高三英语二轮复习 第3模块 阅读理解 专题八 科普知识型阅读理解精品课件 大纲版.ppt

2012届高三英语二轮复习精品课件 第3模块 阅读理解 专题八科普知识型阅读理解 大纲版 专题八科普知识型阅读理解 专题八科普知识型阅读理解 专题八 专题导读 科普类文章主要包括自然科学类 前沿科技发明类和医疗卫生类 其取材密切联系当前经济和科技等方面的变化 以介绍某一科学现象居多 科普类文章具有结构严谨 逻辑性强等特点 其主要命题形式有事实细节题 词义猜测题 推理判断题以及主旨概括题等 其中推理判断题居多 从词汇角度来看 在科普类文章中 词汇的意义比较专一 稳定 简明 不带感情色彩 具有单一性和准确性的特点 从语法和句子结构方面看 句子结构较复杂 长难句较多 语法分析较困难 文章中常用被动语态 定语从句等 专题八 专题导读 科普文常用的修辞手段有 1 下定义 有时为了突出事物的主要内容或主要问题 往往用简明扼要的语言给对象一个说法 使读者对被说明的对象有明确的概念 2 举事例 举出有代表性的恰当的例子 能够反映一般的情况 真切地说明事物特征 3 做比较 选择有外部或内部联系的事物进行比较 往往能增强说明事物的效果 4 打比方 适当运用比喻 能够增强说明的形象性和生动性 专题八 专题导读 科普说明文在结构上常采用的写作方法有 1 总分式 在说明事物或事理时 段落 层次 之间有一个总分关系 表现为由总到分 由分到总 2 承接式 各层之间按照事物的发展过程 或者按时间 因果 条件等关系安排 前后相互承接 3 递进式 后边在前边的基础上进一步说明 各层之间的关系是由浅入深 文章的命题除了遵循科普阅读的命题方式外 还经常考查文章的篇章结构和修辞手法 专题八 真题典例 2011 湖南卷 arecentstudyofancientandmodernelephantshascomeupwiththeunexpectedconclusionthattheafricanelephantisdividedintotwodistinct 不同的 species thediscoverywasmadebyresearchersatyorkandharvarduniversitieswhentheywereexaminingthegeneticrelationshipbetweentheancientwoollymammothandmastodontomodernelephants theasianelephant africanforestelephant andafricansavannaelephant 专题八 真题典例 oncetheyobtaineddnasequences 序列 fromtwofossils 化石 mammothsandmastodons theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants theyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasasianelephantsandmammoths 专题八 真题典例 thescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheafricansavannaelephantandtheafricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears thedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofasianelephantsandwoollymammoths thisresultamazedallthescientists 专题八 真题典例 therehaslongbeendebateinthescientificcommunitythatthetwomightbeseparatespecies butthisisthemostconvincingscientificevidencesofarthattheyareindeeddifferentspecies previously manynaturalistsbelievedthatafricansavannaelephantsandafricanforestelephantsweretwopopulationsofthesamespecies despitetheelephants significantsizedifferences thesavannaelephanthasan 专题八 真题典例 averageshoulderheightof3 5metreswhiletheforestelephanthasanaverageshoulderheightof2 5metres thesavannaelephantweighsbetweensixandseventons roughlydoubletheweightoftheforestelephant butthefactthattheylooksodifferentdoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaredifferentspecies howevertheprooflayintheanalysisofthedna 专题八 真题典例 alfredroca assistantprofessorinthedepartmentofanimalsciencesattheuniversityofillinois said wenowhavetotreattheforestandsavannaelephantsastwodifferentunitsforconservationpurposes since1950 allafricanelephantshavebeenconservedasonespecies nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority 优先 forconservationpurposes 专题八 真题典例 要点综述 本文为科普说明文 主要介绍关于大象的最新研究成果 非洲大象被分成两种完全不同的品种 非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象 专题八 真题典例 1 oneofthefossilsstudiedbytheresearchersisthatof a theasianelephantb theforestelephantc thesavannaelephantd themastodonelephant 解析 d细节理解题 根据第三段 oncetheyobtaineddnasequences 序列 fromtwofossils 化石 mammothsandmastodons theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants 可判断选d 专题八 真题典例 2 theunderlinedword divergence inparagraph4means a evolutionb exhibitionc separationd examination 专题八 真题典例 解析 c词义猜测题 根据第四段 thescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheafricansavannaelephantandtheafricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears 可知 科学家已证实 非洲的草原大象与非洲的森林大象几百万年来都不属于同一品种 即可推断下句为 两种大象的分离应发生在 由此可推断划线词应意为 分离 故选c 专题八 真题典例 3 theresearchers conclusionwasbasedonastudyoftheafricanelephant s a dnab heightc weightd population 专题八 真题典例 解析 a细节理解题 根据第三段 oncetheyobtaineddnasequences 序列 fromtwofossils 化石 mammothsandmastodons theteamcomparedthemwithdnafrommodernelephants theyfoundtotheiramazementthatmodernforestandsavannaelephantsareasdistinctfromeachotherasasianelephantsandmammoths 可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的dna的研究结果的基础上的 故选a 专题八 真题典例 4 whatarealfredroca swordsmainlyabout a theconservationofafricanelephants b thepurposeofstudyingafricanelephants c thewaytodivideafricanelephantsintotwounits d thereasonforthedistinctionofafricanelephants 专题八 真题典例 解析 a逻辑推理题 根据最后一段中的 nowthatweknowtheforestandsavannaelephantsaretwoverydistinctiveanimals