2_a_brief_history_of_safety.doc

幻灯片12 Brief History of safety安全发展简史幻灯片2词汇l *compensation n.补偿, 赔偿l *pressure vessel n.压力容器l *operations research n.作业研究, 运筹学l *legitimacy 合法（性），正统性，正确性，合理性l *Propellant adj.推进的，n. 推进物l Silo n. 筒仓，地窖，空竖井，（导弹）发射井l deficiency n. 缺乏，不足；缺点，不足之处l *procurement contracts 采购合同l cross-fertilize v.异花受精, 杂交幻灯片3Translation paragraph 1l Of course, the need for safety has always been with us. l 当然，我们随时都需要安全。 l One of the earliest written references to safety is from the Code of Hammurabi, around 1750 B. C. l 一个最早的有关安全的书面参考资料出自大约公元前1750年的罕默拉比法典。幻灯片4Translation paragraph 1l His codes stated that if a house was built and it fell due to poor construction, killing the owner, then the builder himself would be put to death. l 这部法典规定，如果一座房子建好后，由于拙劣的建造而倒塌了，致使房屋的主人死亡，那么建造者自己将会处以死刑。l The first laws covering compensation for injuries were codified in the Middle Ages.l 第一部涉及工伤赔偿的法律在中世纪被编成法典。 幻灯片5Translation paragraph 2l Around 1834, Lloyds Register of British and Foreign Shipping was created, institutionalizing the concept of safety and risk analysis. l 在1834年左右，劳埃德船级社创建，使安全和风险分析的概念制度化。l In 1877 Massachusetts passed a law to safeguard machinery and also created employers liability laws. l 1877年，马萨诸塞州通过了一部旨在保护机械法律，并制定了雇主责任法。 幻灯片6Lloyds Register of Shippingl 世界上成立最早的船级社，为英国的劳埃德船级社的简称。它于1760年在英国伦敦爱德华劳埃德咖啡馆成立，由此得名。1949年不列颠船舶登记社并入劳氏船级社。劳氏船级社总部设在伦敦，分支验船机构遍布世界上 280个主要港口，是世界上规模最大的船级社。劳氏船级社不受政府干预和资助，没有股东，经济来源依靠检验工作收取的费用。l 其成立宗旨在于制定并修订船舶之建造、操作及维修标准，藉以评定船舶等级。同时并定期出版”Lloyds Register of British and Foreign Shipping”刊物劳氏船名录 ，即该验船协会之船舶年鉴。年鉴内容记载所有经Lloyds协会分级的船舶详细数据，以及世界上其它总吨位在100吨以上的所有船舶数据。幻灯片7Lloyds Register of Shippingl 船级是表示船舶技术状态的一种指标。在国际航运界，凡注册总吨在100吨以上的海运船舶，必须在某船级社或船舶检验机构监督之下进行监造。在船舶开始建造之前，船舶各部分的规格须经船级社或船舶检验机构批准。每艘船建造完毕，由船级社或船舶检验局对船体、船上机器设备、吃水标志等项目和性能进行鉴定，发给船级证书。证书有效期一般为4年，期满后需重新予以鉴定。l 船舶入级可保证船舶航行安全，有利于国家对船舶进行技术监督，便于租船人和托运人选择适当的船只，以满足进出口货物运输的需要，便于保险公司决定船、货的保险费用。幻灯片8挪威船级社Register of Shipping英国劳氏Lloyds Register of Shipping”（简称LR）中国船级社美国船级社American Bureau of Shipping”（简称AB）法国船级社日本海事协会Nippon Kaiji Kyokai”(简称NK)挪威船级社幻灯片9Translation paragraph 3l At the end of the 19th century, a rash of boiler exploding gave urgency and impetus to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers to create the Boiler and Pressure Vessel design codes and standards. l 19世纪末，锅炉爆炸事件频繁发生，成为亟待解决的紧急问题，促使美国机械工程师协会制定了锅炉和压力容器设计规范和标准。从1911年开始，安全团体逐渐在美国形成，并于1913年成立了国家安全委员会。幻灯片10Translation paragraph 3l Beginning in 1911 the United States saw safety groups forming, and the National Safety Council was founded in 1913.l 从1911年开始，安全团体逐渐在美国形成，并于1913年成立了国家安全委员会。幻灯片11Translation paragraph 4l Around the 1920s private companies started to create formalized safety programs. l 20世纪20年代左右，一些私营企业开始制定正式的安全程序。 l The early 1930s was the beginning of the implementation of accident prevention programs across the United States. l 30年代早期，是美国在全国范围内执行事故预防程序的开端。l By the end of the decade, the American National Standards Institute had published hundreds of industrial manuals.l 到了30年代后期，美国国家标准学会已经发布了上百部工业指南。幻灯片12Translation paragraph 5l Most of the current safety techniques and concepts were born at the end of World War . l 现在的安全技术和概念大多数产生于二次世界大战末期。 l Operations research led the way, suggesting that the scientific method could be applied to the safety profession. l 运筹学的应用于开辟了科学方法应用于安全专业的道路。l In fact, operations research gave some legitimacy to the use of quantitative analysis in predicting accidents.l 事实上，运筹学给出了将定量分析应用于事故预测上的合理性的依据。