: Tommy, Dear Friend recreational: humor; rhyming; puns metalinguistic: what I mean is; in other wordsRoman Jakobsons Model Six elements of speech event: Addresser Emotive Addressee Conative 意动功能：通过命令和恳求去说服和影响他人 Context Referential Message Poetic Contact Phatic communion Code Metalinguistic M.A.K Hallidays ModelMacrofunctions of language (元语言功能) the ideational function:概念功能 to organize the speaker or writers experience of the real or imaginary world. the interpersonal function: To indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people. the textual function:语篇功能 To organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.1.3 The origin of language PP. 12-13 No. 61.4 The defining features of language语言的识别特征 Also called design features (C. F.Hockett, A Course in Modern Linguistics, 1958) Arbitrariness Productivity (creativity) Duality Displacement Cultural transmission Non-arbitrary words Onomatopoeic words 拟声词 猫叫, 狗叫 公鸡啼 苍蝇/ 蚊子 鸟/ 麻雀 绵羊 公牛吼叫 鸽子 photocopy Productivity (creativity) Language makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. I think that that that that that girl used is wrong. Duality language system consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Structure of sounds & meaning Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Present/ absent Real/ imagined Present/past/future/ in far-away places Cultural transmission Language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning.What all languages seem to shareP. 15 No. 121.5 The acquisition of languageL1 acquisition is said to have the following features: a. universally successful;b. without explicit instruction (teacher, textbook, school, syllabus, etc.);c. rapid (0-4 years old);d. conditional (i. exposure; ii. critical period 1.5-4years old; iii. no mental deficiency).L1 acquisition generally falls into some stages:a. babbling period: birth-around 6 months, produce some sounds;b. syllabic speech period: around 8 months, syllables replace babbled sounds, like mama;c. single-word stage: around 1 year old, first words, no grammar; carry out simple commands;d. onset of speech: 18 months, more words (3-50 words);e. two-word utterances stage: 2 years old, can name most things around him; begin his own creation of two-word phrases (early stage of grammar), pivot words +open words, e.g. Mummy sock;f. full-understanding stage: 2.5 years old, e.g. daddy kick ball;g. near adult-speech: 3 years old; overgeneralization of inflections;h. adult speech: 4 years old.Discuss PP. 13-14: No. 7, 8, 9PhoneticsComing: Definition Branches of phonetics Speech organs Transcription of speech sounds Classification of speech sounds Definition Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language(语言的声音媒介); it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. Phonetics is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.Branches of Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics (发音语音学) Auditory Phonetics （听觉语音学） Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学） Organs of speech Can you name some speech organs? Grouping of these organsp.23pharyngeal cavity The throat Larynx (喉) Vocal cordsThe oral cavity Speech organs: The tongue, the uvula, the soft palate( the velum), the hard palate, the teeth ridge (the alveolus), the teeth and the lipsThe nasal cavity How can a nasal sound be produced? position of the velumTranscriptions of speech sounds Narrow transcription(letter symbol + diacritics ) and broad transcription pull phul IPAaspirated unaspirated l light feel build health clear dark dentalClassification of speech sounds consonants vowels The essential difference between vowels and consonantsIn producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsover. In the production of consonants, it is obstructed in one way or another.Vowels Monophthongs (Pure vowels 单元音) -Short vowels (Lax vowels): e E J A Q -Long vowels (Tense vowels): i: : : u: R: Diphthongs (Gliding vowels 双元音) (8): e a R J aJ E ZE JE Triphthongs e.g. aJE eiE aiEVowels Classification Criteria of individual vowels (p 28)l The height of the tonguel The position of the highest part of the tonguel The degree of lip-roundingl The length of articulationl The shape of the lipsl The tense of the speech organVowel description /i:/: high, front, unrounded, long, tense /i/: high, front, unrounded, short, laxPractice: Describe the sound /u:/and /.Consonants Classifying Criteria Manner of articulationl Stops/plosives （爆破音）l Nasals l Fricatives （摩擦音）l Affricates（塞擦音）l Liquids （流音）l Glides （滑音） Place of articulation Presence or absence of voicingVoicing voiced voiceless Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds call “voicing”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Speech sounds which are produced with the vibration of vocal cords are voiced sounds. Stops: when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. Fricative: When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point, the speech sound produced is a fricative. Affricates: When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowing with the friction resulting from partial obstruction, the sound produced are affricates. Liquids: When the airflow is obstructed but is allowed to escape through the passage between part or parts of the tongue and the roof of the mouth, the sounds produced are called liquids. Nasals: When the nasal passage is opened by lowering the soft palate at the back of the mouth and air is allowed to pass through it, the sounds produced are called nasals. Glides: Semivowels wjTongue Twister The big black bug bit the big black bear,but the big black bear bit the big black bug back! Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. She sells seashells on the seashore . Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night . There is no need to light a night light on a light night like tonight; for a night lights just a slight light. Elizabeths birthday is on the third Thursday of this month. 2.5 English SyllablesPHONOLOGYn 1. What is phonologyn 2. Phonology vs. phoneticsn Phonetics is of a general nature . It is interested in all the speech sounds in all human languages. It deals mainly with the description, classification and transcription of speech sounds.n Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication/ the patterns governing sound combination. Phone音素 phoneme音位 allophone音位变体 n The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.n allophone: phonic variants/r