theforestelephantshouldbecomeabiggerpriority 优先 forconservationpurposes 可推断他的讲话是围绕对非洲大象的保护的 故选a 专题八 真题典例 5 whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage a naturalists beliefsaboutelephantsb amazingexperimentsaboutelephantsc anunexpectedfindingaboutelephantsd alongscientificdebateaboutelephants 解析 5 c主旨大意题 根据主题段第一段可知 本文主要介绍关于非洲大象的最新研究成果 非洲草原大象和非洲森林大象实为两种完全不同的品种 由此判断选c 专题八 新题预测 一 motoristswhousedtolistentotheradioortheirfavoritetunesoncdsmayhaveanewwaytoentertainthemselves afterengineersinjapandevelopedamusicalroadsurface ateamfromthehokkaidoindustrialresearchinstitutehasbuiltanumberof melodyroads whichusecarsastuningforkstoplaymusicastheytravel 专题八 新题预测 theconceptworksbyusinggrooves 凹槽 theyarecutatveryspecificintervalsintheroadsurface themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes dependingonhowfarapartthegroovesare acarmovingoverthemwillproduceaseriesofhighorlownotes anddesignersareabletocreateadistincttune 专题八 新题预测 patendocumentsforthedesigndescribeitasnotches formedinaroadsurfacesoastoplayamelodywithoutproducingsimplesoundorrhythmandreproducemelody liketones therearethreemusicalstripsincentralandnorthernjapan oneofwhichplaysthetuneofajapanesepopsong reportssaythesystemwasinventedbyshizuoshinoda hescrapedsomemarkingsintoaroadwithabulldozerbeforedrivingoverthemandfoundthattheyhelpedtoproduceallkindsoftones 专题八 新题预测 theoptimalspeedformelodyroadis44kph butpeoplesayitisnotalwayseasytogettheintendedsound youneedtokeepthecarwindowsclosedtohearwell wroteonejapaneseblogger drivingtoofastwillsoundlikeplayingfastforward whiledrivingaround12mph 20km h hasaslow motioneffect makingyoualmostcar sick 专题八 新题预测 1 accordingtothepassage melodyroadsuse tocreatedifferentnotes a carsb groovesc spacesbetweenintervalsd bulldozers 解析 c细节理解题 根据文章第三段最后一句话themelodyroadusesthespacesbetweentocreatedifferentnotes 可以得出答案为c 专题八 新题预测 2 wecanlearnfromthepassagethatthehighnessofnotesdependson a howfarthegroovesareb howbigthegroovesarec thenumberofthegroovesd thespeedofthecar 解析 2 a细节理解题 根据文章第四段第一句话可知 声音的高低取决于凹槽的间距 因此正确答案为a 专题八 新题预测 3 theunderlinedword optimal inthepassagemightmean a fastestb possiblec bestd suitable 解析 c词义猜测题 根据文章倒数第二段 并联系上下文可以推断 optimal在这里是 最佳的 最理想的 因此正确答案为c 专题八 新题预测 4 inordertohearthemusicwell youhaveto a driveveryfastb driveslowlyc openthewindowswided keepthewindowsclosed 解析 4 d细节理解题 根据文章最后一段第一句话可以得出选项d正确 其余三项都与原文说法不符 专题八 新题预测 5 what sthebesttitleofthepassage a anewtypeofmusicb melodyroadsinjapanc amusicalroadsurfaced anewinventioninjapan 解析 5 b主旨大意题 文章讲述的是日本发明音乐路面的事情 故选b 专题八 新题预测 二 followingsomeofthetipsforgreenlivinghelpssaveourplanet alloftheseinvolvejustafewchangestoourdailyhabits 专题八 新题预测 justwalkandlimittheuseofyourcar oneoftheposterimagesofpollutionisourvehicles itburnsfuel itisnotasefficientaswehopeitcouldbe andweuseiteverysingleday tolessentheeffectsoftheairpollutioncausedbyourvehicles weshouldlimittheiruse ifwecanwalktoourdestinationthenjustletusgo notonlydowelessenourcarbondioxideemissions butwealsogetagoodexerciseoutofit 专题八 新题预测 usealaptopinsteadofacomputerdesktop laptopsaremoreenergyefficientcomparedtotheirbiggercounterparts alaptopisgenerally50percentmoreefficientinusingelectricity asidefromthatthereareotherbenefitsofalaptop itisportablesoyoucanworkanywhereyoulikeandthatyougetpowerfulfeatureswithoutthelargesizeofdesktopunits 专题八 新题预测 turnoffthefaucetwhileyouarebrushingyourteeth itisalwaysabetterideatouseaglasswhenwearebrushingourteethandnottojustletthefaucetkeeponrunning therefore thereislesswatertowastewhilewearecleaningourpearlywhites simplyturnoffthefaucetwhenyouarenotusingit 专题八 新题预测 makegooduseofnaturallight wehaveagreatandnaturallamp thesun andweshouldlearnhowtotakefulladvantageofitduringdaytime soinsteadofturningonourlightsorlampsevenifitisstillnotevening weshouldpullupthedrapesandletthenaturallightcomeinfromthewindows 专题八 新题预测 thesearejustsomeofthebesttipsforgreenliving butofcoursetherearestillmanyofthesetipsifyoujustsearchforthem butyoucandoyourownvariationanytimejustalwaysprioritizehowyoucanuselessenergyandproduceevenlesstrashandpollution 专题八 新题预测 1 what sthebesttitleforthepassage a howtosaveourplanetb howtochangeourdailyhab