幻灯片13Translation paragraph 6l However, the system safety concept and profession really started during the American military missile and nuclear programs in the 1950s and 1960s. l 然而，系统安全的概念和专业真正产生于20世纪50年代到60年代的美国军事导弹和核计划时期。 l Liquid-propellant missiles exploded frequently and unexpectedly. l 液体燃料推进导弹经常出人意料的爆炸。幻灯片14Translation paragraph 6l During that period the Atlas and Titan programs saw many missiles blow up in their silos during practice operations. l 在那个时期，大力神计划见证了许多导弹在实际操作过程中于发射井中爆炸的事故。 l Some of the accident investigations found that these failures were due to the design problems, operations deficiencies and poor management decisions. l 从一些事故调查结果中发现，这些故障是源于设计问题、操作缺陷和管理决策失误。幻灯片15Translation paragraph 7l Because of the loss of thousands aircraft and pilots during the same time frame, the U. S. Air Force started to pull together the concepts of system safety, and in April 1962 published BSD Exhibit 62-41, “System Safety Engineering for the Development of Air Force Ballistic Missiles.”l 由于在同一段时间内，美国空军损失了数以千计的飞行器和飞行员，因此他们开始对系统安全的概念进行收集整理，并于1962年4月发布了BSD展品62-41，即“关于发展空军弹道导弹系统安全工程”。l Ballistic Missiles弹道导弹幻灯片16Translation paragraph 8l Safety was also starting to enter the public mind. Ralph Nader publicized safety concerns during the mid-1960s and started making people aware of how dangerous cars really were with his book, Unsafe at Any Speed (published in 1965, Grossman, NY). l 安全也开始逐渐进入公众意识中。在20世纪60年代中期Ralph Nader宣扬要关注安全，并以他的任何速度都不安全（发表于1965年，Grossman，纽约）一书，开始让人们意识到汽车有多么危险。l He continued being a powerful voice to the U. S. Congress to bring automobile design under federal control and to regulate consumer protection.l 他继续强烈呼吁美国国会应将汽车设计纳入联邦管理之下，并规范消费者保护法。幻灯片17Translation paragraph 9l In the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, Imperial Chemical Industries started developing the concept of the HAZOP study (a chemical industry safety analysis). l In 1974 it was presented at an American Institute of Chemical Engineers conference on loss prevention.l 20世纪60年代早期，在英国，皇家化学工业界开始发展HAZOP(危险与可操作性研究)研究（一种化学工业安全分析法）的概念，并在1974年的美国化学工程师学会的一次有关损失预防的会议上提出了这一概念。幻灯片18Translation paragraph 10l The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored government-industry conferences in the late 1960s and early 1970s to address system safety. l 在20世纪60年代末70年代初，美国国家航空与宇宙航行局发起了政府-行业研讨会，提出系统安全问题。l Part of this was safety technology transfer from the “man-rating” program-to develop ballistic missiles safe enough to carry humans into space-of the Mercury program.l 部分议题是有关墨丘利神计划的中人类进入太空计划的安全技术转让问题，人类进入太空计划旨在开发具有足够安全性能的能将人类送入太空的弹道导弹。幻灯片19Translation paragraph 11l In 1970 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published industrial safety requirements. l 1970年，职业安全与健康管理总署公布了工业安全要求。l Later in the decade, the U.S. military published Mil-Std-882, “Requirements for System Safety Program for Systems and Associated Subsystems and Equipment.” l 70年代后期，美国军队发布了军标822：关于系统和相关子系统与设备的系统安全程序要求。幻灯片20Translation paragraph 11l This document is still considered the cornerstone of the system safety profession. l 这一文献至今仍被认为是系统安全专业的基础。 l It is one of the most cited requirements in procurement contracts. l 这是一部在采购合同中引用得最多的要求。l Most of the safety analysis techniques were created during the heady days of safety from the 1950s to the 1980s.l 大多数安全分析技术都产生于20世纪50年代到80年代这一段对于安全的摸索的时期。幻灯片21Translation paragraph 12l OSHA pu